Constrained Application Protocol Research Articles

Integration of MQTT-SN and CoAP protocol for enhanced data communications and resource management in WSNs

Lightweight communication protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are unfolding for machine to machine (M2M) communications and thus there is always going to be a possible conflict of interest on which protocol is best suited for any particular application. The two protocols of interest in this study are the message queue telemetry transport protocol for sensor network (MQTT-SN), a variant of message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol and the constrained application protocol (CoAP). There have been studies that reveal that these protocols perform differently based on the underlying network conditions. CoAP experience lower delays than MQTT for higher packet loss and higher delays for lower packet loss. MQTT default communication via a broker is easier to scale compared to CoAP direct request-response paradigm. Although this is a huge advantage over CoAP, it presents the single point-of-failure problem. In this paper we propose an integration of MQTT-CoAP protocol using an abstraction layer that enables both MQTT-SN and CoAP protocol to be used in the same sensor node. Resources are managed by directly modifying sensor node configuration using CoAP protocol. Performance evaluation of these protocols under the integrated scenario shows acceptable levels of latency and energy consumption for internet of thing (IoT) operations.

IoT based Efficient and Secure Building Architecture with Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)

The Internet of Things (IoT), one of the newest technologies, has great potential for many industry businesses. Smart building technology is one of the biggest IoT industries. IoT is used on a regular basis in many different industries. It is used in a variety of contexts, including physical defense, e-health, smart buildings, grids, cities, homes, asset management, and transportation management. IoT-level, networked smart buildings offer affordable assistance. Comfort, accessibility, security, and energy management are necessary for commercial space. Naturally, IoT-based solutions can satisfy these requirements. With the depletion of the energy supply and the increase in demand for energy, there has been a growing focus on energy usage and building maintenance. This paper uses emerging IoT technology to demonstrate a smart building design that is both safe and energy-efficient. Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a crucial internet transmission protocol that assigns a unique address to every device. Data is transferred using this application layer protocol outside of secure channels. While there are several recommended techniques to protect sensitive data transfer, one likely way to improve the security aspect of CoAP for authentication and end-to-end security is through the use of Datagram Transport Layer Protection (DTLS).This paper propose a smart building design in which the Internet of Things is used to control the operation of all technological components. The simulation results show that compared to the situation of employing Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), adopting CoAP in a smart building saves energy use by around 34.86%. In order to increase security in a smart building, this article also explains how to include the DTLS protocol inside of CoAPutilising enhancements from the Certificate Authority (CA).Finally, using the ContikiCooja (CC) simulator to simulate system performance and data collecting in terms of latency, throughput, and resource consumption, CoAP is utilized to modify orderer and peer nodes for performance research in smart building.

Securing the Transmission While Enhancing the Reliability of Communication Using Network Coding in Block-Wise Transfer of CoAP

The practical employment of network coding (NC) has shown major improvements when it comes to the transmission reliability of sender data and bandwidth utilization. Moreover, network coding has been employed recently to secure the transmission of data and prevent unauthorized recovery of sender packets. In this paper, we employ network coding (NC) in a practical way in networks with constrained resources with the goal of improving the reliability and security of data transfer. More specifically, we apply NC on the recent options of block-wise transfer (BWT) of the constrained application protocol (CoAP). The goal is to enhance the reliability of CoAP when used to transfer larger data blocks using BWT. Also, we employ an innovative homomorphic encryption approach to secure the BWT of CoAP.

Industrial Internet of Things: A Review of Improvements Over Traditional SCADA Systems for Industrial Automation

This review article provides an overview of the potential of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) to revolutionize industrial automation. The IIoT is the Internet of Things (IoT) but in an industrial context, i.e., IIoT is used more to connect machines and devices in industrial environments. The IIoT has the potential to benefit from advances in artificial intelligence, particularly machine learning and deep learning, to increase efficiency and productivity and reduce overhead costs. We provide an overview of the supervisory control and data acquisition system, a definition of IIoT, and how IIoT can offer industry greater potential for system integration to improve automation and optimization. In addition, five of the major IIoT protocols are discussed, namely, message queue telemetry transport, advanced messaging queuing protocol, constrained application protocol, data distribution service, and open platform communication unified architecture. We then identified key IIoT improvements for industrial automation. These are; efficient and low-cost systems, digital twin, machine failure prediction, real-time remote monitoring, and security. We then discussed the key research in the literature for each category. We presented some public IIoT datasets so that researchers can use them to develop new learning models to improve the security of IIoT systems. Finally, we discussed some of the limitations, recommendations, and future perspectives for developing IIoT-enabled systems.

