Constant Reactor Research Articles

Kombucha Fermentation in Coffee: Application of Constant Air Flow Reactor

Kombucha Fermentation in Coffee: Application of Constant Air Flow Reactor

Process intensification of heterogeneous dehydrochlorination of β-chlorohydrins by using n-propanol as co-extractant

The synthesis of terminal epoxides, which are vital components in pharmaceuticals and resins, often involves dehydrochlorination of β-chlorohydrins. Although intrinsic kinetics indicate that the dehydrochlorination reaction in the presence of sodium hydroxide could be very rapid, the practical implementation could always be hindered by long reaction time and low conversion rate. Extended contact between the product and the alkaline solution can lead to hydrolysis of the epoxy group, thus necessitating the process intensification to realize higher production efficiency and selectivity. Here, by characterizing thermodynamic equilibrium data and in-situ recording of the reaction that proceeded in a constant interphase reactor, the heterogeneous dehydrochlorination is demonstrated to occur primarily in the organic phase, and the overall reaction rate depends on the equilibrium concentration of sodium alkoxides. This finding, which is fundamentally different from the traditional view that chlorohydrin is first dissolved in the aqueous phase and then reacts with NaOH, leads us to use inert alcohols to assist in the extraction of NaOH. Based on this method, the reaction time can be reduced over 80 % both in batch and continuous reactors. Besides, the method is demonstrated to be effective in the dehydrochlorination of five different long-chain β-chlorohydrins.

The concept of autonomous hydrogen energy complex: Adaptation of large nuclear power units to uneven energy consumption schedules

Evaluation of flexible operation of nuclear power plants (NPP) during load reduction hours shows inefficiency of the process with account for high capital investments in NPPs at relatively low fuel costs. The concept of producing hydrogen fuel at NPPs during the hours of low power demand in the energy grid will be an effective solution to the problem. Generating electricity through utilization of electrolysis hydrogen and oxygen production provides a possibility to significantly extend the flexibility range for power released by the NPP in the energy grid under a constant reactor capacity factor. Utilization of a low-power steam turbine can be a good solution to address the challenges of electricity production from hydrogen and oxygen. This will ensure high reliability of the main NPP steam turbine. In addition, in their previous works based on the experimental data relating the operation of NPPs, the authors showed that a low-power steam turbine and residual energy release from the reactor can be used for NPP auxiliary needs backup in case of a complete blackout. Thus, increased safety of NPPs will be ensured by installing an autonomous hydrogen energy complex. Moreover, this can reduce the risk of an accident when using both the newly developed and existing safety systems. This work presents an analysis of the current state of hydrogen production at NPPs, including the research results and rationale for efficiency of the developed energy complex. The calculations showed that development of NPPs in combination with autonomous hydrogen energy complexes will increase economic attractiveness of newly designed NPPs and will increase the competitiveness of existing nuclear plants on electricity market, will also provide their survival in the energy sector in the long term.

CSPlib: A performance portable parallel software toolkit for analyzing complex kinetic mechanisms

