Constant Change Research Articles

Protecting digital rights of India: planning for succession at Internet Freedom Foundation (IFF)

Learning outcomes The learning objectives of this case study are based on Bloom’s taxonomy. Upon completion of the case study discussion and exercises, successful students will be able to design a leadership transition and succession plan for non-profit organisations; identify and evaluate critical skills and competencies required in leadership positions; and frame expectations and responsibilities for new and departing executives. Case overview/synopsis Apar Gupta co-founded Internet Freedom Foundation (IFF), a digital rights organisation born out of SaveTheInternet – Net Neutrality movement of 2015, credited for urging the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India to uphold net neutrality in India. And ban zero-cost internet services that promoted data discrimination in the country. After working on and winning the net neutrality movement, Gupta identified many areas in technology where democratic rights had not been identified or were yet to be clearly defined (like in the case of net neutrality). There was also a service gap between the existing internet volunteer groups and digital rights organisations, which could IFF fill. This was to provide objective clarity, stakeholder identification, handle policy discussions and, most importantly, arrange resources to support movements over the long term. This prompted him to co-found IFF in 2017, which he later joined as a full-time executive director in 2018. IFF worked at the intersection of technology, democratic rights and government policies and was comparable to some global organisations, such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation in the USA and the Open Rights Group in the UK. Still, none existed in India at the time. After four years as a full-time executive director in 2022, he was convinced that it was finally time for him to act on the pre-defined strategic departure plan and work towards succession for the executive director position. While there were visible gaps in the system, Gupta’s leadership design and plans had helped IFF overcome existential challenges in the past. Also, while digital rights were still at a nascent stage in emerging economies, under Gupta’s leadership, IFF had delivered unmatched value to its beneficiaries in the world’s biggest digital consumer market. However, constant changes in regulations and continuing financial constraints made him nervous about the outcomes of the succession and the overall sustainability of IFF. Gupta wanted to ensure that this phased transition from executive director after two years and then trustee manager after the next four years are carefully communicated to reduce the likelihood of attrition and loss of trust. Being the co-founder and the first and only executive director IFF had seen, the organisation would also require significant skill and competency mapping to identify the new executive leadership. But with no clear internal successor in sight, the non-profit trust would also need a successor who not only was competent but also would share a passion for the type of work done by IFF, its unique delivery mode, and also would openly inherit its position in society. The other alternative strategic routes present were to look for dual leadership or interim leadership, but then there could be concerns about Gupta’s influence overshadowing any such alternative. In the case scenario, IFF is planning for succession while navigating the organisation through financial constraints and constant regulatory changes to ensure long- and short-term sustainability. Complexity academic level The case study has been written to gain insights into departure-defined successive planning in non-profit organisations. The case study can also be used to gain insights into innovative start-ups and innovative non-profit start-ups, as digital rights are still at nascent stages in emerging markets. The case study will be valuable for courses such as human resource management, strategic human resource management, social entrepreneurial leadership, leadership development, start-up environment, innovation and entrepreneurship, public policy, development studies, cyber security and information technology. The case study also allows students and young professionals to take the perspective of an innovative start-up founder and design a departure-defined succession plan. The case study can also be useful for senior students wanting to undertake an entrepreneurial career by starting or joining a non-profit organisation. While the case study is suitable for postgraduate- and executive-level courses, it can also be used for conducting entrepreneurial workshops and skill training. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.

Molecular Pseudorotation in Phthalocyanines as a Tool for Magnetic Field Control at the Nanoscale.

Metal phthalocyanines, a highly versatile class of aromatic, planar, macrocyclic molecules with a chelated central metal ion, are topical objects of ongoing research and particularly interesting due to their magnetic properties. However, while the current focus lies almost exclusively on spin-Zeeman-related effects, the high symmetry of the molecule and its circular shape suggests the exploitation of light-induced excitation of 2-fold degenerate vibrational states in order to generate, switch, and manipulate magnetic fields at the nanoscale. The underlying mechanism is a molecular pseudorotation that can be triggered by infrared pulses and gives rise to a quantized, small, but controllable magnetic dipole moment. We investigate the optical stimulation of vibrationally induced molecular magnetism and estimate changes in the magnetic shielding constants for confirmation by future experiments.

