Constituent Grains Research Articles

Modeling the effects of initial grain size, martensitic transformation induced dynamic grain refinement, phases, and texture on strength of a high entropy alloy using crystal plasticity

Microstructurally flexible high entropy alloys (HEAs) can be tailored for strength via dual-phase strengthening mechanisms, which originate from the strain-induced phase transformation microstructural phenomena. One such alloy is a recently synthesized Fe42Mn28Co10Cr15Si5 (at%) HEA consisting of metastable gamma austenite (γ), stable epsilon martensite (ε), and stable sigma (σ) phases. In this work, a crystal plasticity homogenization incorporating a physically based phase transformation and hardening models is used to interpret and better understand the effects of strain induced phase transformation phenomena on the overall hardening response of the alloy. The transformation model is conceived based on the grain-scale stress sensitive motion of partial dislocations forming shear bands, while the hardening model is an extended Kocks-Mecking-type dislocation density-based formulation sensitive to grain size and shape. The deformation of constituent grains per phase in the alloy is modeled as a combination of anisotropic elasticity, crystallographic glide, and γ→ε phase transformation. Parameters of the hardening and transformation models within the homogenization are calibrated and validated on a suite of data including flow stress curves and phase fractions measured under compression, while the corresponding texture evolution data is used solely for verification. Good predictions of the model elucidate that the transformation induced dynamic Hall-Petch-type barrier effect is the primary origin of strain hardening along with the increase in the ε-phase fraction and dislocation density, while the individual strength of the phases gives rise to the overall strength. The modeling framework described in the present work is expected to be applicable to other HEA systems.

Structural stability of China’s asteroid mission target 2016 HO3 and its possible structure

ABSTRACT Asteroid 2016 HO$_3$, a small asteroid (<60 m) in super fast rotation state ($\sim$28 min), and is the target of China’s Tianwen-2 asteroid sample-return mission. In this work, we investigate its structural stability using an advanced soft-sphere-discrete-element-model code, dembody, which is integrated with bonded-aggregate models to simulate highly irregular boulders. The asteroid body is numerically constructed by tens of thousands particles, and then is slowly spun up until structural failure. Rubble piles with different frictions, cohesions, morphologies, grain size distributions, and structures are investigated. We find a 2016 HO$_3$ shaped granular asteroid would undergo tensile failure at higher strengths as opposed to shear failure in lower strengths, regardless of its shape and constituent grain size ratio. In the tensile failure regime, the critical tensile strength is proportional to the square of the spin rate, but surprisingly, is independent of the internal friction angle. Such relations indicate that the Maximum Tensile Stress criterion emerges as superior paradigm for investigating the failure behaviour of fast-rotating asteroids. We predict that the high-spin rate of asteroid 2016 HO$_3$ requires a surface strength over $\sim$3 Pa and a bulk tensile strength over $\sim$10–30 Pa. Through comparing these strength conditions with the latest data from asteroid missions, we suggest a higher likelihood of a monolithic structure over a typical rubble pile structure. However, the possibility of the latter cannot be completely ruled out. In addition, the asteroid’s surface could retain a loose regolith layer globally or only near its poles, which could be the target for sampling of Tianwen-2 mission.

Object detection algorithms to identify skeletal components in carbonate cores

Identification of constituent grains in carbonate rocks requires specialist experience. A carbonate sedimentologist must be able to distinguish between skeletal grains that change through geological ages, preserved in differing alteration stages, and cut in random orientations across core sections. Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of machine learning in classifying lithofacies from thin section, core, and seismic images, with faster analysis times and reduction of natural biases. In this study, we explore the application and limitations of convolutional neural network (CNN) based object detection frameworks to identify and quantify multiple types of carbonate grains within close-up core images of carbonate lithologies. We compiled nearly 400 images of high-resolution core images from three ODP and IODP expeditions. Over 9000 individual carbonate components of 11 different classes were manually labelled from this dataset. Using pre-trained weights, a transfer learning approach was applied to evaluate one-stage (YOLO v5) and two-stage (Faster R–CNN) detectors under different feature extractors (CSP-Darknet53 and ResNet50-FPN, respectively). Despite the current popularity of one-stage detectors, our results show Faster R–CNN with ResNet50-FPN backbone provides the most robust performance, achieving 0.73 mean average precision (mAP). Furthermore, we extend the approach by deploying the trained model to two ODP sites from Leg 194 that were not part of the training set (ODP Sites 1196 and 1199), providing a performance comparison with benchmark human interpretation.