Computational singular perturbation (CSP) is a method to analyze dynamical systems. It targets the decoupling of fast and slow dynamics using an alternate linear expansion of the right-hand side of the governing equations based on eigenanalysis of the associated Jacobian matrix. This representation facilitates diagnostic analysis, detection and control of stiffness, and the development of simplified models. We have implemented CSP in a C++ open-source library CSPlib1 using the Kokkos2 parallel programming model to address portability across diverse heterogeneous computing platforms, i.e., multi/many-core CPUs and GPUs. We describe the CSPlib implementation and present its computational performance across different computing platforms using several test problems. Specifically, we test the CSPlib performance for a constant pressure ignition reactor model on different architectures, including IBM Power 9, Intel Xeon Skylake, and NVIDIA V100 GPU. The size of the chemical kinetic mechanism is varied in these tests. As expected, the Jacobian matrix evaluation, the eigensolution of the Jacobian matrix, and matrix inversion are the most expensive computational tasks. When considering the higher throughput characteristic of GPUs, GPUs performs better for small matrices with higher occupancy rate. CPUs gain more advantages from the higher performance of well-tuned and optimized linear algebra libraries such as OpenBLAS. Program summaryProgram Title: CSPlibCPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/p9gb7z54sp.1Developer's repository link:https://github.com/sandialabs/csplibLicensing provisions: BSD 2-clauseProgramming language: C++Nature of problem: Dynamical systems can involve coupled processes with a wide range of time scales. The computational singular perturbation (CSP) method offers a reformulation of these systems which enables the use of dynamically-based diagnostic tools to better comprehend the dynamics by decoupling fast and slow processes. CSPlib is an open-source software library for analyzing general ordinary differential equation (ODE) and differential algebraic equation (DAE) systems, with specialized implementations for detailed chemical kinetic ODE/DAE systems. It relies on CSP for the analysis of these systems. CSPlib has been used in gas kinetic and heterogeneous catalytic kinetic models.Solution method: CSP analysis seeks a set of basis vectors to linearly decompose the right-hand side (RHS) of a dynamical system in a manner that decouples fast and slow processes. The CSP basis vectors are often well approximated with the right eigenvectors of the RHS Jacobian. And the left basis vectors are found by the inversion of the matrix, whose columns are the CSP basis vectors. Accordingly, the right and left CSP basis vectors are orthonormal. CSP defines mode amplitudes as the projections of the left basis vectors on the RHS; the time scales as the reciprocals of the RHS Jacobian eigenvalue magnitudes; and the CSP pointers, which are the element-wise multiplication of the transpose of the right CSP basis vectors with the left CSP basis vectors. For kinetic models that can be cast as the product of a generalized stoichiometric matrix and a rate of progress vector, CSP defines the participation index, which represents the contribution of a chemical reaction to each mode. Further, it defines the slow and fast importance indices, which describe the contribution of a chemical reaction to the slow and fast dynamics of a state variable, respectively. These indices are useful in diagnostic studies of dynamical systems and the construction of simplified models.Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: CSPlib is a portable library that carries out many CSP analyses in parallel and can be used in modern high-performance platforms.

A feedheat-integrated energy storage system for nuclear-powered steam plant

The paper provides thermodynamic analysis of an energy storage concept in which thermal stores are coupled with the feedwater heating train of nuclear-powered steam plant. This allows the electrical output of the plant to be flexed whilst maintaining constant reactor power, thereby providing the equivalent of an electricity storage system and facilitating the adoption of a load-following role for nuclear plant. The concept falls under the umbrella of ‘generation-integrated energy storage’, which exploits existing hardware required for generation to reduce storage costs, and benefits also from fewer energy transformations when compared to ‘electricity-in-electricity-out’ forms of storage. This means that a high (effective) round-trip efficiency can be achieved at low cost. An important feature of the proposed system is that the turbine bleed flows (at their various pressures and temperatures) automatically provide good thermal matching with the feedwater temperature profile, so that heat can ultimately be transferred to and from sensible-heat thermal-storage media with high exergetic efficiency. Various options are discussed for the thermal stores, including pressurised water tanks, thermal oils and packed beds. The analysis also includes consideration of the off-design behaviour of cycle components.

Numerical study of inhibition mechanism of high-pressure hydrogen leakage self-ignition with the addition of ammonia

Hydrogen and ammonia have attracted increasing attention as carbon-free fuels. Ammonia is considered to be an effective energy storage and hydrogen storage medium. However, a small amount of unremoved NH3 is still present in the product during the decomposition of ammonia to produce hydrogen. Therefore, it is very essential to investigate the self-ignition of hydrogen-ammonia mixtures in order to accommodate the various scenarios of hydrogen energy applications. In this paper, the effect of NH3 addition on the self-ignition of high-pressure hydrogen release is numerically investigated. The RNG k-ε turbulence model, EDC combustion model, and 213-step detailed NH3/H2 combustion mechanism are used. CHEMKIN-Pro programs for zero-dimensional homogeneous and constant volume adiabatic reactor models are used for sensitivity analysis and ignition delay time of the chemical reaction mechanism. The results showed that the minimum burst pressure required for self-ignition increased significantly after the addition of ammonia. The maximum temperature and shock wave intensity inside the tube decreases with increasing ammonia concentration. The ignition delay time and H, HO2, and OH radicals reduce with increasing ammonia concentration. H and HO2 radicals are suggested as indicators for tracking the second and third flame branches, respectively.