A Proposed Healthcare Architecture using Cloud Computing in WSN Environment with a case study

Internet of Things (IoT) considers a future that can connect something/someone/ any service with appropriate information communication technology that it brings innovation in the fields of home, smart home, medical system, article surveillance, and logistics. Because of this inclination, this paper develops a trailblazer: Internet of Things-aware, intelligent architecture, that can be used to monitor and track patients and other related computing devices personnel, and within hospitals premises. In line with the IoT vision, we propose IoT based healthcare architecture dependent on different but complementary technologies, especially the WSN, RFID, and smart mobile, all interacting via a Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) over low-power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN) framework. The framework possesses the capability to gather data instantaneously in natural status and in physical conditions of patients after which it gets processed for analysis, thereby providing services to the user. The proposed model also focuses on the security aspect in the network of the healthcare system. The security model proposes IoT based medical services which comprises three security services: protection, detection and reaction services

Efficient lightweight cryptography for resource-constrained WSN nodes

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), where resources are scarce, lightweight cryptography is crucial and difficult. The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology, and a modified RC5 algorithm are used in this study to achieve efficient encryption for WSN nodes. WSN are essential for monitoring temperature, humidity, vibrations, and seismic activity. However, processing capacity, memory, and energy constraints make data security difficult in these networks. CoAP, FPGA, and a modified RC5 algorithm provide security, computational load reduction, and energy efficiency in resource-limited WSN. This research is crucial because it creates cryptographic mechanisms that accommodate WSN unique needs. By protecting data integrity and confidentiality, these mechanisms ensure data transmission security and privacy. Data security and efficiency in WSN require innovative cryptographic, FPGA-based hardware acceleration, and protocol optimization solutions. These methods could improve these vital sensing networks. This research lays the foundation for protecting the accuracy and security of WSN node data collected and transmitted with limited resources while optimizing resource allocation.

Implementation of Lora and CoAP Protocol in Hydroponic Plant Water Pump Control

Hydroponics is the cultivation of plants without using soil media, but using water media that contains nutrients and minerals. To observe the growth parameters of hydroponic plants, it is still necessary to come directly to the hydroponic site and provide the nutrients needed manually. In time efficiency, the use of Internet of Things (IoT) is needed so that there is no need to come directly to the hydroponic site. LoRa is a Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) communication system. This research uses sensor nodes, middleware, and client nodes as well as the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) protocol for clients to access the value of sensors to control automatic pumps so that nutrients for plants can be given directly without the need to come to the hydroponic site. The result of the implementation is that the water pump control can run properly until the plants can be harvested. The performance testing is done so that LoRa can transmit data at a distance of 1 km with an RSSI value of -114 dBm.

Performance analysis of IoT networks in terrestrial environment utilizing LZW data compression technique

The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in terrestrial environments necessitates efficient data transmission and management protocols to optimize network performance. This research paper presents a comprehensive study on the implementation of IoT networks in a terrestrial setting, focusing on the integration of LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch) compression with three prominent IoT protocols: CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol), M2M (machine-to-machine), and MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport). We did a thorough test of these protocols using the NetSim simulator. We looked at how well they worked in terms of throughput, en-to-end delay, and routing overhead, all of which are important for loT network efficiency. The point of our study is to find out what the pros and cons of these protocols are when they are combined with LZW compression in a terrestrial loT setting. The results of our analysis reveal significant variations in the performance of CoAP, M2M, and MQTT when subjected to data compression. Throughput efficiency, which directly impacts data transmission rates, is scrutinized alongside end-to-end delay, a critical factor in ensuring timely data delivery. Additionally, we explore the implications of protocol choice on routing overhead, a crucial metric for network resource utilization. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to optimize IoT networks in terrestrial settings, offering valuable guidance to network architects and developers seeking to strike the right balance between protocol selection and data compression for improved IoT performance.