A framework for program wide curriculum transformation

Designing and delivering higher education programs in a global climate of constant change, technological advances and uncertain futures leads to the need for curriculum transformation practices that are innovative and responsive. This paper describes a university-wide approach to developing a framework for program level transformation that is strengths-based, data-informed and design-led. A strengths based approach builds on good practice, creating a space that is positive and forward looking. Data informed practice and the inclusion of data wranglers on the project allowed for conversations about the known, unknowns and desirable directions to take place and inform directions. Design-led practices introduced design thinking principles such a building empathy and co-design with students, alumni and industry. The emergent framework has three key stages: vision, design and build. The vision stage focuses on the program team, its students, industry and desired direction for transformation. The design stage focuses on defining challenges, ideating, co-designing and creating a plan for development. The build stage uses a rapid prototyping and iterative approach to development that incorporates user testing early in the stage. The project has delivered a framework for program level transformation and innovation and has shown that a strengths-based approach that is data informed and engages with students as codesigners has the capacity to unite teams, inform program visions and allow for innovative practices to emerge. Taking a learner experience approach to design also highlighted the value in engaging students and industry in curriculum design from the start of the process rather than simply as end users.

Сoncept of the draft normative-legal act аs a law-making phenomenon

In the article, the author focuses on the relevance of the conceptual and categorical analysis of any phenomena and processes of legal reality, especially the phenomenon of the concept, which is today the basis of improving the functioning of jurisprudence. It was noted that due to constant changes in the socio-economic situation, technological progress, as well as foreign policy factors, it is important to adapt the legislation to new realities. Understanding and studying various concepts of the development of legislation, as well as their impact on legal practice, allows you to effectively analyze and improve the country's legal system. This approach helps to ensure legal stability, protection of citizens' rights, and increased confidence in the legal system in general. First of all, in cognitive terms, it is important to conduct an analysis of the studied phenomenon of the concept through the prism of its conceptual-categorical dimension, which will allow to generalize its properties and improve the definition. The indicated vector of scientific knowledge will first of all strengthen the methodological basis for further research of concepts as a law-making phenomenon, define clear boundaries of the subject of scientific knowledge, establish cognitive regularities of concepts, putting them in the basis of a corresponding unified doctrinal understanding of them. In the content of the work, an analysis of the concept as a special law-making phenomenon, determination of approaches to its understanding that have developed in legal science, clarification of the features of the concept of the project of a normative-legal act, and improvement of the definition of the concept as a component of the conceptual and categorical apparatus of legal science are carried out. It was concluded that in the process of preparing a draft of a comprehensive normative legal act, one cannot do without a preliminary conclusion of its concept. In addition, the concept of writing a normative legal act can be brought up for discussion. In this way, it is proved that the concept of a normative legal act is an important stage and component of the normative design process, because the development of the correct concept allows to further formulate the provisions of the text of the normative act more clearly.

Complete Blood Count Reference Intervals for Children Aged Less Than 1 to 12 Years in the Northern Region of Ghana

Reliable laboratory diagnostic results are key for evaluating and improving children’s health. To interpret these results, child-specific reference intervals (RIs), which account for constant biological changes and physiological development with sex and age, are required, as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). This study presents age- and sex-specific reference intervals for complete blood count (CBC) parameters in children (<1–12 years old) in the Northern Region of Ghana. In this cross-sectional study, 600 healthy children from randomly sampled schools in Tamale (the Northern Region) were recruited and screened. Data from 388 eligible children were used to nonparametrically determine the reference intervals of CBC parameters at the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles. The CBC reference intervals were compared for variations in sex and age groups using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. There were no statistically significant differences in most CBC parameters by sex (RBC, Hb, HCT, MCH, RDW (CV/SD), WBC, LYM#, MON#(%) NEU#(%), EOS#(%), and BAS#(%); p>0.05) and age group (RBC, MCV, RDW (CV/SD), WBC, LYM#, MON#(%) NEU#(%), EOS#(%), and BAS%; p>0.05). However, there were observable differences between this locally established CBC reference interval and that used for children at Tamale Teaching Hospital (manufacturer’s RIs). This study emphasises the importance of determining reference intervals representative of the local child population and incorporating them into the current reporting system of laboratories in the Northern Region to ensure the provision of effective and efficient healthcare services.

