Constitutional Commitment Research Articles

Care as a constitutional value

Abstract This article explores the potential of regarding care as a constitutional issue, rather than addressing it solely through legislation, the family, or the market. It is argued that care is best regarded as a constitutional value, reflecting the reality of our interdependence, and functioning as a crucial counterweight to the fiction that individual freedom can be constituted independently of our social relations. Care as a constitutional value should be regarded as complementing express constitutional commitments to freedom, dignity, and equality, recognizing that relationships are constitutive of the self, and that individuals are partly constituted by society. Just as freedom, dignity, and equality perform important expressive functions in a constitution, so the recognition of care, implicit or explicit, signals the foundational importance of care to everyone throughout our lives and to society’s ability to reproduce itself. Care as a constitutional value should permeate the interpretation of constitutional and other provisions, and enhance accountability for care-related decisions, encouraging decision-makers to pay attention to care, and prompting courts to interpret constitutional and legislative measures with the value of care in mind. In this way, the gaps in welfare law, labor law, and free market regulation can be addressed to face the challenges of care. Equally importantly, care as a constitutional value can act as a catalyst for political activism, legitimizing grassroots campaigns for better recognition of care. This article is normative and exploratory. At the same time, its propositions are tested against constitutional jurisprudence in India, South Africa, Canada, and the United Kingdom.

Constitutional and municipal law: Analysing constitutions and their societal implications

The present study scrutinizes the societal implications of constitutions and their significance within both national and international frameworks. The authors undertakes an exploration of the principles underlying constitutional law, delving into the categorization of constitutions based on state structures and political regimes. Additionally, the article explores instances of constitutions from diverse nations, shedding light on their consequential effects on society. Emphasis is placed on a meticulous examination of constitutional structures and their pivotal contribution to the configuration of legal and socio-cultural landscapes. The examination of constituent elements within constitutions enables the illumination of their crucial significance in shaping the legal and socio-cultural fabric of society. Special consideration is directed towards international dimensions, with a specific focus on the impact of preambles in shaping national identity on the global stage. The article systematically investigates the significance of procedures for constitutional amendments, emphasizing their role in fostering stability and facilitating adaptation to prevailing global trends. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the constitution's influence on society, aiming to identify the pivotal components within the constitutional structure that exert the most significant impact on societal development. The primary object of investigation encompasses constitutional documents from diverse countries. This includes a thorough examination of their preambles, core provisions, sections concerning human rights and freedoms, power structures, and an exploration of the international context within which these constitutions operate. The outcomes of this research can function as a crucial resource for human rights organizations, legislative bodies, and constitutional commissions involved in the formulation and amendment of constitutional documents. Moreover, the study creates avenues for additional comparative analyses, facilitating an in-depth exploration of the diverse constituencies across countries and their repercussions on societies within the international sphere.

Board Collaboration and Service Delivery in Constitutional Commissions in Kenya

Constitutional commissions are currently a widely celebrated phenomenon in public governance. Many democracies all over the world, including Kenya have adopted independent constitutional commissions as a system of governance to improve service delivery. Researchers have generally supported the position that board collaboration influences service delivery. The purpose of the study was to establish the influence of board collaboration on service delivery in constitutional commissions in Kenya. The theory was hinged to Stewardship Theory. The study adopted both descriptive survey and exploratory research designs, and used both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The units of analysis were constitutional commissions of Kenya created by the chapter 15 of the Constitution of Kenya and Act of Parliament. The target population was the 202 (CEOs, head of departments and board members) in the constitutional commissions in Kenya. The data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Results revealed that board collaboration had a positive and significant relationship with service delivery in the constitutional commissions in Kenya. The study implies that fostering effective board collaboration is crucial for enhancing service delivery in Kenya's constitutional commissions, suggesting a strategic focus on collaborative governance practices.