GOLPMA: GROUP ORIENTED LIGHTWEIGHT PAYLOAD-BASED MUTUAL AUTHENTICATION FOR SECURED IoT COMMUNICATION

The rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) has increased the emphasis on protecting device communication. The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) extensively utilizes Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) to provide end-to-end security; however, DTLS has a high connection overhead. This work presents a new Group Oriented Lightweight Payload-based Mutual Authentication (GOLPMA) mechanism that authenticates clients and servers before permitting communication using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). GOLPMA combines and improves essential parts of the CoAP architecture, resulting in a low-overhead, dependable, and computationally efficient alternative to DTLS. The payload-based mutual authentication technique only requires two round-trip message exchanges and restricts the payload of each message to 256 bits. GOLPMA surpasses typical DTLS/CoAP techniques based on throughput, latency, packet delivery ratio, average response time, mean jitter, authentication time and energy consumption in two separate network topologies with 15 and 30 nodes when examined using the Cooja simulator on Contiki OS. The results suggest that GOLPMA could be a safe, low-power replacement for DTLS in IoT applications

An extended review of the application layer messaging protocol of the internet of things

In the internet of things (IoT), there are resource-constrained and immense heterogeneous electronic gadgets worldwide. Till now, no single IoT application layer messaging protocol is the best, nor is anyone axiomatic for every requirement. This paper exhaustively summarizes information on the messaging protocols from the available previous research sources online. Our goal is to encapsulate a simple guideline so that users can choose an optimal messaging protocol quickly according to development requirements and specifications. For this purpose, we have reviewed the literature on six enabling and evolving application layer messaging protocols used for IoT systems namely, message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT), advanced message queuing protocol (AMQP), the constrained application protocol (CoAP), extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), data distribution service (DDS), and simple text-oriented messaging protocol (STOMP) in terms of some interrelated metrics. Additionally, we represented a critical analysis of the application layer messaging protocols. This study will be helpful to readers with valuable insights and guide research scholars and developers in choosing optimal application layer messaging protocols based on development specifications and requirements.

Use of QUIC for CoAP transport in IoT networks

The QUIC protocol, formerly known as Quick UDP Internet Connection, has recently been standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). While initially designed to support the transport of Hypertext Transfer Protocol version 3 (HTTP/3) messages, QUIC can also be employed for various applications. This paper explores the effective utilization of the QUIC protocol for transporting Internet of Things (IoT) messages. Specifically, we propose a proxy-based scheme that leverages the multi-streaming features of QUIC to deliver Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) messages. In the proposed scheme, multiple CoAP connections between IoT clients and a server are aggregated using client proxy and server proxy. Each CoAP connection is mapped onto a designated QUIC stream. It is noted that this proxy-based approach can be implemented without requiring modifications to existing CoAP applications at the client and server sides. Furthermore, we introduce a compressed mapping scheme from CoAP messages to QUIC streams to enhance performance within the proxy-based model. In testbed experimentation, the proposed QUIC-based CoAP transport scheme is compared with the existing UDP-based and TCP-based CoAP schemes in a variety of IoT network environment. From the experimentation results, we see that the proposed QUIC-based scheme can achieve 80% reduction in round-trip time and 9% increase in fast response rate, compared to the other candidate schemes. We can also see that the CoAP over QUIC scheme with compression provides a 10% performance gain over the case without compression.

Data Protection in IoT using CoAP based on Enhanced DTLS

The Internet of Things (IoT), refers to all the infrastructures and technologies put in place to operate various objects through an Internet connection, it is about connected objects. One of the most frequently used IoT application protocols is the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) that matches restricted computers. CoAP is a solution for in-regulated data formats and a high security to protect government-related data from cyber-attacks. CoAP advises using DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security) to provide robust security of the UDP-based TLS edition. Initially, DTLS was planned for conventional networks. Therefore, a heavyweight solution is created by moving the protocols over the resource-limited computers. Unfortunately, DTLS has some security issues regarding the management of keys and its vulnerability against common cyber-attacks especially Denial of Service (DoS). Thus, a security approach is important to secure CoAP-based IoT infrastructures from these attacks. In our work, we propose to secure IoT data using enhanced DTLS protocol over CoAP. The enhancement DTLS make it possible to prevent DoS and Distributed DoS attacks. In our proposition, we apply a thrusted party (TP) to which we delegate the process of the authentication and authorization of clients. In addition, the TP is responsible of the verification of IP addresses in order to mitigate attackers from flooding the network with fake hello messages