Diffusion behavior of rhodamine 6G in single octadecylsilyl-functionalized silica particle revealed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.

We investigated the diffusion behavior of rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) within single octadecylsilyl-functionalized (ODS) silica particle in an acetonitrile (ACN)/water system using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). FCS measurements were conducted at the center of the particle to exclusively determine the intraparticle diffusion coefficient (D). The obtained D values were analyzed based on a pore and surface diffusion model, the results of which indicate that surface diffusion primarily governs the intraparticle diffusion of Rh6G. Furthermore, an increase in the concentration of ACN (CACN) resulted in a corresponding increase in the surface diffusion coefficient (Ds), whereas the addition of NaCl did not significantly affect the Ds values. We attributed this dependence of Ds to the dielectric constant change in the interfacial liquid phase formed on the ODS layer. Specially, Ds values of (4.0 ± 0.5) × 10-7, (7.7 ± 1.1) × 10-7, (1.0 ± 0.3) × 10-6, and (1.1 ± 0.2) × 10-6cm2s-1 were obtained for CACN = 20, 30, 40, and 50vol%, respectively. We anticipate that this approach will contribute to advancing research on intraparticle mass transfer mechanisms.

FINANCIAL EDUCATION: AN APPROACH TO EVERYDAY LIFE

This highlights the importance of exploring different calculation strategies and promoting meaningful learning, as recommended by the National Curriculum Parameters (PCNs). Despite this, many students face difficulties at the end of elementary school, showing a lack of understanding of mathematical concepts and their practical applicability. The Financial Education proposal aims to fill this gap by stimulating skills such as mental calculation, estimation and analysis of the reasonableness of results. However, the constant change of context in the exercises can make it difficult for students to understand. We therefore propose the use of tasks that stimulate the production of meanings by the students, allowing for different solving strategies and promoting discussion in the classroom. In this way, Financial Education as a cross-cutting theme in the mathematics curriculum aims to prepare students to face real-world challenges, promoting a broader and deeper understanding of mathematical concepts.

The art of time-bending: Data augmentation and early prediction for efficient traffic classification

The accurate identification of internet traffic is crucial for network management. However, the use of encryption techniques and constant changes in network protocols make it difficult to extract useful features for traffic classification. Additionally, there may be limited data availability and a lack of diversity within the dataset, which poses further challenges. To address these issues, our research proposes a novel solution that uses an innovative data augmentation technique. This approach leverages the capabilities of LSTM networks to create synthetic data points that closely resemble real traffic data. By doing so, we can significantly enrich the dataset used for training and improve classification efficiency. We conducted thorough experiments to validate our approach and found that combining LSTM-generated data with actual traffic data leads to notable improvements in classification efficiency. We demonstrated the effectiveness of our methodology using academic and commercial datasets. Our classifier, trained on the generated data, showed a performance boost of 6%. Moreover, when classifying with only half of the time, thus utilizing half of the signal, our approach achieved a notable 4% improvement compared to the original classifier. The inclusion of augmented samples within the training set led to a noticeable improvement in both accuracy and F1-score. These findings compellingly demonstrate our data augmentation strategy’s practical utility and efficiency in earlier prediction with improved performance for encrypted traffic classification systems.

The InnoRec Process: A Comparative Study of Three Mainstream Routes for Spent Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Based on the Same Feedstock

Among the technologies used for spent lithium-ion battery recycling, the common approaches include mechanical treatment, pyrometallurgical processing and hydrometallurgical processing. These technologies do not stand alone in a complete recycling process but are combined. The constant changes in battery materials and battery design make it a challenge for the existing recycling processes, and the need to design efficient and robust recycling processes for current and future battery materials has become a critical issue today. Therefore, this paper simplifies the current treatment technologies into three recycling routes, namely, the hot pyrometallurgical route, warm mechanical route and cold mechanical route. By using the same feedstock, the three routes are compared based on the recovery rate of the six elements (Al, Cu, C, Li, Co and Ni). The three different recycling routes represent specific application scenarios, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. In the hot pyrometallurgical route, the recovery of Co is over 98%, and the recovery of Ni is over 99%. In the warm mechanical route, the recovery of Li can reach 63%, and the recovery of graphite is 75%. In the cold mechanical route, the recovery of Cu can reach 75%, and the recovery of Al is 87%. As the chemical compositions of battery materials and various doping elements continue to change today, these three recycling routes could be combined in some way to improve the overall recycling efficiency of batteries.

