Constitution Of Women Research Articles

Women artists in university art museums in Brazil: identifying initiatives

The present work aims to discuss the theme of women and their representation in the museological context, especially with regard to university art museums, of which we highlight three to guide our reflection: MusA (UFPR), MUnA (UFU) and MALG (UFPel). Initially, we focus on reflections that deal with women artists from the perspective of their constant invisibilization in the history of museum institutions. We then delve into the panorama of the formal teaching of museology as a discipline in Brazil, from the museum to the university context, highlighting the constitutive presence of women in its theoretical and historical corpus. And finally, by highlighting the panorama of museology and university museums in their specificity, we finally reach our dominant focus in the present study, by carrying out a survey of strategies and actions developed in the Brazilian context that give visibility to the extensive and powerful production of women artists in the institutional profile of the three museums listed for analysis. In addition to presenting the aforementioned initiatives, we consider their implications for the necessary constitution of women's protagonism, both in the field of museology and in the field of art, in practical, theoretical and poetic actions, as agents of their own experiences and demands, in a dissident and continuous movement that we aim to contribute to. Keywords: University Art Museums; Women Artists; Brazilian Museology; Social Museology; Gender.

Striae gravidarum and the Seynsche constitution (Zentr. F. Gyn., 1926, no. 27)

Having traced in 250 women the relationship between the tendency to form pregnancy scars and the woman's constitution, Seynsche (Zentr. F. Gyn., 1926, no. 27) found that there is a certain relationship between them, namely, in women with a clearly expressed female type, this tendency expressed much more sharply than in male-type women. The number of pregnancies in women does not have a significant effect on scar formation; a secondary role in this process is played by the age when a woman has her first birth.

BODY TYPES AND ANATOMICAL VARIABILITY OF THE THYROID GLAND IN WOMEN

One of the tasks of science of the constitution, along with the definition of a human's somatotype, is to identify the characteristic typological features of a body region, morphological and functional system or an individual organ, which, in combination with new morphological and clinical research methods, is of great scientific and practical importance. Interest in morphological and functional studies of the thyroid gland has been steadily growing over the past thirty years, which is associated with an increase in oncological diseases of this organ in young women and is caused by the deterioration of the environment and radiation pollution of the environment as a result of technological disasters. In addition, the development of iodine-deficient conditions increases, which affect the function of the thyroid gland. The purpose of the review is a descriptive meta-analysis of modern scientific data on the structure of the thyroid gland depending on the parameters of the neck and constitutional and typological characteristics of women. It was found that despite the large number of publications devoted to the morphology of the thyroid gland, most of the parameters of this organ were obtained only by standard ultrasound examination; insufficiently studied tissue organization of the gland at the macro-microscopic level; there is no unified classification of forms of the thyroid gland and data on the distribution of their frequency in persons of different sex; the relationship of the anatomical characteristics of this organ with the size of the neck, as well as with the somatotype, has not been sufficiently studied. It is noted that the majority of authors who carry out somatotyping prefer one scheme of constitutional diagnostics and rarely use a set of methods. Obviously, due to the increase in the incidence of the thyroid gland in young people, the objects of research should be people of young age. The increase in the frequency of oncological diseases of the thyroid gland and the success of endocrine surgery require a new approach to patients and dictate the need for a comprehensive study of this organ, taking into account the local and general constitution in women of a mature age period. Until now, researchers do not have an exact answer to the question of what constitutionally determined features can be identified in the neck area and whether there is a connection between the main morphological parameters of the thyroid gland with the somatotype and physical development of a person. Comprehensive studies of the thyroid gland, taking into account the parameters of the neck and constitutional variability of a person, may have new theoretical and practical significance.