MOVPE studies of zincblende GaN on 3C-SiC/Si(0 0 1)

Cubic zincblende GaN films were grown by metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy on 3C-SiC/Si (001) templates and characterized using Nomarski optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission-electron microscopy. In particular, structural properties were investigated of films where the growth temperature of a GaN epilayer varied in the range of 830 °C to 910 °C and the gas-phase V/III-ratio varied from 15 to 1200 at a constant reactor pressure of 300 Torr. It was observed that with increasing epi temperature at a constant V/III-ratio of 76, the film surface consisted of micrometer-sized elongated features aligned along [1–10] up to a temperature of 880 °C. The zincblende phase purity of such samples was generally high with a wurtzite fraction of less than 1%. When grown above 880 °C the GaN surface morphology degraded and the zincblende phase purity reduced as a result of inclusions with the wurtzite phase. A progressive narrowing of the 002 reflection with increasing epi growth temperature suggested an improvement of the film mosaicity. With increasing V/III-ratio at a constant growth temperature of 880 °C, the film surface formed elongated features aligned along [1–10] at V/III values between 38 and 300 but the morphology became granular at both lower and higher V/III values. The zincblende phase purity is high at V/III values below 300. A slight broadening of the 002 X-ray diffraction reflection with increasing V/III-ratio indicated a small degradation of mosaicity. Scanning electron diffraction analyses of cross-sectional transmission-electron micrographs taken of a selection of samples illustrated the spatial distribution, quantity and structure of wurtzite inclusions within the zincblende GaN matrix. Within the limits of this study, the optimum epilayer growth conditions at a constant pressure of 300 Torr were identified to be at a temperature around 860 °C to 880 °C and a V/III-ratio in the range of 23 to 76, resulting in relatively smooth, zincblende GaN films without significant wurtzite contamination.

A Data-Driven Framework for Computationally Efficient Integration of Chemical Kinetics Using Neural Ordinary Differential Equations

AbstractA data-driven methodology is introduced for computationally efficient integration of systems of stiff rate equations in chemical kinetics using neural ordinary differential equations (NODE). A systematic algorithm is developed for training data generation and sampling. Subsequently, a novel transformation technique for sampled training data is designed to regularize the neural network parameters, leading to a stable training process. Finally, the NODE network is iteratively trained to learn the accurate neural network representation of chemical kinetics source terms by minimizing the mean absolute error between the true and predicted solutions. The computational efficiency and accuracy of the NODE network are evaluated by simulating the evolution of the thermochemical state of a constant pressure homogeneous hydrogen-air reactor. The combustion of hydrogen in air is described by a finite-rate mechanism including 9 chemical species and 21 reaction steps. The NODE network shows excellent multi-step prediction accuracy for a wide range of initial temperatures and equivalence ratios, spanning the composition space of real flames. The NODE also exhibit a significant reduction in numerical stiffness of the system, enabling the utilization of explicit solvers for integration. The present simulation results using NODE demonstrate up to 70% speed up in computation time compared to direct integration of the chemical mechanism with at most 3.16% relative error in ignition delay time.

Performance Assessment of Chemical Kinetics Neural Ordinary Differential Equations in Pairwise Mixing Stirred Reactor

Abstract The present study aims to assess the potential of the neural ordinary differential equations (NODE) network for reliable and computationally efficient implementation of chemistry in combustion simulations. Investigations are performed using a hydrogen-air pairwise mixing stirred reactor (PMSR). The PMSR is a zero-dimensional case affordable to study combustion chemistry entailing a similar numerical solution procedure as probability density function methods for turbulent combustion simulations. A systematic approach is presented to apply the NODE, solely trained on canonical constant pressure homogeneous reactor data, to predict complex chemistry and mixing interactions in PMSR. The reactor involves combustion of hydrogen in air described by a finite-rate mechanism with 9 chemical species and 21 reaction steps. The NODE network is shown to accurately capture the evolution of thermochemical variables for different mixing and chemical timescales. It also exhibits a significant reduction in numerical stiffness resulting in improving the computational efficiency and enabling the use of explicit solvers for the integration of chemical kinetics. The assessment results based on PMSR show that compared to direct integration of detailed kinetics, the NODE can achieve significant computational time speedup for a comparable accuracy.