Conducting Psychodynamic Therapy with Children and Youth: Some Thoughts for the Modern Clinician

Clinicians working with children and adolescents must remain dynamic (“zestful, energetic, open to constant change”) while exploring the psychodynamics inherent within the patient-clinician dyad. Cultural climates and trends are constantly changing, and as communications improve in the digital era, the enormity of information makes it difficult to stay up to date. The author shares some opinions and observations he has learnt in his practice of psychopharmacology and psychotherapy with children and teenagers.

Effect of Fluid Intake on Acute Changes in Plasma Volume: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial

Plasma volume (PV) undergoes constant and dynamic changes, leading to a large intra-day variability in healthy individuals. Hydration is known to induce PV changes; however, the response to the intake of osmotically different fluids is still not fully understood. In a randomized controlled crossover trial, 18 healthy individuals (10 females) orally received an individual amount of an isotonic sodium-chloride (ISO), Ringer (RIN), or glucose (GLU) solution. Hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) was determined with the optimized carbon monoxide re-breathing method. Fluid-induced changes in PV were subsequently calculated based on capillary hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) and hematocrit (Hct) before and then every 10 minutes until 120 min (t0–120) after the fluid intake and compared to a control trial arm (CON), where no fluid was administered. Within GLU and CON trial arms, no statistically significant differences from baseline until t120 were found (p > 0.05). In the ISO trial arm, PV was significantly increased at t70 (+138 mL, p = 0.01), t80 (+191 mL, p < 0.01), and t110 (+182 mL, p = 0.01) when compared to t0. Moreover, PV in the ISO trial arm was significantly higher at t70 (p = 0.02), t110 (p = 0.04), and t120 (p = 0.01) when compared to the same time points in the CON trial arm. Within the RIN trial arm, PV was significantly higher between t70 and t90 (+183 mL, p = 0.01) and between t110 (+194 mL, p = 0.03) and t120 (+186 mL, p < 0.01) when compared to t0. These results demonstrated that fluids with a higher content of osmotically active particles lead to acute hemodilution, which is associated with a decrease in [Hb] and Hct. These findings underpin the importance of the hydration state on PV and especially on PV constituent levels in healthy individuals.

Experimental Studies and Performance Characteristics Analysis of a Variable-Volume Heat Pump in a Ventilation System

Experimental Studies and Performance Characteristics Analysis of a Variable-Volume Heat Pump in a Ventilation System

In Search for Low-Molecular-Weight Ligands of Human Serum Albumin That Affect Its Affinity for Monomeric Amyloid β Peptide.

An imbalance between production and excretion of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) in the brain tissues of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients leads to Aβ accumulation and the formation of noxious Aβ oligomers/plaques. A promising approach to AD prevention is the reduction of free Aβ levels by directed enhancement of Aβ binding to its natural depot, human serum albumin (HSA). We previously demonstrated the ability of specific low-molecular-weight ligands (LMWLs) in HSA to improve its affinity for Aβ. Here we develop this approach through a bioinformatic search for the clinically approved AD-related LMWLs in HSA, followed by classification of the candidates according to the predicted location of their binding sites on the HSA surface, ranking of the candidates, and selective experimental validation of their impact on HSA affinity for Aβ. The top 100 candidate LMWLs were classified into five clusters. The specific representatives of the different clusters exhibit dramatically different behavior, with 3- to 13-fold changes in equilibrium dissociation constants for the HSA-Aβ40 interaction: prednisone favors HSA-Aβ interaction, mefenamic acid shows the opposite effect, and levothyroxine exhibits bidirectional effects. Overall, the LMWLs in HSA chosen here provide a basis for drug repurposing for AD prevention, and for the search of medications promoting AD progression.