Religious Freedom “with Chinese Characteristics”

Abstract China’s approach to religious freedom is unique. Heavy State regulation and the involvement of the Chinese Communist Party often invite external critique of Chinese religious freedom based on legal commitments outside of China. However, China’s rich legal tradition and textual commitments to religious freedom suggest there is more to learn. Analyzing religious freedom in legal texts and in practice from Chairman Mao Zedong to President Xi Jinping, this article offers a dialectic account of religious freedom with Chinese characteristics. Chinese text and practice regarding religious freedom suggest three enduring constitutional commitments: non-discrimination in religious belief, normalization of religious practices, and resistance to foreign religious influence. Each of these textual commitments correspond to the values found in Daoism, Legalism, and Confucianism—the pillars of traditional Chinese culture. With this understanding of China’s religious freedom approach, the article then offers three implications for strengthening China’s commitment to its own theory of religious freedom by (1) separating State and Party policy on religious registration, (2) removing cult designations from criminal law, and (3) accommodating non-traditional religious organizations to help address social issues.

An Attack on the Rule of Law in Israel

Abstract This article analyzes the implications of the proposals of the Minister of Justice and the Chair of the Knesset's Constitution Committee to overhaul the judiciary of Israel. These proposals, if legislated, will undermine basic principles of democracy, the rule of law, and the protection of human rights. In the absence of a complete formal constitution and its relatively weak system of checks and balances, Israel has developed several institutions that protect the rule of law and human rights, including a Supreme Court with the power of judicial review of legislation; a balanced and professional system for selecting judges; a strong legal civil service, with a relatively independent attorney general. The so-called legal reforms deal specifically with these institutions, and seek to weaken or annul them. As such, this judicial overhaul is tantamount to a revolutionary attempt to change the regime and would undermine the democratic character of Israel.

Fighting Classroom Hunger : Analysis of Mid-day Meal Scheme of Odisha

India State Hunger Index (ISHI) reported that, “India is home to the world’s largest food insecure population, with more than 200 million people who are hungry.” Adding to this, the report urged that, the country’s poor performance is driven by its high levels of child under-nutrition and poor calorie count. Education plays a vital role in the development of human potential. State Governments are spending considerable portion of their resources to provide educational facilities all over the country. In spite of these efforts, the goal of cent percent universalization of elementary education appears to be far and elusive due to inherent socio-economic factors present in the society. Free and compulsory education up to the age of 14 years is the constitutional commitment and it is estimated that primary school children (6-14 years) form about 20% of the total population. Poor school enrolment and high school dropout rate are attributed to the poor nutritional status of the children compounded by poor socio-economic condition, child labour and lack of motivation. The researchers have used empirical research to find the real gap in the system.

Kepemimpinan Kolaboratif dalam Momentum Pemilu 2024 Membangun Partisipasi Demokratis yang Berkelanjutan

General elections (Pemilu) are a crucial democratic instrument for expressing the sovereignty of the people. Basic principles of elections, such as direct participation and fairness for all participants, reflect constitutional commitments to ensure a fair and transparent democratic process. Collaborative leadership is recognized as an approach that can strengthen the integrity and success of elections, enabling cooperation among various parties to achieve common goals. This research aims to explore the relationship between collaborative leadership and sustainable democracy in the 2024 elections in Indonesia. The method used in this research is literature study. The results of the discussion indicate that collaborative leadership plays an important role in encouraging active participation of the community, especially the younger generation, in elections. This leadership operates through cooperation among various election actors, including election organizers, political parties, and civil society, to achieve fair, transparent, and democratic elections. Sustainable democracy, on the other hand, supports elections by strengthening democratic institutions and promoting inclusive and transparent decision-making. Thus, it can be concluded that the integration of collaborative leadership and sustainable democracy is key to the success of the 2024 elections in Indonesia.