Improved Formulae for Low-Frequency Ultrasonic Attenuation in Metals

A range of ultrasonic techniques associated with the nondestructive evaluation of metals involves the propagation of low-frequency elastic waves. Metals that are isotropic and homogeneous in the macroscopic length scale contain elastic heterogeneities, such as grain boundaries within the microstructures. Ultrasonic waves propagating through such microstructures get scattered from the grain boundaries. As a result, the propagating ultrasound attenuates. The mass density and the elastic anisotropy in each constituent grain govern the degree of heterogeneity in the polycrystalline aggregates. Existing elastodynamic models consider first-order scattering effects from grain boundaries. This paper presents the improved attenuation formulae, for the first time, by including the next order of grain scattering effects. Results from investigating 759 polycrystals reveal a positive correlation between the effects of higher-order scattering from grain boundaries and the degree of heterogeneity. Thus, higher-order grain scattering effects are now known. These results motivate further investigation into higher frequencies and strongly scattering alloys in the future.

Highly tailorable thermomechanical properties of nanograined silicon: Importance of grain size and grain anisotropy

Nanocrystalline silicon can have unique thermal transport and mechanical properties governed by its constituent grain microstructure. Here, we use phonon ray-tracing and molecular dynamics simulations to demonstrate the largely tunable thermomechanical behaviors with varying grain sizes (a0) and aspect ratios (ξ). Our work shows that, by selectively increasing the grain size along the heat transfer direction while keeping the grain area constant, the in-plane lattice thermal conductivity (kx) increases more significantly than the cross-plane lattice thermal conductivity (ky) due to anisotropic phonon–grain boundary scattering. While kx generally increases with increasing ξ, a critical value exists for ξ at which kx reaches its maximum. Beyond this transition point, further increases in ξ result in a decrease in kx due to substantial scattering of low-frequency phonons with anisotropic grain boundaries. Moreover, we observe reductions in the elastic and shear modulus with decreasing grain size, and this lattice softening leads to significant reductions in phonon group velocity and thermal conductivity. By considering both thermal and mechanical size effects, we identify two distinct regimes of thermal transport, in which anisotropic phonon–grain boundary scattering becomes more appreciable at low temperatures and lattice softening becomes more pronounced at high temperatures. Through phonon spectral analysis, we attribute the significant thermal conductivity anisotropy in nanograined silicon to grain boundary scattering of low-frequency phonons and the softening-driven thermal conductivity reduction to Umklapp scattering of high-frequency phonons. These findings offer insights into the manipulation of thermomechanical properties of nanocrystalline silicon via microstructure engineering, carrying profound implications for the development of future nanomaterials.

A physical survey of meteoroid streams: Comparing cometary reservoirs

In this work, we present an optical survey of mm-sized meteoroids using the Canadian Automated Meteor Observatory’s (CAMO) mirror tracking system. The system tracks meteors to magnitude +7.5 through an image-intensified telescopic system which has a spatial accuracy of ∼1m and a temporal resolution of 10ms. We analyse 41 meteors from 13 showers with known parent bodies, recorded between 2016 and 2022. We fit a numerical ablation and fragmentation model to our data which models meteoroid fragmentation as erosion into 10µm to 500µm constituent grains and used the observed wake as a hard constraint on the model parameters. We measure average bulk meteoroid densities which are consistent with in situ measurements: 602 ±155kgm−3 for Jupiter-family and 345 ±48kgm−3 for Halley-type showers. The Geminids had the highest measured bulk density of 1387 ±240kgm−3, consistent with carbonaceous material. We fail to reproduce the high bulk density (>3000kgm−3) for Jupiter-family meteoroids previously reported in the literature derived using fragmentation models on data sets with fewer observational constraints. We also provide estimates of the meteoroid grain sizes, grain mass distributions, and energy necessary to trigger the erosion for meteoroids in the analysed showers.