Optimal controller for S-CO2 compressor inlet conditioning

The small, simple, and effective characteristics of a Supercritical CO2 (S-CO2) power system make it an ideal candidate for distributed power generation. However, the distributed power generation will be required with constant changes in the operating conditions to meet the varying demand. Thus, it is necessary for the S-CO2 power system to demonstrate that it can operate safely and efficiently under all anticipated operating conditions. One of the key issues in the S-CO2 power system is controlling the compressor inlet conditions. This paper focused on the control of the compressor inlet temperature. In this paper, a system dynamic simulation code is used to model the precooler system for the compressor inlet control first. Based on the analysis results to obtain the transfer function and the state space, a linear quadratic controller was designed using optimal control theory. Since the controller was estimated to have steady-state error, a disturbance observer was also used. To validate the designed controller, experiments were conducted. The experimental results show that the proposed controller can be used to maintain the S-CO2 compressor inlet conditions under various transient scenarios without additional tuning.

Machine learning to predict the relationship between Vibrio spp. concentrations in seawater and oysters and prevalent environmental conditions

Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus are bacteria with a significant public health impact. Identifying factors impacting their presence and concentrations in food sources could enable the identification of significant risk factors and prevent incidences of foodborne illness. In recent years, machine learning has shown promise in modeling microbial presence based on prevalent external and internal variables, such as environmental variables and gene presence/absence, respectively, particularly with the generation and availability of large amounts and diverse sources of data. Such analyses can prove useful in predicting microbial behavior in food systems, particularly under the influence of the constant changes in environmental variables. In this study, we tested the efficacy of six machine learning regression models (random forest, support vector machine, elastic net, neural network, k-nearest neighbors, and extreme gradient boosting) in predicting the relationship between environmental variables and total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus concentrations in seawater and oysters. In general, environmental variables were found to be reliable predictors of total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus concentrations in seawater, and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in oysters (Acceptable Prediction Zone >70 %) when analyzed using our machine learning models. SHapley Additive exPlanations, which was used to identify variables influencing Vibrio concentrations, identified chlorophyll a content, seawater salinity, seawater temperature, and turbidity as influential variables. It is important to note that different strains were differentially impacted by the same environmental variable, indicating the need for further research to study the causes and potential mechanisms of these variations. In conclusion, environmental variables could be important predictors of Vibrio growth and behavior in seafood. Moreover, the models developed in this study could prove invaluable in assessing and managing the risks associated with V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus, particularly in the face of a changing environment.

Comprehensive Analysis of the Corrosion Behavior of UG1 Phosphate-Based Ultraviolet Glass in Water Environments

We herein delve into the corrosion dynamics of UG1 in high-temperature water, employing thermal acceleration to expedite reactions. Corrosion-induced changes in spectral properties, optical constants, and morphology are analyzed. The results reveal a phosphorus-poor layer near the surface that affects transmittance, refractive index, and extinction coefficient, with corrosion rates following a parabolic model. This study provides crucial insights for protecting UG1 in humid environments and emphasizes the importance of implementing protective measures against phosphorus diffusion.

BORROWINGS IN PEDAGOGICAL DISCOURSE OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE: FROM GRAPHICS TO NETWORK RESOURCES

The article discusses borrowing issues in pedagogical discourse associated with the emergence of new concepts and terms (anglicisms) in the modern Russian language. Penetration of English words in the third millennium of the 21st century happens due to a number of reasons. Thus, the main one, according to the authors, is strengthening of digitalization caused by transition to online learning in the context of a global pandemic. The article poses the problematic aspect of whether borrowed words are a random element in the modern Russian language or it is a challenge of the time. Constant change in the consciousness of humanity, promoting development of all spheres of life in the new reality, inevitably leads to changes in guidelines in the economy, politics, culture, and education. There is a need to revise the goals and objectives of the education and development of an individual who effectively uses the acquired knowledge in upgrading of all spheres of life. New reality requires new concepts to realize and decode unfamiliar phenomena, which leads to a change in scientific and educational paradigms, the emergence of new trends in education, and adaptation of thinking. Challenges of the present millennium force us to make attempts to find out the feasibility of the changes being made. Thus, the authors of the article analyzed the corpus of borrowed units in the pedagogical discourse of the Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. Anglicisms and their derivatives were identified by a continuous sampling method from oral and written speech of lectures and students, the context of educational materials and educational platforms of the university. Analysis of the borrowings of pedagogical discourse in a given period allows us to identify main mechanism of adaptation of new terms and determine the speed of their penetration.