Constitutionalism in Russia. From Special Modes of Governance to Constitutional Normalcy

Abstract The 30th anniversary of the Russian Constitution is an occasion to reflect and reaffirm the principles of constitutionalism in current challenging conditions. Its adoption was not the result of the democratic process that started in 1990 and continued through 1992, but rather the outcome of a drawn-out violent struggle in 1993. Russia still lives as if in a state of exception. A coalition of ruling interests rather than a living constitutionalism set government policy and strategy. The 2020 constitutional amendment has strengthened the special mode of governance, thus exacerbating pre-existing deformities. Yet what is to be done? The author, member of parliament and Executive Secretary of the Constitutional Commission of the Congress of People’s Deputies from 1990 to 1993, calls for a shared civic constitutional identity. This can be achieved by building up a balanced constitutional normalcy within the framework of peaceful coexistence between all socio-political groups. He argues that constitutionalism is a wellspring of social stability and government legitimacy. The recognition of traditional values as universal constitutional values may provide an opportunity for building bridges in a divided society, reinvigorating core state institutions, expanding democratic participation, and reviving public debate, co-operation and oversight.

Spectres of a dictatorship: Law's limit concepts in Lino Brocka's Orapronobis

This article reads Filipino director Lino Brocka's film Orapronobis (1989) as a commentary on the 1987 Philippine Constitution, a post-dictatorship document which the director helped draft as a member of the Philippine Constitutional Commission. Using a ‘law and film’ approach, the article argues that the film visualises law's limit concepts such as the state of exception, hostis generis humani, and constituent power. The film depicts the failure of words to control the political world that results in a dystopian constitutional order where human rights monsters and revolutionaries contend. Through an exploration of law's limit concepts, Brocka's Orapronobis represents the limits of Philippine constitutionalism.

Ecological crisis manifestations and innovative scientific strategies for resolution

The environmental crisis is a pervasive global issue with regionspecific characteristics. In Uzbekistan, the ecological challenges are severe, including the desiccation of the Aral Sea, soil salinization, and pollution affecting air and land. These issues pose significant threats to the population and ecosystems. This study aims to analyze the manifestations of the ecological crisis in Uzbekistan and evaluate the government’s efforts to address environmental protection and the sustainable use of natural resources. The focus is on understanding how constitutional provisions and scientific strategies are being employed to combat these environmental problems. The research employs a combination of theoretical analysis and empirical data review. It examines legislative measures, including Articles 50 and 55 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and evaluates innovative scientific approaches aimed at resolving environmental issues. The study reveals that while the government has initiated several measures to tackle environmental problems, challenges persist due to the scale and complexity of the issues. Innovative scientific strategies, including advanced monitoring techniques and sustainable resource management practices, are essential for effective resolution. The ecological crisis in Uzbekistan requires a multifaceted approach that integrates governmental policies with innovative scientific solutions. Emphasizing the constitutional commitment to environmental protection and the adoption of new technologies will be crucial in mitigating the adverse effects and ensuring sustainable development.

Австрийская конституционная модель разграничения компетенции между Федерацией и землями

The constitutional development of the Austrian state at the turn of the XIX – early XX centuries was characterized by a combination of centralist and federalist tendencies. One of the controversial issues during the monarchy, and later in the First Austrian Republic, was the issue of the division of competence between the central government and its constituent parts. The Austrian half of the monarchy (Cisleithania), despite the long tradition of separate crown lands, was a unitary state, although decentralized. The division of competence between the center and the lands was based on the February Patent of 1861 and the December Constitution of 1867. At the same time, the issue of the correlation of different types of laws has not received certain regulation. In constitutional practice, there is an indisputable doctrine about the equal force of the imperial laws and the laws of the lands. After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the state of German Austria was created, which, according to Austrian legal historians, arose as a decentralized unitary state. The constitutional processes took place with the active participation of political parties. In the coalition agreement concluded on October 17, 1919 between the Social Democrats and the Christian Socialists, it was stated that the constitution should be adopted as soon as possible. By the beginning of the work of the Subcommittee of the Constitutional Committee in July 1920, agreement had been reached on a significant part of the constitutional text. At the same time, the issues of the division of competence between the Federation and the lands, as well as the relationship between federal law and land law, remained controversial. The Federal Constitutional Law, adopted on October 1, 1920 by the Constituent National Assembly, establishes a complex model for dividing competence between the federation and the lands. The theoretical justification for this approach to the regulation of the division of competence was presented in the first commentary to the Federal Constitutional Law, co-authored by Hans Kelsen (Professor at the University of Vienna, member of the Constitutional Court), Georg Froelich (Adviser to the Minister of the Federal Chancellery) and Adolf Merkle (Professor at the University of Vienna) (1922). The Austrian model of the division of competence between the federation and the lands remains unique, theoretically grounded, and characterized by political and institutional continuity.