A continuous protocol for the epoxidation of olefins, monocyclic terpenes, and Alpha Beta Unsaturated Carbonyl Synthons using eco-friendly Flow Reactor Conditions

Herein, we report a simple synthetic protocol for selective epoxidation of olefins, monocyclic terpenes, and chalcones using a continuous semi-batch process in good to excellent yields. Mainly, industrial semi-batch epoxidation is an extremely risky process that includes very high safety measures to avoid the accumulation of peroxide species in the reactor during the process, which leads to accidents. To avoid the same, we have established a constant flow reactor protocol for the epoxidation of fore mentioned key synthons using a cyanamide-potassium carbonate catalytic system which helps to reduce the accumulation of the peroxide species, and also yields moderate to high yields of the desired products. The developed methodology was successfully utilized for the epoxidation of a range of aliphatic to aromatic olefins to generate corresponding epoxides. All the products and their structures were examined using 1HNMR, and 13NMR spectroscopy. More importantly, this proposed protocol is recyclable and reproducible where in using similar research conditions.

Nascent Decomposition Pathways of CH4 Pyrolysis in Gas-Phase Metal Halides.

We have performed a combined quantum mechanical and microkinetic modeling study to understand the nascent decomposition pathways of methane pyrolysis, catalyzed by gas-phase ZnCl2, in a constant pressure batch reactor at 1273 K. We find that ZnCl2 catalyzes methane pyrolysis with an apparent activation energy of 227 kJ/mol. We have also performed sensitivity analysis on a reaction network comprising initiation, termination, and primary propagation reactions. The results suggest that the whole reaction network can be simplified to four reactions, which contributes to the initial rate of methane decomposition. Based on these insights, we have also explored the catalyzing effects of gas-phase AlCl3, CoCl2, CuCl2, FeCl2, and NiCl2 for methane decomposition. Our calculations suggest that gas-phase CuCl2 and NiCl2 are the most active catalysts among the metal halides studied in this work.

A route for the study on mass transfer enhancement by adding particles in liquid phase

This work presents a route for the study on the absorption performance of gas into liquid under the condition of adding particles in a stirred constant temperature reactor. Two evaluated systems, hydrogen–water and hydrogen–methanol, with the addition of activated carbon particles (ACP) were carried out, respectively. The results showed that the addition of ACP into the water can enhance the mass transfer between hydrogen and water, the enhancement factor increases rapidly with the increase of the ACP content, and then tends to be unchanged. However, for the hydrogen–methanol system, ACP has little effect on the mass transfer performance. In addition, a gas–liquid mass transfer model considering the effect of solid particle enhancement was established based on the shuttle effect and two-film model. Results indicated that the predicted value agreed well with the experimental value in both hydrogen–methanol–ACP and hydrogen–water–ACP systems.

Modeling of gaseous emissions and soot in 3D-CFD in-cylinder simulations of spark-ignition engines: A methodology to correlate numerical results and experimental data

In order to reduce development costs and time-to market, 1D and 3D CFD tools can support engine design providing reliable estimations of the tailpipe emissions. In particular, 3D-CFD in-cylinder simulations can evaluate formation of both soot and gaseous pollutants inside the combustion chamber. The main issue in such kind of simulations is the validation against experimental findings. In fact, the complexity of the emission measurements does not allow a straightforward one-to-one comparison between numerical and experimental results. Therefore the present paper aims at providing, on the one hand, a robust numerical framework for both gaseous and solid emissions, on the other hand a dedicated post-processing for a fair comparison between simulations and experiments. From a numerical standpoint, a simplified approach is dedicated to gaseous emissions, while a more detailed one is reserved to soot modeling. The latter is based on the Sectional Method, whose reaction rates are tabulated following 0D chemical kinetic simulations of a purposely designed surrogate in a constant pressure reactor. Simulations and experiments proposed in the present analysis are referred to a high-performance turbocharged direct-injection spark-ignition engine operated at part-load and low rpms. On equal performance, revving speed and mean mixture quality, different injection timings are investigated. The developed numerical approach and post-processing ensure a good agreement between simulations and experiments.