Machine Learning-Based DoS Amplification Attack Detection against Constrained Application Protocol

This paper discusses the Internet of Things (IoT) and the security challenges associated with it. IoT is a network of interconnected devices that share information. However, the low power and resources of IoT devices make them vulnerable to attacks. Using heavy protocols like HTTP for IoT devices can prove costly and using popular lightweight protocols like CoAP can invite attacks such as DoS (Denial-of-Service). While security models such as DTLS and LSPWSN can secure IoT against such attacks, they also have limitations. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes a machine learning model that detects DoS amplification attacks against CoAP with 99% accuracy. To the best of our knowledge, this research is the first to use the multi-classification process to detect and classify the different types of the DoS amplification techniques that attack CoAP client use against victim CoAP clients.

Network Coded Constrained Application Protocol With Improved Energy Efficiency for IIoT Networks

Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) for low-power low-rate data transport in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) networks is typically running with two modes, namely, confirmable mode and non-confirmable mode, respectively. Confirmable mode relies on retransmission to ensure a guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) in terms of packet loss rate at the cost of increased latency and power consumption. Whereas non-confirmable mode consumes less power, it is known to be packet loss prone. To enrich the CoAP transport for IIoT networks, we propose a packet-level Forward Error Correction (FEC) mechanism based on systematic coding with adaptive code rate to provide energy-efficient and reliable packet delivery. We mathematically analyze packet loss and cost of energy consumption of the proposed mechanism and compare it with confirmable CoAP transport scheme in the Gilbert-Elliott channel model. We demonstrate that the proposed mechanism can enhance the performance of non-confirmable CoAP to be comparable to confirmable CoAP in terms of packet loss rate, while outperforming it in energy consumption. The analytical and simulation results verify that the proposed mechanism is suitable for IIoT networks especially in high erasure burstiness scenarios.

Application Layer-Based Denial-of-Service Attacks Detection against IoT-CoAP

Internet of Things (IoT) is a massive network based on tiny devices connected internally and to the internet. Each connected device is uniquely identified in this network through a dedicated IP address and can share the information with other devices. In contrast to its alternatives, IoT consumes less power and resources; however, this makes its devices more vulnerable to different types of attacks as they cannot execute heavy security protocols. Moreover, traditionally used heavy protocols for web-based communication, such as the Hyper Text Transport Protocol (HTTP) are quite costly to be executed on IoT devices, and thus specially designed lightweight protocols, such as the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) are employed for this purpose. However, while the CoAP remains widely-used, it is also susceptible to attacks, such as the Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack, which aims to overwhelm the resources of the target and make them unavailable to legitimate users. While protocols, such as the Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) and Lightweight and the Secure Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (LSPWSN) can help in securing CoAP against DDoS attacks, they also have their limitations. DTLS is not designed for constrained devices and is considered as a heavy protocol. LSPWSN, on the other hand, operates on the network layer, in contrast to CoAP which operates on the application layer. This paper presents a machine learning model, using the CIDAD dataset (created on 11 July 2022), that can detect the DDoS attacks against CoAP with an accuracy of 98%.

Detecting contradictions from IoT protocol specification documents based on neural generated knowledge graph

Due to the boom of Internet of Things (IoT) in recent years, various IoT devices are connected to the Internet and communicate with each other through network protocols such as the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). These protocols are typically defined and described in specification documents, such as Request for Comments (RFC), which are written in natural or semi-formal languages. Since developers largely follow the specification documents when implementing web protocols, they have become the de facto protocol specifications. Therefore, it must be ensured that the descriptions in them are consistent to avoid technological issues, incompatibility, security risks, or even legal concerns. In this work, we propose Neural RFC Knowledge Graph (NRFCKG), a neural network-generated knowledge graph based contradictions detection tool for IoT protocol specification documents. Our approach can automatically parse the specification documents and construct knowledge graphs from them through entity extraction, relation extraction, and rule extraction with large language models. It then conducts an intra-entity and inter-entity contradiction detection over the generated knowledge graph. We implement NRFCKG and apply it to the most extensively used messaging protocols in IoT, including the main RFC (RFC7252) of CoAP, the specification document of MQTT, and the specification document of AMQP. Our evaluation shows that NRFCKG generalizes well to other specification documents and it manages to detect contradictions from these IoT protocol specification documents.