Modi’s Urge for Hindu State: A Historical Overview of Identity Doctrine

Akhant Bharat with only Hindus are the main agenda of BJP led government which formed its policies -posed as religious extremist Hindu political party- having goals of ethnic cleansing and make its land pure from non-Hindus mainly Muslims. The Hindutva doctrine followed and advocated by BJP actually “sought to define Indian culture in terms of Hindu values”. Which was opposite to Nehru’s approach and critical to secular policies but it incepted, grow and now reach a momentum where orthodox rightest Modi passed citizenship Act in which religion has been used as criteria for citizenship besides its constitutional commitment to secularism. Modi led BJP’s policies disturbs the social fabric of India as what they exactly want that non Hindu believers can only live at sufferance of Hindutva which is actually against Hindu Teachings. This study will highlight Modi Government policies that indicate his urge for Hindu state and will trace the connection between Modi’s practical approach for Hindutva with Hitler’s far-right wing working for the supremacy of his race and its influence on South Asia.

Victimological principles of criminal law of Ukraine: on the way to approximation of international standards

The Constitution of Ukraine unequivocally establishes human life and health as paramount societal values, placing the onus on the state to redress damages resulting from criminal acts. Article 1177 of the Civil Code of Ukraine asserts the right of victims to compensation for harm inflicted upon them due to criminal offenses. Despite this constitutional commitment, a notable gap persists in Ukrainian legislation concerning comprehensive measures for the compensation and restitution of crime victims. This lacuna necessitates the implementation of new legal measures to ensure the equitable treatment of victims within the national legal framework. The exigency of this matter is accentuated by the current hostilities in Ukraine, prompting a critical alignment of domestic legislation with pertinent international agreements. To address this void, an in-depth analysis of international and European legal principles is undertaken to derive foundational concepts for the victimological framework within Ukrainian criminal law. The examination of these external legal frameworks seeks to inform and shape domestic legislation, fostering a more just and inclusive legal landscape for victims of criminal offenses in Ukraine, particularly in the context of the nation's ongoing challenges and the imperative to harmonize with international standards. In light of the pressing need to fortify the rights and protections afforded to crime victims, the proposed legal measures aim to bridge the existing gaps in Ukrainian law. By drawing upon international and European legal principles, the objective is to establish a robust framework that not only compensates victims for harm suffered but also ensures their rights are safeguarded throughout the criminal justice process. The ongoing hostilities in Ukraine serve as a stark reminder of the urgency to fortify legal provisions that protect and compensate victims. Aligning with international standards will not only enhance the domestic legal landscape but also reinforce Ukraine's commitment to human rights and justice in the face of unprecedented challenges. As the nation strives for resilience in the midst of adversity, a comprehensive victimological framework rooted in global legal principles is crucial for building a fair and inclusive society.
 
 Keywords: victimology, the victim of a criminal offense, approximation, treatment, compensation, restitution

The Constitution That Never Was: Revisiting Fiji’s 2012 Draft

ABSTRACT The authors take the view that the draft constitution prepared by the Fiji Constitution Commission in 2012, but rejected by the government in favour of the government-drafted 2013 document, deserves not to be ignored. They show how it was developed, including how it responded to the issues that mattered to Fijians at the time, and how it dealt with the non-negotiable requirements laid down by the Bainimarama regime. The article also indicates the influences on the draft, including of constitutional experiences in other countries. It is not a comprehensive account of that document, nor is it restricted to the issues that tend to dominate the literature on Fiji, such as ethnicity and land. For example, it discusses the provisions on gender, and human rights, including socio-economic rights. The paper shows how the elements discussed differed from the excellent 1997 Constitution, and how far the 2012 ideas remain visible in the 2013 Constitution.