Numerical modeling of laminar flame speed and autoignition delay using general fuel-independent function

The impact of the transport sector on climate change and carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere can be decreased by the utilization of biofuels and e-fuels. The chemical kinetics for calculating the combustion process of new biofuels and e-fuels is often excessively computationally demanding for numerical simulations, leading to the development and employment of combustion models, such as flamelet models. Such models require precalculated data of laminar flame speed and autoignition timing. The developed procedure in this work scrutinizes available reaction mechanisms of several fuels with the validation against existing experimental data of autoignition and laminar flame velocities, aiming for the generation of lookup databases. The autoignition of fuel/air mixtures for different conditions is pre-tabulated from nondimensional calculations of constant pressure reactor. Simultaneously, the laminar flame speed is pre-tabulated from premixed freely propagating reactors, for which calculation chemical kinetics software are applied. The ignition delay of cold flame and primary ignition was calculated using inflection point criteria implemented in the proposed method. The developed imputations method is based on the lognormal distribution for laminar flame speed in equivalence ratio direction and exponential functions for pressure, temperature, and exhaust gas recirculation directions. The laminar flame speed and autoignition databases generation procedure was demonstrated on prospective e-fuel three-oxyethylene dimethyl ether (OME-3) fuel by validating the available mechanism against the experimental data. Finally, the generated databases are implemented into the computational fluid dynamics software and verified with the detailed chemical mechanism of OME-3 fuel.

Kinetics of low‐temperature catalytic combustion of ethylene at wet conditions for postharvest storage applications

AbstractThe study addresses the reduction of ethylene levels in postharvest storage applications using a selected Pd‐Zn‐Sn/TiO2 catalyst (US Patent 11065579) capable of reacting trace concentrations of ethylene at temperatures as low as 278 K and relative humidity as high as 90%. The rate law is derived from data collected using a constant volume batch reactor, and a model for a storage room with an associated isothermal packed bed reactor is developed. The amount of catalyst required to maintain an ethylene concentration of 0.1 ppmv in a room containing 20 tons of fruit having an ethylene metabolism of 0.1 μl/kg h was calculated as a function of air temperature and water content. While the catalyst can continuously remove ethylene from saturated, refrigerated air, the amount of catalyst required can be reduced significantly by incorporating conventional air conditioning solutions upstream of the catalyst bed. Such combined systems and their functions are discussed.

Effect of Variations in Pyrolysis Reactor With Glass Wool Equipped and Without Glass Wool on the Weight of the Oil Produced

Currently, plastic waste is a very serious threat because plastic waste pollution can harm all living things around and also harm the environment. The increasing volume of plastic waste is due to the lack of processing technology, so that the volume of plastic waste is increasing day by day. Plastic is a material that is difficult to decompose because it is non-biodegradable. One application of plastic waste processing technology offered in this study is to use the pyrolysis principle. Pyrolysis is a method of converting plastic into fuel oil through a thermal decomposition process without the use of oxygen. The pyrolysis process used with a variety of reactors equipped with glass wool and reactor variations without glass wool. The purpose of this study was to compare the yield of pyrolysis oil with a variety of reactors equipped with glass wool and reactors without glass wool. The plastic used is OPP (oriented polypropylene), with a constant reactor heating temperature of 200° C. The pyrolysis process is carried out for 1 hour each test, and the condenser cooling temperature is 28° C. Based on the results of the research, the reactor variation with glass wool got the highest oil weight of 175 grf, while the reactor variation without glass wool got the lowest oil weight of 17 grf. With a variety of reactors equipped with glass wool, the heat generated is more concentrated into the reactor core, resulting in higher oil weight and a more efficient pyrolysis process.

Ignition delay time and laminar flame speed measurements of ammonia blended with dimethyl ether: A promising low carbon fuel blend