A Secure network with minimization of energy for e-healthcare application in IoMT

Aims: Protect Patient Healthcare Records. Background: The adaptability of the digital healthcare system is a major factor in its recent rise in popularity. Utilizing the digital healthcare system has resulted in an ever-increasing number of healthcare apps. The Internet of Medical Things-(IoMT) is a newly emerging digital healthcare system using various biomedical sensors and the cutting-edge capabilities of wireless systems and cloud computing. Since IoMT can exchange data between various connecting nodes thanks to the combination of other technologies, security and energy consumption provide the greatest challenge to the IoMT infrastructure Objective: Reduce the cost of communication in order to strengthen defenses against unauthorized access and increase energy efficiency Method: This study provides a protocol for protecting patients' medical records called the request-type-based energy-aware framework (Re-EAF). The primary goal is to reduce the cost of communication in order to strengthen defenses against unauthorized access and increase energy efficiency. An identifying unit called a & quot; request-type" has been proposed. The proposed method avoids treating all requests the same by instead characterizing them based on the identified criteria and characteristics. Using Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), remote patient monitoring can increase the safety of gathered data. Result: Using Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), remote patient monitoring can increase the safety of gathered data. Using a software-defined networking (SDN) framework, our research ensures that data and requests are sent and received as effectively and efficiently as possible while conserving energy. Conclusion: In this research, the transmitted healthcare data is encrypted via cipher Block-chaining. The experimental study demonstrates that the suggested Re-EAF consumes less energy while producing a higher throughput than conventional methods.

Performance Evaluation of Triangular Number Sequence Backoff Algorithm for Constrained Application Protocol

In the of the Internet of Things (IoT) realm, congestion is considered a serious issue affecting network throughput due to the requirement of multiple nodes for message exchange. With free-space optical communications, which can help send a message wirelessly, congestion control mechanisms nowadays depend upon the carrier sense of multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA), using the so-called Backoff Algorithm (BA). These algorithms,

Application of Machine Learning Algorithms for the Validation of a New CoAP-IoT Anomaly Detection Dataset

With the rise in smart devices, the Internet of Things (IoT) has been established as one of the preferred emerging platforms to fulfil their need for simple interconnections. The use of specific protocols such as constrained application protocol (CoAP) has demonstrated improvements in the performance of the networks. However, power-, bandwidth-, and memory-constrained sensing devices constitute a weakness in the security of the system. One way to mitigate these security problems is through anomaly-based intrusion detection systems, which aim to estimate the behaviour of the systems based on their “normal” nature. Thus, to develop anomaly-based intrusion detection systems, it is necessary to have a suitable dataset that allows for their analysis. Due to the lack of a public dataset in the CoAP-IoT environment, this work aims to present a complete and labelled CoAP-IoT anomaly detection dataset (CIDAD) based on real-world traffic, with a sufficient trace size and diverse anomalous scenarios. The modelled data were implemented in a virtual sensor environment, including three types of anomalies in the CoAP data. The validation of the dataset was carried out using five shallow machine learning techniques: logistic regression, naive Bayes, random forest, AdaBoost, and support vector machine. Detailed analyses of the dataset, data conditioning, feature engineering, and hyperparameter tuning are presented. The evaluation metrics used in the performance comparison are accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and kappa score. The system achieved 99.9% accuracy for decision tree models. Random forest established itself as the best model, obtaining a 99.9% precision and F1 score, 100% recall, and a Cohen’s kappa statistic of 0.99.

Avoiding Congestion for Coap Burst Traffic

Congestion is an important issue in Internet of Things (IoT) networks with constrained devices and a growing number of applications. This paper investigated the problem of congestion control for burst traffic in such networks. We highlight the shortcomings of the current constrained application protocol (CoAP) in its inability to support burst traffic and rate control. Subsequently, we propose an analytical model for CoAP burst traffic and a new rate-control algorithm for CoAP to avoid congestion. A CoAP sender increases or decreases the transmission rate depending on the congestion detection. Using simulations, we compared the performance of the proposed algorithm with the current CoAP in various traffic scenarios. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is efficient for burst traffic and provides better performance in terms of delay, throughput, retransmission, packet duplication, and packet loss compared to CoAP.