A parametric study into the influence of Taylor-type scale-bridging artifacts on accuracy of multi-level crystal plasticity finite element models for Mg alloys

Meshing grain structures explicitly to incorporate microstructure dependent material behavior in modeling tools for metal forming processes and structural components is unfeasible. Grain-to-polycrystal meso-level homogenization theories are employed to embed polycrystal plasticity constitutive laws in finite element (FE) frameworks, which hence relate the meso-scale to the macro-scale response. A Taylor-type polycrystal plasticity (T-CP) theory is often used at the meso-scale within FE frameworks (T-CPFE) owing to its simplicity and computational efficiency. The theory relies on the iso-strain constraint imposed over constituent grains at each integration point. The constraint can be relaxed by spreading orientation distributions over finite elements in a mesh. This work seeks to establish an optimal number of crystal orientations to spread over integration points for accurate modeling of Mg alloys. Quasi-static and high strain-rates simulations of tension, compression, simple-shear, and plane strain deformation conditions are performed and post-processed to reveal the differences in predicted mechanical fields between T-CPFE and an explicit polycrystalline grain microstructure of an AZ31 Mg alloy. Moreover, several flow stress curves of the alloy are simulated and compared with measured data. A range of meshes with variable degree of relaxed constraints at integration points are suitably designed and used in the simulations. The performance of the six crystals per integration point is established to be an optimum in smoothing local deformation while allowing heterogenous deformation over the mesh. As such, the relaxed Taylor homogenization can provide tractable part level simulations of Mg alloys.

Isothermal coarsening of cooling slope processed semi-solid A380 Al alloy slurry

ABSTRACT Present study depicts the effect of isothermal holding on microstructural morphology of the cooling slope processed slurry of A380 Al alloy. Along with the primary and eutectic phase morphology, significant effect of isothermal slurry coarsening on Iron (Fe)-rich intermetallic formation is evidenced here. The study also reports the effect of adding refining (0.15 wt% Al-5Ti-1B master alloy) and modifying (0.1 wt% Al-10Sr master alloy) agents within the melt on formation sequence and percentage of Fe- and Mn-rich intermetallics within the slurry matrix. Furthermore, modified Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner equation is proposed here to quantify the relative influence of Ostwald ripening and coalescence, towards determining slurry microstructure, during isothermal slurry holding stage. Optimum slurry morphology, i.e. minimum size and maximum sphericity of constituent primary Al grains as well as uniform distribution of Fe, Manganese (Mn) and Copper (Cu)-rich intermetallics, is achieved for the refiner+modifier added slurry, after 7 minutes of isothermal holding.

Fabrication and application prospects of Pr–Fe–B/Alnico nanocomposite alloys

The potentials of rare earth-based nanocomposite alloys have never been realized due to strict microstructural constraints. Owing to the easy demagnetization it is challenging to increase the soft magnetic phase content. To avoid the easy demagnetization, Pr–Fe–B/Alnico magnets were fabricated and reported in this manuscript. The content of the Alnico phase is increased from 0 to 25 wt%, while the content of Pr element is reduced to below the sub-stoichiometry of the 2:14:1 main phase. The maximum magnetic energy product, which is the figure-of-merit for permanent magnets, is increased from 122 kJ/m3 for the standard alloy to 146 kJ/m3 for the alloy with 15 wt% Alnico which shows a significant improvement considering the fact that the Curie point of the magnet is also increased by ∼66 K. The special microstructure contains distinctly and heterogeneously distributed 2:14:1 and Alnico phases. The dimensions of neither the 2:14:1 nor the Alnico phases meet the dimensional requirements of the nanocomposite magnets, but still the smooth demagnetization curves are noted for the alloys. The behavior of effective anisotropy, the performance of the magnets in applied magnetic field and the magnetic interactions among the various constituent grains were quantitatively studied by reversible susceptibility, irreversible susceptibility and recoil loop openness. This study may provide some guiding principles for the development of nanocomposite magnetic alloys with excellent magnetic properties by using much less RE elements.