Legal Adaptation for the Syrian Constitutional Committee Formed Based on UN Security Council Resolution 2245

Background: Presumably, constitution-making is a national process reflecting the state’s sovereignty and people's will. The severity of the conflict in Syria and its danger led the international community to intervene, and in 2015, the Security Council issued Resolution 2254 to settle the conflict. This resolution, in item 4, called for the start of the drafting process of a new Constitution for Syria; hereby, the Constitutional Committee was formed in Geneva in 2019 with the agreement of the conflict parties, the government and the opposition, and the consent of the international community represented by the United Nations. This research discusses the extent to which the intervention of the United Nations in the Syrian Constitutional Committee's formation and work in Geneva affects the principle of the Constitution's nationalism and state sovereignty. The research also discusses the legitimacy of the powers granted to this committee, whether in drafting a new constitution for the Syrian state or amending the current 2012 Constitution, and whether they conflict with the national sovereignty principle in considering the constitutional law principles. Methods: We relied on the analytical method to study the legal adaptation of the Syrian Constitutional Committee formed based on Security Council Resolution 2254. The impact of the United Nations intervention in the Syrian Constitutional Committee and whether it conflicts with the principle of national sovereignty depends on clarifying the role played by the United Nations in forming the committee and its ability to impose binding decisions on it. Achieving this objective requires analysing the powers of the Constitutional Committee in light of the principles and rules of constitutional law. This entails determining whether the committee possesses the full authority of the original constituent power to establish a new constitution for the state without referring to the people or if its jurisdiction is limited to drafting. Through this analytical method, we shall know whether the formation of the Constitutional Committee and the jurisdiction granted contradicts the principle of national sovereignty, which assumes that the Constitution is a national industry. Results and Conclusions: The formation of the Syrian Constitutional Committee, authorised by the United Nations through the Security Council Resolution 2254, does not detract from Syrian national sovereignty nor conflict with the principle of constitutional nationalism. Firstly, the formation of the constituent authority responsible for establishing the Constitution is not a legal issue but rather derives its existence from reality, and this applies to the Syrian Constitutional Committee, which derived its existence from the Syrian reality conflict and with the agreement of its parties, government and opposition. Therefore, one cannot say that the formation of this committee is illegitimate or inconsistent with the principles of constitutional law, given the absence of a legal framework governing the mechanism for forming the constituent authority, whether in Syrian constitutional law or comparative constitutional law. The Constitution is a result of the circumstances and situations that have accompanied its emergence and determined the method of its establishment. Secondly, the Constitutional Committee is not a full constituent authority because it does not have the power to approve a new constitution or an amendment to the current Constitution in its sole discretion. It might adapt as a technical consensus committee whose role is limited to formulating proposals that require popular consent. Thirdly, It is arguable that Security Council Resolution 2254 and the decision to form the Syrian Constitutional Committee constitute the legal framework from which this committee derives its legitimacy and work. Therefore, we can say that the issue of forming the Syrian Constitutional Committee and its work has become a legal issue governed by an international legal framework, marking a departure from its previous extrajudicial status under national constitutional law.