Morphometric parameters of mammary glands in women of different body types in the normal condition and in case of tubular breast deformity

Objective — to reveal the incidence of tubular breast deformity and to compare macromorphometric breast data with the constitution of women who need aesthetic breast correction. Material and Methods — There was conducted macromorphometry of the mammary glands in 101 women using the Body Logic system, as well as anthropometry and somatotyping with indication of sthenic, ectomorph and endomorph body types. Results — Among women with aesthetic problems of mammary glands, tubular breast deformity was revealed in 17.6% of sthenics, 23.5% of ectomorphs, and 58.8% of endomorphs. The Norwood Index, as an objective criterion of tubularity, had the largest value in endomorph women. Conclusion — Endomorph women were more susceptible to the development of tubular breast deformity in comparison with women of other body types.

A criticism of Young’s ‘Throwing Like a Girl’ through Scheler’s understanding of motor action

This paper is concerned with the nature of feminine bodily comportment described by Iris Marion Young in ‘Throwing Like a Girl.’ According to Young, the style of movement of women, who undergo patriarchal oppression, reveals their existential status as a socio-historically oppressed group. Her claim is that patriarchal oppression acts upon women’s bodily functions, thus causing feminine motility to exhibit an inhibited intentionality, an ambiguous transcendence and a discontinuous unity. In this paper I take issue with these three modalities of feminine comportment. Firstly, I resort to Max Scheler’s phenomenological description of the different stages leading to motor action to show that the bodily functionality of oppressed women is intact when considered from the motor-intentional perspective. Secondly, I advocate, via Scheler’s phenomenology, a different mode through which to interpret the bodily expressivity of oppressed women. My claim is that feminine motility expresses the negative impact that sexism has upon the oppressed women’s emotional pre-theoretical and pre-non-motor level. My (Schelerian) thesis is that patriarchal society negatively influences, and thereby compromises, the constitution of women’s axiological apparatus by inhibiting their preferences of values. Finally, I argue that the axiological apparatus of oppressive men is likewise compromised, and hence needs to be re-educated as much as that of the oppressed women. The main aim of this paper is to suggest a correct reading of the hampered motility of oppressed women, which keeps into consideration the phenomenon of ‘oppression’ in its entirety, and which can thus lead to adequate axiological therapies.

Women's political participation issues and challenges in India-Long delayed and much needed step

“Achieving the goal of equal participation of women and men in decision making will provide a balance that more accurately reflects the composition of society and is needed in order to strengthen democracy and promote its proper functioning… Without the active participation of women and the incorporation of women's perspectives at all levels of decision-making, the goals of equality, development and peace cannot be achieved. This was the statement given by the Secretary General of United Nations, Ban Ki Moon, in the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, 1995: Article 181. With the Indian Women constitution half of the Population of India she lacks basic access to political representation. She has no say what so ever in the political agendas made for “her benefit”. The 73rd and the 74th Constitutional Amendment have only payed lip service to the objective of political empowerment of women in India. The author tried to portray the reality between the objectives and the goal of political empowerment of women in India.

Oxfordshire Women and Their Children's Health (OxWATCH): protocol for a prospective cohort feasibility study

IntroductionSome specific pregnancy disorders are known to be associated with increased incidence of long-term maternal ill health (eg, gestational diabetes with late onset type 2 diabetes; pre-eclampsia with arterial disease)....

Healthy adults and maternal bodies: Reformulations of gender in Australian alcohol guidelines

This article examines the formulations of gender and sexual difference in Australian public health texts on drinking, focussing on the 2009 Australian guidelines to reduce health risks from drinking alcohol. These guidelines set a single level of low risk drinking for ‘healthy men and women’, in contrast to the gender differentiated levels found in earlier recommendations. At the same time they demonstrate an increased focus on the risks of ‘maternal alcohol consumption’, recommending abstinence for both pregnant and breastfeeding women. The article argues that this reorganisation of gendered vulnerability to alcohol reflects several shifts that have taken place both in public health discourse and in the social practices and cultural norms of gender. These include the problematisation of conventional masculinity; the constitution of women as economic producers and consumers with a right to equal participation in public life and an intensification of concern about foetuses, infants and children as vulnerable citizens of the future.