INFLUENCE OF FINENESS MODULUS AND PREHEATED SAND ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF ALKALI ACTIVATED GEOPOLYMER MORTAR

Geopolymer mortar is a complex material, and its strength and durability fundamentally depend on its main constituent properties, grading and grain size distribution of a fine aggregate. The Fineness Modulus (FM) of fine aggregates (sand) is an empirical figure obtained by adding the total percentage of the sample of sand retained on each of a specified series of sieves and dividing the sum by 100. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of the Fineness Modulus (FM) of preheated sand at 100°C on geopolymer material (GPM) compressive strength (Cs). The current research used natural river sands of fineness modulus 1.85, 2.41, 2.79, 3.32 to prepare geopolymer material paste. The 36 cube specimens of 50 x 50 x 50 mm size were used to calculate the Cs of GPM paste at 3 h, 1 d, and 7 d. All specimens were kept in hot curing at 40°C for 3 h. The outcomes of the research showed that the sand fineness modulus has a significant impact on the GPM flow rate (%). The results indicated that rising the fineness modulus of sand enhanced the flow rate (%) of GPM paste. The GPM paste made with preheated sand of FM 1.85 (fine sand), and FM 2.79 (medium sand) at 100°C attended the highest compressive strength growth rate (%)and showed up to 47% and 51%, 85.6% and 87.27% increased in compressive strength in 3 h and 1 d, accordingly. Additionally, the fineness modulus has a significant impact on the Cs of GPM paste in the case of preheated sand. Fine sand and mild sand are the best type of fine aggregate to develop early-high-strength geopolymer material.

Formulating Compressive Strength of Dust Aggregates from Low to High Volume Filling Factors with Numerical Simulations

Compressive strength is a key to understanding the internal structure of dust aggregates in protoplanetary disks and their resultant bodies, such as comets and asteroids in the solar system. Previous work has modeled the compressive strength of highly porous dust aggregates with volume filling factors lower than 0.1. However, a comprehensive understanding of the compressive strength from low (<0.1) to high (>0.1) volume filling factors is lacking. In this paper, we investigate the compressive strength of dust aggregates by using aggregate compression simulations resolving constituent grains based on Johnson-Kendall-Roberts theory to formulate the compressive strength comprehensively. We perform a series of numerical simulations with moving periodic boundaries mimicking the compression behavior. As a result, we find that the compressive strength becomes sharply harder when the volume filling factor exceeds 0.1. We succeed in formulating the compressive strength comprehensively by taking into account the rolling motion of aggregates for low volume filling factors and the closest packing of aggregates for high volume filling factors. We also find that the dominant compression mechanisms for high volume filling factors are sliding and twisting motions, while rolling motion dominates for low volume filling factors. We confirm that our results are in good agreement with previous numerical studies. We suggest that our analytical formula is consistent with the previous experimental results if we assume the surface energy of silicate is ≃210 ± 90 mJ m−2. Now, we can apply our results to properties of small compact bodies, such as comets, asteroids, and pebbles.

Orientation anisotropy and strain localization during elevated temperature tensile deformation of single crystal and bi-crystal Ni-based GTD444 superalloy

The aspects of grain boundary character as well as orientation of constituent grains are important for high temperature applications of directionally solidified (DS) blades as they are expected to influence the overall mechanical behavior; however, there exist limited studies at critical test temperature. Single crystals (SX) with orientations [001] and [101] and their equivalent bi-crystals (BX) are used to understand the effects of crystal orientation and grain boundary misorientation on the deformation of Ni-based (GTD444) superalloy at 650 °C. The high temperature tensile tests are coupled with digital image correlation (DIC) to study plastic heterogeneity as a function of crystal orientations. Among the two SX samples, the [001] orientation had slightly higher yield stress than [101] orientation. On the other hand, the ductility of [101] orientation is 1.5 times of [001] orientation. DIC strain field maps and orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) showed extensive flow localization in one of the grains in BX samples. However, flow localization appeared to be insensitive to grain boundary misorientation. The measured lattice rotation by OIM is shown to be correlated with localized strain for all the samples. Selected transmission electron microscopy and detailed fractography analyses of the deformed samples were performed to understand the deformation mechanisms active in each of the orientations. It is found that there is greater strain localization within γ channels in [001] which leads to higher hardening. In contrast, shearing of γ' precipitates followed by increased dislocation activity in conjunction with higher lattice rotation lead to higher ductility in [101] orientation.