Model of constitutional supervision in the French Fourth Republic: real protection of the Constitution or rapid paralysis of the institutional system of the state

It is indicated that the French Republic, its genesis in the aspect of changing forms of government, in particular from the time of the revolution of 1789 until 1958, generates interest in its more detailed study. Before analyzing the Fourth Republic and the norms of the 1946 Constitution for the distribution of powers and powers of the body of constitutional jurisdiction, in particular, it is necessary to realize the colossal experience that is not only necessary to know, but also to be able to apply in the functioning of one's own legal order, even if this experience is not exemplary. and perhaps negative from the point of view of protection of constitutional values and protection of human rights. In discussions about whether constitutional supervision in the IV Republic in France is truly constitutional or pseudo­constitutional, it is necessary to put an end to it.
 The experience of the French Republic in the aspect of the evolution of the model of constitutional supervision is relevant, because it was France that tested different «versions» of the latter, in one or another period of development, giving them more and more different content.
 The role of the Constitutional Committee, whose functioning and activities are provided for by Chapter XI of the 1946 Constitution, is important for understanding the advantages of today's model of constitutional justice provided for by the 1958 Constitution.
 The authors researched the details of the Constitutional Committee's emergence, the procedure for its election, the duration of the mandate and its powers as a body of constitutional jurisdiction. It was concluded that the powers of the Constitutional Committee are primarily powers of coordination between the two chambers of the parliament. Accordingly, the Committee's conclusion does not declare the law unconstitutional, but provides that the proclamation of such a law requires a revision of the Constitution. In other words, it is about the form of the law, not its essential characteristics.
 The positions of French scholars in the aspect of attitude to the activities of the Constitutional Committee in the Fourth Republic and assessment from the point of view of its exercise of real constitutional jurisdiction are analyzed.

The Impact of Government Institutions on the Attainment of Good Governance for Sustainable Development in Nigeria Under the Buhari Administration (2015-2023)

Objective: This paper aims to present a comprehensive analysis of the impact of government institutions on the attainment of good governance for sustainable development in Nigeria during the Buhari Administration (2015-2023). It focuses on government institutions' statutory functions in relation to good governance, sustainable development policies, and legislative and policy reforms to promote good governance and sustainable development. Theoretical Framework: This study is underpinned by institutional theory, which de-emphasizes self-interest. The establishment and upkeep of governance institutions exemplify an unwavering dedication, irrespective of the outcomes. The theory of institutions elucidates the growth and structural dynamics of public sectors, drawing upon illustrative instances of successful organizations across various nations. Government institutions and state agencies in Nigeria bear the responsibility of executing good governance policies and assessing their impact on sustainable development. Method: The study employed a straightforward sampling strategy to gather data from 101 individuals from 17 government agencies in Nigeria. A questionnaire was employed as a means of data collection. The questionnaire's validation process involved using Lawshe's template, resulting in a content validity ratio (CVR) of 1. Additionally, the reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using the Cronbach alpha technique, yielding a coefficient alpha value of 0.80. The survey was conducted using a method that did not include direct contact with the participants and the data obtained was analyzed by calculating the frequency of responses and expressing them as percentages. Findings: A higher number of participants recognized their legal responsibilities in accordance with good governance. Sustainable development policies were ineffective, limiting their success. From 2015 to 2023, Buhari's policies failed to ensure lasting good governance and development. Statistical significance was established using chi-square statistics, showing a p-value of .000 (p < 0.05). Thus, effective governance duties of government institutions are linked to sustainable development policy success. Corruption, bureaucratic inefficiency, and inefficiency plague institutions seeking excellent governance for sustainable development. Conclusion: Sustainable development requires a balance between effective policies and governance structures. The Federal Republic of Nigeria's constitution requires government institutions to carefully follow their constitutional commitments.