Inspiring Desire: Lacan, Couture, and the Avant-garde

This article is a psychoanalytic reading of couture. It aims to show how couture, when looked at within the frame of psychoanalytic criticism, can be seen to exemplify conditions of human subjectivity, in particular notions of the feminine and the constitution of woman in the symbolic order. It seeks to reclaim fashion from the concerns of business; marketing campaigns, brands and profit margins are ignored in favor of a treatment of fashion that emphasizes creativity and people, and the fashion items themselves are treated with the aesthetic and critical courtesy that are routinely afforded to works of art. It should be pointed out that this article was completed before the suicide of Alexander McQueen, and while the potted biography here reflects this, the comments on his work remain as they were originally written, because I believe the impact of his work, and its significance, has not changed following his death.

Polycystic ovary syndrome and early-onset preeclampsia

Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women is a major healthcare issue. Detection of premenopausal women with increased risk of CVD could enhance prevention strategies and reduce first event-related morbidity and mortality. In this study, we argue that an unfavorable metabolic constitution in women may present itself early in life as a reproductive complication, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and preeclampsia. We evaluated the cardiovascular risk of women with a history of early-onset preeclampsia and women with PCOS and assessed their need for implementation of early risk factor-reduction strategies. We performed a standardized evaluation of 240 women with a history of early-onset preeclampsia and 456 women diagnosed with PCOS for established major CVD risk factors. Metabolic syndrome characteristics were analyzed per body mass index category. Mean age was 30.6 and 29.0 years for women with preeclampsia and PCOS, respectively. High percentages of metabolic syndrome were found in both groups (preeclampsia group, 14.6%; and PCOS group, 18.4%), with an incidence of greater than 50% in both groups of women if body mass index was greater than 30 kg/m. Overall, more than 90% of the women qualified for either lifestyle or medical intervention according to the American Heart Association guideline for CVD prevention in women. Women with PCOS and early-onset preeclampsia already show an unfavorable cardiovascular risk profile with high need for lifestyle or medical intervention at a young age. We therefore recommend an active role of the gynecologist in routine screening and follow-up of women with reproductive conditions linked to future cardiovascular risk.

A integralidade da atenção às mulheres com câncer de colo uterino

This study had as general objective to understand how the services of health of the Unique system of Health are organized to contemplate the integrality of the attendance to the woman when we thought the processes of care about the control of the cancer of uterine lap.The research had as theoretical support the integrality not only as a principle of SUS (USH), but also as exercise of good practices of care production and of reference for government politics.Qualitative study, accomplished close to twenty women with cancer of uterine lap in the period of 2003-2005, in a municipal district of the south of Brazil. The data were collected from July to December of 2006; being used the participant observation and the interview semi-structured.The results point that, in the integrality of the attention, the communication and the relationship with the team of health have as centrality the formation of the bond, the listens, the dialogue and the reception between workers and women. It is conclude that the integrality is in construction in the measure that the workers of health still execute their ruled activities in the biomedical model and the women's constitution, while social subjects is a aim to be conquered.

Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 may be associated with menstrual cycle disorders: A case–control study

Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS1) can develop after severe trauma or surgery in the limbs, and presents with chronic, changes in temperature, edema and dysfunction. Seventy-five percent of CRPS1 patients are female. While neurological and inflammatory components have been proposed, the etiology remains unclear. No consensus on optimal management of CRPS1 exists. In traditional Chinese medicine, menstrual disorders are related to the state of women's constitution and therefore identify their pain patterns. A classification by constitution might improve the pain management in CRPS1 patients. It is unknown whether associations exist between menstrual-cycle-conditions and CRPS1. To investigate whether a specified menstrual condition is associated with the risk of developing CRPS1. A population-based case-control study of CRPS1 was conducted among Dutch women aged 18-82; i.e. 34 women with CRPS1 and 147 controls. A standard questionnaire consisting of 59 menstrual-cycle-symptom-based questions was administered. From this questionnaire, 15 CRPS1-related questions (DRQ 15) were analyzed. We used multivariate logistic regression to obtain odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for specified menstrual disorders adjusting for age, oral contraceptives, hysterectomy and age at menarche < or = 12 and > or = 17 years. On the basis of the DRQ 15, women with CRPS1 were 5.3 (95%CI 2.1, 12.9) times more likely to have menstrual disorders than comparable controls. Our results suggest that selected menstrual conditions are associated with the risk of developing CRPS1.