Microcrack formation under normal and dwell fatigue of IMI 834

Dwell sensitivity of titanium alloys at ambient temperature (∼25 °C) is a well-reported phenomenon, although the question about the phenomena of crack initiation remains open. In this work, the normal and dwell fatigue response of a near alpha titanium alloy is studied. A dwell fatigue debit (number of continuous cycles to failure to number of cycles to failure with a dwell period) of up to 2 and 10 were observed at two different load levels. Analysis using scanning electron microscopy, electron back scattered diffraction and transmission electron microscope-based orientation imaging microscopy (TEM-OIM) revealed that the formation of microcracks at very early stages of dwell fatigue loading was the major reason for this decreased life. The initiation of these cracks was observed to be a strong function of the local crystallography of the constituent grains. A modified pile up model in which the shear stress on the pile up plane is calculated using stress redistribution at the grain level is used to explain the micromechanisms of crack nucleation in dwell fatigue. The elastic and plastic anisotropy of the hexagonal crystal, the microtextural characteristics and strong stress redistributions at the grain level results in the nucleation and propagation of these microcracks.

The Increasingly Strange Polarimetric Behavior of the Barbarian Asteroids

Polarization phase-curve measurements provide a unique constraint on the surface properties of asteroids that are complementary to those from photometry and spectroscopy and have led to the identification of the “Barbarian” asteroids as a class of objects with highly unusual surfaces. We present new near-infrared polarimetric observations of six Barbarian asteroids obtained with the WIRC+Pol instrument on the Palomar Hale telescope. We find a dramatic change in polarimetric behavior from visible to near-infrared for these objects, including a change in the polarimetric inversion angle that is tied to the index of refraction of the surface material. Our observations support a two-phase surface composition consisting of high albedo and high index of refraction inclusions with a small optical size scale embedded in a dark matrix material more closely related to C-complex asteroids. These results are consistent with the interpretation that the Barbarians are remnants of a population of primitive bodies that formed shortly after calcium-aluminum-rich inclusion (CAIs). Near-infrared polarimetry provides a direct test of the constituent grains of asteroid surfaces.

Fractal Aggregates of Submicron-sized Grains in the Young Planet-forming Disk around IM Lup

Despite rapidly growing disk observations, it remains a mystery what primordial dust aggregates look like and what the physical and chemical properties of their constituent grains (monomers) are in young planet-forming disks. Confrontation of models with observations to answer this mystery has been a notorious task because we have to abandon a commonly used assumption, perfectly spherical grains, and take into account particles with complex morphology. In this Letter, we present the first thorough comparison between near-infrared scattered light of the young planet-forming disk around IM Lup and the light-scattering properties of complex-shaped dust particles. The availability of scattering observations at multiple wavelengths and over a significant range of scattering angles allows for the first determination of the monomer size, fractal dimension, and size of dust aggregates in a planet-forming disk. We show that the observations are best explained by fractal aggregates with a fractal dimension of 1.5 and a characteristic radius larger than ∼2 μm. We also determined the radius of the monomer to be ∼200 nm, and monomers much smaller than this size can be ruled out on the premise that the fractal dimension is less than 2. Furthermore, dust composition comprising amorphous carbon is found to be favorable to simultaneously account for the faint scattered light and the flared disk morphology. Our results support that planet formation begins with fractal coagulation of submicron-sized grains. All the optical properties of complex dust particles computed in this study are publicly available.

Percolation through voids around toroidal inclusions.

In the case of media comprised of impermeable particles, fluid flows through voids around impenetrable grains. For sufficiently low concentrations of the latter, spaces around grains join to allow transport on macroscopic scales, whereas greater impenetrable inclusion densities disrupt void networks and block macroscopic fluid flow. A critical grain concentration ρ_{c} marks the percolation transition or phase boundary separating these two regimes. With a dynamical infiltration technique in which virtual tracer particles explore void spaces, we calculate critical grain concentrations for randomly placed interpenetrating impermeable toroidal inclusions; the latter consist of surfaces of revolution with circular and square cross sections. In this manner, we study continuum percolation transitions involving nonconvex grains. As the radius of revolution increases relative to the length scale of the torus cross section, the tori develop a central hole, a topological transition accompanied by a cusp in the critical porosity fraction for percolation. With a further increase in the radius of revolution, as constituent grains become more ringlike in appearance, we find that the critical porosity fraction converges to that of high-aspect-ratio cylindrical counterparts only for randomly oriented grains.