Prohibition of Retrogression of Sámi Culture and the Finnish Mining Act

This Article discusses the prohibition of retrogression of the culture of the Sámi people enforced by the Finnish Constitution and international conventions and whether it has been included in the current Finnish Mining Act in a sufficient manner. The article also discusses how the prohibition has been ensured in two main decisions of the Finnish Supreme Administrative Court considering the subject. The article is based on the author’s Bachelor’s thesis on the subject which examines the culture of the Sámi people and the mining law. The research method used in the article is mainly legal dogmatics which is used to systemize the mining law and interpret its provisions considering the prohibition of harming the culture of the Sámi people using different legal interpretation methods. In addition to that, some decisions of the Finnish Supreme Administrative Court, statements of the Constitution committee and the statements of the Sámi assembly are analyzed in the article. After the introduction, the article presents a brief overview of Sámi culture and examines then the prohibition of retrogression of the culture in the context of the Finnish Constitution, international law and the Mining Act. Then the article examines two of the most important Finnish Supreme Administrative Court cases considering the subject and after that, it is examined how the prohibition materializes in practice in the point of view of the Sámi assembly. The last chapter contains the summary and the conclusions. The most noteworthy conclusion seems to be that although it might at first seem that the prohibition of retrogression has been included in the Mining Act the proper way, the reality in practice is much different. The rights of the Sámi people as indigenous people are not ensured well enough because of the obscurity and vagueness of the provisions of the Act.

Understanding the gap between the gender equality and social inclusion policy and implementation in the energy sector: The case of Nepal

Social norms are often put forward to explain resistance to gender equality and social inclusion (GESI), and women continue to be largely absent from decision-making positions in the energy sector worldwide. However, there is limited research on the institutional mechanisms of policy-making and implementation at different scales within a federal system.Using Nepal as a case study, this paper explores why, despite commitments, progress toward GESI objectives in the energy sector has been slow. Based on a review of energy policies, and interviews at federal, provincial and local government spheres, this paper focuses on the institutional and policy processes at play within the energy sector and between the three spheres of the federal system (the national, provincial and local). It examines the extent to which these processes undermine the implementation of inclusion policy. Understanding the broader institutional processes helps to identify different types of bottlenecks compromising progress in GESI: those which are linked to deficient policy regimes which cannot be addressed solely through additional GESI-focused interventions, and those which can be characterized as resistant to GESI-related issues. The aim of this research is also to understand why Nepal's public energy institutions, despite a constitutional commitment to gender equality and non-discrimination based on caste, class, ethnicity and religion, seem so reluctant to mainstream GESI within its policies and practice. The paper concludes that GESI implementation in the energy sector suffers from limited human resources, a narrow conceptual framing and delays in policy development and implementation within different spheres of the federal system. Moreover, shortcomings related to GESI policy-making and implementation should be considered within the broader context of federalism. Therefore, to support GESI policy implementation, bureaucratic as well as local-level ownership of the concept and its relevance for sustainable development must be developed and strengthened.

Renewable Energy as a Constitutional Commitment: An Analytical Study Considering. The Egyptian Constitution and International Agreements

Objective: This study examines the transition to clean energy in Egypt as a constitutional commitment mandated by the Egyptian Constitution and as an international demand emphasized by numerous international agreements due to the increasing environmental risks of greenhouse gas emissions.
 
 Methods: This study utilizes a descriptive-analytical approach to describe and analyze the current reality of renewable energy in accordance with the current Egyptian Constitution and international demands for environmental protection. The study relies on a combination of primary and secondary sources, as well as scientific publications, to support the analysis and draw conclusions.
 
 Results: The study findings indicate that international climate agreements cannot achieve their objectives unless parallel national mechanisms are established to serve the same goal. The study also confirms that the legislative system in a country can significantly contribute to climate protection goals, which are a global demand, by creating a conducive legislative environment for transitioning to clean energy. Additionally, transitioning to clean energy is identified as the most effective method to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, as long as there is societal awareness about environmental protection. Lastly, the study underscores the need for continuous and sustainable development of national and international legislations related to renewable and clean energy to support the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, which have become a global environmental threat.
 
 Suggestions: It is recommended to implement comprehensive legislative reforms to support innovation and technological transformation in the renewable energy sector and develop policies to facilitate the implementation of renewable energy and streamline administrative processes. Enhancing environmental awareness and education programs is essential to promote interest in clean energy, while continuously evaluating and adapting legislative and regulatory standards is necessary to address evolving challenges. Furthermore, encouraging public-private partnerships and offering incentives to attract investment in clean energy projects is also encouraged.