Senhoras e escravos na São Paulo do café (1840-1870)

Este artigo tem por objetivo estudar as mulheres proprietárias de bens e escravos na cidade de São Paulo no período de 1840-1870, utilizando como fonte documental os testamentos do 3º Ofício da Família, pertencentes ao ATJSP (Arquivo do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo) e também ao acervo do CEDHAL (Centro de Demografia Histórica da América Latina). A proposta é analisar o processo de circulação de riqueza na cidade, buscando entender, principalmente, a constituição das fortunas femininas e a distribuição dos legados entre os herdeiros. Nesse sentido, será dada atenção especial às proprietárias com escravarias, de modo a compreender as condições em que as alforrias eram concedidas e qual era o papel desempenhado pelos cativos na transmissão dos patrimônios.

The Woman's Symphony Orchestra of Chicago

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, increasing numbers of women began to study orchestral instruments and to move from the home sphere of private music making to performing in public. Yet despite their increasing numbers, professional performance was still largely done by men. Women were barred from symphony work for many reasons. In addition to the general resistance women faced in working outside the home, women were perceived as lacking the physical strength required for playing instruments other than the piano, or lacking the stamina to withstand lengthy orchestra rehearsals. A woman's constitution was perceived as frail and she might wither the tyrannous glare of the conductor. Many instruments--such as the double bass, winds, brass, and percussion--were deemed inappropriate for a woman, not only because of the physical exertion they required, but also because a woman might look less than ladylike while performing. (1) Women responded to this exclusion and lack of opportunity by playing in all-female ensembles. The earliest of these were small groups that played in cafes and in vaudeville theaters. Full-scale all-female orchestras with permanent residency in cities began to appear in the 1890s, and were prevalent by the 1920s. Nearly every large city had at least one all-women orchestra, and by the 1930s, there were nearly thirty all-women orchestras across the United States. (2) The first group of full symphonic size was the Los Angeles Woman's Orchestra, founded in 1893. Musical America wrote of the group in 1907: The orchestra is one of the important features of musical development in the city. It is open alike to professionals and amateurs. The girl who may be playing in concerts and cafe orchestras can obtain by membership a learning that she could in no other way have. The amateur can get professional training and a familiarity with the best orchestral compositions. (3) SEEKING TO OVERCOME THE HANDICAP OF BEING BARRED FROM ESTABLISHED ORCHESTRAS The Woman's Symphony Orchestra of Chicago was part of this trend, and was one of the most enduring and long-lasting women's orchestra. It was preceded by the similarly named Chicago Woman's Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1924 and conducted by Elena Moneak. Moneak was a violinist and conductor at one of the theater orchestras in Chicago, and formed the orchestra to create opportunities for women to play under dignified circumstances. (4) This group gave its first concert in 1924, and was in existence for four years, until its final concert at the Chicago Woman's World's Fair in 1928. The Woman's Symphony Orchestra of Chicago (see fig. 1) was begun in 1925 when three musicians approached Richard Czerwonky, the conductor of the Bush Conservatory orchestra, to lead an orchestra made up of women. Lacking opportunities for orchestral performance, Lillian Poenisch (clarinetist), Adeline Schmidt (flutist), and Lois Bichl (cellist) organized the Woman's Symphony Orchestra of Chicago in order to overcome the handicap of being barred from established orchestras because of their sex. (5) The three women were in the original orchestra conducted by Moneak, but were disappointed with the amateur nature of that group. They were looking for a commercial venture, (6) a professional experience. As a result, they broke away from the newly formed orchestra to form their own group. Lillian Poenisch, one of the three founders of the Woman's Symphony Orchestra of Chicago, came from a background of theater and vaudeville playing, which no doubt gave her a certain determination and tenacity. At the age of thirteen Poenisch joined a vaudeville company with her mother and brother that was touring Arkansas. She states: The women musicians of yesterday were hardly more or less than show people, with cafe playing and vaudeville heading the list of their activities. Their education consisted of little more than grade school, if that, probably never continuing through a school semester consistently. …