Ammonia (NH3) has recently received much attention as a promising future fuel for mobility and power generation. The use of ammonia as a fueling vector can help curb global warming by cutting CO2 emissions because it is a carbon-free fuel and a hydrogen carrier with a high percentage of hydrogen atoms per unit volume. Liquid ammonia contains a higher volumetric density of hydrogen than liquid hydrogen. The low reactivity of ammonia, however, hinders its direct usage as a combustible fuel. One feasible way to boost the reactivity of ammonia is to target a dual-fuel system comprising of ammonia and a suitable combustion promoter. In this work, combustion properties of ammonia were investigated by blending it with various proportions of dimethyl ether (DME) using a rapid compression machine (RCM) and a constant volume spherical reactor (CVSR) over a wide range of experimental conditions. DME is a highly reactive fuel that may be produced in a sustainable carbon cycle with a net zero-carbon emission. Ignition delay times (IDTs) of NH3/DME blends were measured over a temperature (T) range of 649–950 K, pressures (P) of 20 and 40 bar, equivalence ratios (Φ) of 0.5 and 1 for a range of DME mole fractions (χDME) of 0.05–0.5 in the blends. In addition, the laminar burning velocities of NH3/DME blends were measured at P = 1, 3 and 5 bar, Φ = 0.8–1.3 and T = 300 K for χDME ranging from 0.18 to 0.47. Our results suggest that DME is a good ignition promoter, resulting in a significant shortening of IDTs and an increase of flame speeds of NH3. A detailed chemical model has been developed and validated against the experimental data. Overall, our kinetic model offered reasonable predictive capabilities capturing the experimental trends over a wide range of conditions. In the worst-case scenario, our model underpredicted IDTs by a factor of ∼2.5 while overpredicting laminar flame speed by ∼20%.

Automated construction of reduced mechanisms and additive reaction modules

A bottom-up approach to assemble reduced combustion kinetics mechanisms is proposed as an alternative to conventional reduction techniques. Rather than relying on simulations using detailed mechanisms to identify the set of species and reactions to include in the reduced mechanism, the proposed “building” algorithm follows an add-as-needed approach, in which reduced mechanisms are progressively augmented with individual reactions carefully selected among a restricted list in order to properly capture combustion dynamics in increasingly varied operating conditions. The algorithm is first described in details, and its characteristics and performance are explored through several examples. In a first example, reduced mechanisms able to capture methane/air auto-ignition in a constant volume homogeneous reactor are built, and compared to those generated with a conventional graph-based reduction technique. In the second example, the selection behavior of the algorithm is explored at the medium (methane) and large (heptane) mechanism scale, showing some computational advantage in using a building, bottom-up approach. Finally, the flexibility of the algorithm to add, onto a reduced mechanism, kinetic pathways that were initially not considered in the reduction is demonstrated, using the addition of a reduced representation of NOx pathways on a previously obtained methane oxidation reduced mechanism as example. The algorithm is found to yield similar results compared to reduction techniques informed by detailed mechanisms, while providing increased efficiency and flexibility to the end-user.

CFD modeling of pyrolysis oil combustion using finite rate chemistry

This paper reports the first Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model developed for biomass pyrolysis oil spray combustion using Finite-Rate Chemistry (FRC) approach. To make the CFD calculations feasible, a reduced mechanism for modeling the combustion of biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oil (FPO) based on the POLIMI 1412 mechanism and a model for eugenol oxidation was developed. The reduced mechanism consisted of 200 reactions and 71 species. This level of complexity was found to be a good tradeoff between predictive power and computational cost such that the reduced model could be used in CFD modeling. The predictive power of the reduced mechanism was demonstrated via 0D (adiabatic, premixed, constant pressure reactor), 1D (laminar counterflow flame) and 3D (CFD of a methane-air flat-flame piloted FPO spray flame) calculations. Results from CFD were compared against experimental data from non-intrusive optical diagnostics. The reduced model was successfully used in CFD calculations—the computational cost was approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of a simplified model. Using the reduced mechanism, the concentration of pollutants, minor combustion products, and flame radicals could be predicted—this is added capability compared to already existing models. The CFD model using the reduced mechanism showed quantitative predictive power for major combustion products, flame temperature, some pollutants and temperature, and qualitative predictive power for flame radicals and soot.

Effect of Water on the Chain Reaction Characteristics of Gas Explosion.

In order to explore the influence of water on the chain reaction characteristics of gas explosion, the 20 L explosion ball experiment and the homogeneous constant volume combustion reactor of CHEMKIN 17.0 simulations were carried out. The gas explosion response under four different water contents was tested and simulated. The effects of water on the pressure, free radicals, and reactants of gas explosion were compared and analyzed. The research results show that the inhibition of water on gas explosion was enhanced with the increase of water fraction in the initial mixture; the temperature, pressure, catastrophic gases such as CO, and concentration of activation centers in the reaction system can be reduced by water; the intensity of gas explosion can be reduced by inhibiting the formation of H, O, and OH free radicals, the main reactants of gas explosion and gas explosion energy.