Evidence for the Disruption of a Planetary System During the Formation of the Helix Nebula

The persistence of planetary systems after their host stars evolve into their post-main-sequence phase is poorly constrained by observations. Many young white dwarf systems exhibit infrared excess emission and/or spectral absorption lines associated with a reservoir of dust (or planetesimals) and its accretion. However, most white dwarfs are too cool to sufficiently heat any circumstellar dust to detectable levels of emission. The Helix Nebula (NGC 7293) is a young, nearby planetary nebula; observations at mid- and far-infrared wavelengths have revealed excess emission associated with its central white dwarf (WD 2226-210). The origin of this excess is ambiguous. It could be a remnant planetesimal belt, a cloud of comets, or the remnants of material shed during the post-asymptotic giant branch (post-AGB) phase. Here we combine infrared (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, Spitzer, Herschel) and millimeter (Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array) observations of the system to determine the origin of this excess using multiwavelength imaging and radiative transfer modeling. We find the data are incompatible with a compact remnant planetesimal belt or post-AGB disk, and conclude the dust most likely originates from deposition by a cometary cloud. The measured dust mass, and lifetime of the constituent grains, implies disruption of several thousand Hale–Bopp equivalent comets per year to fuel the observed excess emission around the Helix Nebula’s white dwarf.

Statistical roughness properties of the gravel bed surfaces in a meandering channel

To investigate the statistical roughness properties of gravel bed surfaces in meandering channels, a meandering channel model is constructed, the flowrate is selected as the control variable, and the cross-sectional water levels, cross-sectional velocities and bed surface elevations are measured. The experimental results show that the elevation probability distributions of the detrended water-worked bed surfaces in the meandering channel are positively skewed and leptokurtic. With the increasing flowrate, the elevation standard deviation and the elevation skewness increases, but the elevation kurtosis decreases. The armoring layer in the meandering channel can resist a certain extent of increasing flow strength, but its protective ability is very limited. Once the armoring layer is destructed, the bed surface roughness will increase significantly. The bed surface roughness and the averaged influence scale of the constituent grains are large in the main stream path, while those in the main stream separating areas are small and decrease along the longitudinal direction. For any local zone, the roughness and the averaged influence scale in the longitudinal direction are obviously larger compared with the corresponding values in the lateral direction.

Shock-induced sliding of (0 0 1) twist grain boundaries in Cu

Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate shock-induced sliding of a set of (0 0 1) twist grain boundaries (GBs) in Cu bicrystal, with shock direction parallel to GB and low shock strength. The GB sliding is produced via transverse particle motion in constituent grains and resisted by GB viscosity. Its utmost magnitude su increases first and then decreases with increasing of the angle between [1 0 0] direction in grain and shock direction. Quantitative acoustic wave equation analysis reveals that transverse particle motion exists because of the anisotropic elastic stiffness and particular grain orientation. For GBs of noteworthy sliding, boundary viscosity η is estimated according to the deceleration of volume element in grain, and decreases piecewisely with increasing misorientation angle. su is jointly determined by η and transverse particle velocity dependent on grain orientation.

Towards 3-D texture control in a β titanium alloy via laser powder bed fusion and its implications on mechanical properties

Fusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) offers a new opportunity to design metallic materials with complex, direction-dependent mechanical properties by controlling the orientation distribution of the constituent grains—also known as texture. Texture control may be achieved site-specifically by varying the processing variables and tailoring the local melt pool geometry and solidification kinetics. However, the type and direction of textures currently achievable in AM alloys are limited by the melt pool geometry itself. In this work, we advance the capabilities of controlling crystallographic texture in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) by producing specimens of β titanium-niobium alloy with textures aligned along three different directions: the laser scan direction (SD), the build direction (BD), and—for the first time—the direction perpendicular to both BD and SD (i.e., PD). We achieve this three-dimensional (3-D) texture control by fine tuning the keyhole melt pool geometry and amount of overlap throughout the build. We test the tensile properties of the three different specimens along their respective texture axes and elucidate the relationships between crystallographic orientation, mesostructure, and mechanical behavior. We find that the novel PD texture exhibits the best combination of strength, strain hardenability, and ductility. We ascribe these results to the unique mesostructure of this specimen. This work opens new opportunities for designing novel materials with directional properties by achieving three-dimensional (3-D) texture control during fusion-based AM.