Fleshing out Gender: Crafting Gender Identity on Women's Bodies

The aim of this article is to flesh out gender by drawing connections between the experience of pain and the experience of womanhood. The article builds upon two themes in feminist work (the constitution of woman through her effacement, and the inscription of gender on the body) and proposes to analyse `effacement' in terms of an embodied sense of being `gutted out', or made `immaterial'. I use this imagery of `gutting out' to suggest that effacement is experienced through the body, and in terms of the presence of pain rather than merely in terms of lack or absence (of voice or subjectivity). Thus I share the view that gender is performed through inscriptions on the body, but I argue that this work of gendering involves hurting and injuring women's bodies; and it is this pain that I attend to in the article. I draw upon Scarry's analysis of the body in pain as a symbolic framework to discuss the pain of womanhood in terms of the annihilation of the self as it is engulfed in a mass of hurting flesh.

Of tiers of scrutiny and time travel: A reply to Dean Sullivan

Conspicuously absent from the Constitution of the United States is any provision for the equality of women, save only the Nineteenth Amendment. And while the Supreme Court could have read the Nineteenth Amendment back into the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment synthetically to create a direct textual right to equality for women, it declined to do so. Instead, the constitutionalization of gender equality ultimately emerged as an interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment itself, in part by analogy to the Amendment's well-recognized antipathy to discrimination against African Americans and other racial minorities. The combination of this paucity of text and the derivative rationale underlying the protection of women is seen by some, including Dean Sullivan, as having produced an infirm regime of constitutional equality for women. 1 Dean Sullivan offers us an elegant and concise history of the evolution of the constitutional rights of women, depicting the development of women's rights as delayed and sputtering and the resulting jurisprudence as compromised and somewhat lame. Her article also leads us to an engaging thought experiment, asking how the remarkable trio of Ruth Ginsburg, Susan Anthony, and Elizabeth Stanton might have built a women's constitution from scratch. While I agree with many of Dean Sullivan's observations, her view of the present state of gender discrimination doctrine and her view of what a better Constitution would have looked like both bear a closer look.

The missing body of Mary McGee: The constitution of woman in Irish constitutional adjudication.

The missing body of Mary McGee: The constitution of woman in Irish constitutional adjudication.

The Milk Factor: The Ideology of Breast-feeding and Post-partum Illnesses, 1750–1850

This article discusses how an ideology of the breast-feeding function, explained in terms of contemporary science, influenced the etiology and treatment of post-partum illnesses from 1750 to 1850. Such illnesses were generally attributed to a woman's rejection of Nature's laws. Concerned that a high infant mortality rate was directly connected to the practice of sending infants to hired wet-nurses, doctors couched their advice that mothers nurse their own offspring in contemporary scientific terms, which linked medical problems to a lack of harmony between the fibres and humors of the newborn and those of a stranger's milk. They castigated women who rejected their advice as unnatural mothers and pointed out that using wet-nurses could adversely affect the mother's own well-being as well: a "repressed" milk could wreak havoc on the woman's internal organs when it was not allowed its natural outlet through her breasts to her infant. This view of woman's constitution operating according to laws ordained by Nature contributed to doctors' resistance to accepting contagion as a factor in puerperal fever.