Productivity improvement of control cable manufacturing machine for the automotive industry

Due to the high competitiveness that characterizes the automotive industry (AI), there is an intensive search for improvements that translates into significant impacts on the productivity, still guaranteeing the levels of quality required by the client. The requirement for flexibility is leading to a paradigm shift that arises from a constant change in the needs of consumers, who demand an ever-higher level of customization in the products. In recent years, the increasing use of automation in industry resulted in significantly improved product quality, better working environment, higher cost efficiency, and major improvement in process flexibility. The present work addresses the productivity improvement of a control cable manufacturing machine for the AI. The main objective is related to the development of a new stripping machine concept that allows the simultaneous coating removal from two cables, thus eliminating an existing bottleneck in the injection process of the cables’ first Zamak terminal. A prototype machine was built, and the new concept validated, and then implemented in the factory. An automatic cable extraction system was also designed, aiming to reduce the number of manual tasks performed by the operator, with the expectation of further improving the process productivity. The development of the two new mechanisms followed the Design Science Research (DSR) methodology. With the implementation of the new double stripping concept and automatic cable extraction system, a major increase in productivity (up to 87.8% compared to the current condition) and cost reduction were achieved.

Preferences For Health Information and Participation in Decision Making: The Patients’ Perspectives for Hospital Improvement

Patients of varying generations demand varying approaches. Additionally, hailing from diverse indigenous cultures and religions, they have distinct historical backgrounds that shape their personal qualities. In healthcare, holistic care is critical, and it must meet the dynamism and constant change of the world, while also taking generational gaps into account as a major concern in healthcare. This quantitative research made use of the descriptive, comparative (non-causal) design to compare the differences in the perceptions on the preferences for health information and participation in decision making among generational in-patients in a government-retained hospital for the 2nd quarter of 2021. Findings of the study revealed that the respondents had a good preference on health information on diagnosis, treatment, laboratory tests, self-care, and psychosocial while they are only had a fair preference of health information on complimentary or alternative medicine and healthcare provider. The Generation Z scored the highest of the four generations while the Baby Boomers scored the lowest. The respondents had a poor preference for participation in decision making on their diagnosis and treatment. They had a fair preference for participation in decision making on their laboratory tests but they had a good preference for participation in decision making on their self-care, complimentary or alternative medicine, and healthcare provider. They had a very good preference for participation in decision making on the psychosocial factors. The Baby Boomers scored the highest of the four generations, while the Generation Z scored the lowest. There was a significant difference in the perceptions on preference on health information. The Generation Z had a better preference on health information as compared to the Baby Boomers. Further, there was a significant difference in the perceptions for participation on decision making. The Baby Boomers, the Generation X, and the Generation Y are much better in terms of the perception of preferences for participation in decision making over the Generation Z. With the findings, a multi-generational health information and decision-making enhancement plan was created.

Potential Impact of Sustainable Business Practices: Brand Equity in Fast Food and Millennials’ Purchase Intentions

This study was carried out because we live in a world of constant change and high competition, where local fast-food brands in Chiclayo do not have an adequate position in the consumer’s mind compared to international franchises established in our town. The general objective was to determine the influence of brand equity on the purchase intention for local fast-food brands among Chiclayo millennials. The model proposed includes the constructs of brand equity in various category of food products. This document is intended to contribute to society and the scientific community by providing strategic support to brand owners who work with this approach and individual managers. A quantitative approach was used, with a basic type, explanatory level, and non-experimental cross-sectional design, using Cronbach’s alpha for reliability of the instrument and validity by expert judgment. Customers of local fast-food brands comprised the sample, with a total of 385 people surveyed independent of gender. SPSS v.27 and Microsoft Excel 2019 were used for simple random sampling. It was concluded that millennial consumers have regular brand equity and purchase intention for local fast-food brands, emphasizing that the knowledge dimension does not significantly influence purchase intention.