Bessie Head's the Collector of Treasures: Change on the Margins

subject of Bessie Head's stories is change itself, and specifically the threshold where change takes place. Change has become the issue of women's writing since independence-change and not simply rights or equality. Though there has been continuous concern with abuse of women, a concern voiced in the miserabilist school of Sembene's Voltaique or Emecheta's Joys of Motherhood, or presented in more chauvinistic terms in Jagua Nana, it is in the stories of Bessie Head, Mariama Ba, Buchi Emecheta, and Ama Ata Aidoo that the very boundaries between men and women, between past and present roles, those that are set in place in the constitution of women's identities, are called into question. With Bessie Head, in fact, boundaries, the forces that maintain and perpetuate them, and those forces that dissolve them, could be said to be the focus of and key to her work.' Especially in the short stories of Bessie Head we find qualities that support this approach. One frequently finds there characters who are sketched, and whose one or two dominant traits assume such proportions as to give the stories an allegorical aspect. They appear for an episode or two in which the point of their appearance is established and the question of their fate determined. lines of their lives are reduced, brought into focus, and purified. crossing of lines forms the quintessential action. With Bessie Head an ironic fatalism governs these women's lives, seen in the gap between the narrative point of view and those of the characters. Galethebege's Christian faith, in Heaven Is Not Closed, is described as sincere and heartfelt by a narrator whose sympathies are closer to Galethebege's non-Christian, skeptical husband. More often the irony stems from the internal gap inherent in the position of the women themselves: caught in a network of social custom and constraint, the women in Head's stories experience moments of transition, blasphemy, violence and death, either because of the strength of their desire, as with Galethebege, Life, or Rankwana in The Deep River, or because of their insistence upon preserving integrity and independence, as with Life, Dikeledi, and Mma-Mabele. conflicts often occur within the characters themselves, even when external constraint is brought to bear. What emerges is a pattern of struggle between powerful, repressive forces and equally adamant drives grounded in desire and refusal. passage across this landscape of combat does not lead to a new vision of history, does not pave a path through history, but rather traces magical lines and horizons that set off one time and place from another. Dawn, nightfall, cusps of existence where existential decisions are made - these are boundaries given meaning by personal

Rereading "Nedjma": Feminist Scholarship and North African Women

GENDER AND SEXUALITY ARE KEY FORCES in the negotiation of national and cultural identities, as is evident in the texts of North African writers such as Abdelkdbir Khatibi, Tahar Ben Jelloun, Nabile Fares, Mohammed Dib, and Assia Djebar, and women's negotiation of these identities is frequently a central issue. Yet some critics have taken a postfeminist approach to these questions, analyzing the textual deployment of woman without considering its relation to women's historical and material reality. Others have taken a feminist approach devoted mainly to studying images of women (as mothers, militants, etc.), leaving aside the problem of the texts' staging of the social processes by which human subjects are constituted as women in particular cultural and historical circumstances.' Critical neglect of women's constitution as historical subjects in literature is perhaps nowhere more apparent than in readings of Kateb Yacine's Nedjma, for though readers readily recognize in Nedjma (the character) an emblem of the contradictory forces at work in Algeria's search for national identity, they rarely consider Nedjma's significance for Algerian women's liberation, and never see in it a figuration of the revolution's failure to ensure social equality for women. I would argue in favor of feminist readings of North African fiction that neither limit inquiry to the examination of sex roles and their literary representations, nor bypass women's interests by focusing attention on woman as a textual marker of intractable difference. Taking Nedjma as my example, I hope to demonstrate the importance of attending to the relation between fiction and North African women's potency as makers of social meanings. After showing why Nedjma must be read in the context of women's political situation in Algeria today, I will trun to the related question of Western feminist scholarship on women of North Africa and the Middle East, arguing that debates in Arab feminism and recent reflections on theory and methodology in feminist social science should be taken into account by literary scholars.