Expenditures Of Consolidated Budget Research Articles

FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF EDUCATIONAL SERVICES IN UKRAINE

Introduction. Educational services in Ukraine play an important role in the formation of social and human capital, and the quality and level of education outline the acquired professional skills, characterize the ability to learn throughout life, promote innovative development of society, knowledge economy, increase competitiveness of graduates in the labour market their individual incomes and increase the welfare of the population of the state. That is, today the most important thing is that the society realizes that the provision of educational services is the key to the future of our state and the foundation of the development of the nation, society and individual. We believe that the progressive development of educational services in Ukraine is possible only if they are properly funded, effective, efficient and sound combination of financial and educational policies of the state. Methods. General scientific techniques and methods of economic research were used in the process of writing the article. The theoretical and methodological basis of intelligence was the analysis of scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists on the study of financial support of educational services in Ukraine, Internet resources. The study used general and special research methods, in particular: general and special – to ensure this goal; dialectical, abstract and logical – to substantiate theoretical positions and conclusions. Results. The article examined the state of financial support of educational services in Ukraine in recent years. The dynamics of consolidated budget expenditures on educational services in Ukraine, as well as in terms of state and local budgets was analysed. It was emphasized that the progressive development of educational services in Ukraine is possible provided they are properly funded. Discussion. Further research will focus on finding the optimal mechanism for financing educational services in Ukraine. Keywords: financial support, educational services, educational subvention, sources of financial support.

BUDGET EXPENDITURES OF UKRAINE: INTEGRAL ASSESSMENT OF STRUCTURAL IMBALANCES

The public finance sector plays a special role in the functioning of the financial system. A significant part of the funds is accumulated and redistributed through state and local budgets. At the same time, the formation of budget expenditures of all levels, their structure, determine the state and opportunities for the state to perform its functions, which is manifested through the structure of budget expenditures according to functional classification, as well as the distribution of funds to ensure current needs and capital expenditures, and its social orientation - through the structure of expenditures for economic classification. At the same time, the state of formation of budget expenditures at different levels is characterized by structural imbalance, so the article evaluates the formation of state, local, and consolidated budget expenditures according to economic and functional classification. The method of structural-dynamic analysis was used during the research and integral coefficients were calculated - linear and quadratic coefficients of structural shifts, integral coefficients of Gatev and Salai, which made it possible to substantiate the state of unbalanced budget expenditures of all levels. For the study, the period from 2015 to 2021 was taken on a quarterly basis, separately according to the expenses of the economic classification and according to the expenses of the functional classification of the state, local and consolidated budgets of Ukraine. In contrast to existing approaches, this study takes into account the peculiarities of the formation of expenses, which are associated with their quarterly fluctuations. It is substantiated that the structure of expenditures according to the economic classification of state and local budgets is unstable. The calculation of integral coefficients made it possible to draw a conclusion about the significant intensity of structural shifts, which indicates the absence of a consistent budget policy, since it, in turn, is based on the consistency of the economic policy implemented in Ukraine. The imbalance of expenditures by functional purpose, compared to the structural imbalance of expenditures by economic classification, is much smaller. The obtained indicators proved the process of redistribution of cash flows between budget levels as a result of reforms in Ukraine, related to decentralization and redistribution of powers between the national and local levels.

EDUCATIONAL COMPONENT OF HUMAN POTENTIAL: FINANCIAL-STATISTICAL AND LABOR PERSPECTIVES

L. Halkiv L. Halaz M. Bihus 1Lviv Politechnic National University 2Lviv Polytechnic National University 3Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Department of International economic and Investment Activity Purpose. The purpose of this article is to improve theoretical, methodological, and applied foundations of the study of the educational component of human potential. Design/methodology/approach. Scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists studying issues related to human potential, labor market, and education financing, as well as official statistical data that characterize these issues, formed the information, theoretical, and methodological basis of the study. To achieve this purpose, the article uses a set of scientific methods that have ensured conceptual integrity of the study, in particular: the method of theoretical generalization and the abstract method were used to systematize scientific results and formulate conclusions; the method of structural analysis was used to study education costs in terms of individual components; concentration and differentiation analysis was used to study distribution of costs of financial agents; dynamic modeling was used to build trends in the number of educational institutions, the number of students, and the total cost of education; the tabular method was used for a compact representation of quantitative indicators; the graphical method was used to visualize the results of the study, etc. Findings. The functioning of the country's education system has a decisive influence on the quality of human potential. Graduates who complete a higher education program are more likely to work in knowledgeintensive jobs and earn higher salaries. Workers with higher education are usually more likely to be formally employed and less likely to lose their jobs. Effectiveness of the education system depends on its financing. The results of the analysis of data on expenditures on education in Ukraine indicate the following patterns: most funds are allocated for educational services provided by higher education institutions, for the first stage of secondary education and primary education; private firms and corporations most often allocate their funds for post-secondary education; the share of state institutions among financial agents carrying out activities in the field of education reaches about 90 %; the maximum costs of the public sector are observed at the ISCED 0-3 educational levels; the network of institutions and the contingent of students receiving vocational, technical, and higher education are decreasing; there is a declining trend in the level of education expenditures in the Consolidated Budget expenditures. The rise in the price of educational services against the background of an unbalanced labor market leads to a loss of knowledge; additional retraining expenses; increase in social benefits. Practical implications. The materials presented in the article can be useful to representatives of institutions and scientists whose activities are related to the financing of education and the labor market. Originality/value. In the article, the author. The level of education of an employee is considered as one of the components of their potential. This component allows an employee to compete successfully in the labor market. In Ukraine, financial resources of the population cover more than 30 % of doctoral studies and their equivalents, as well as about 25 % of expenditures cover higher education. Given the spread of poverty and the weakening of state support for higher education, Ukrainians will face the problem of the provision of financial support for universities.

Analysis of the state order and budget expenses for its funding

The object of the research is the budget expenditures for the state order funding. One of the most problematic places is, on the one hand, the lack of financial resources, and on the other hand, the low efficiency of their allocation. Using the method of vertical and horizontal analysis, the expenditures of the consolidated budget for higher education are explored by the example of Ukraine. It was found that the share of the consolidated budget of Ukraine for higher education in % of GDP is one of the largest in Europe, however, the amount of funding is insignificant in monetary terms, which makes it impossible to improve the quality of higher education. The amount of the state order for training of specialists and expenditures of the consolidated budget are analyzed. On the basis of the results of the analysis of the legislation, the impact of elements of the system of formation and state order placement on its effectiveness is assessed. During 2012–2020, the consolidated budget expenditures tended to increase (except for the crisis of 2020, when there was a general economic growth disruption). At the same time, the number of budget places reduced annually until 2018. The analysis of the system of the state order allocation showed that during 2012–2020 it had been changed several times. The main advantages and disadvantages of the system of state order allocation at the stages of its transformation are identified in the paper. Until 2015 the state order allocation was carried out manually. Since 2017 a mechanism for state order addressing has been introduced. In 2020 the mechanism of cost allocation between higher education institutions was changed and indicative prices were introduced. Due to the analysis of the conditions of state order allocation and cost allocation between higher education institutions, it is possible to take into account the main factors that contribute and block the efficiency and effectiveness of funding the higher education system in Ukraine

THE IMPACT OF THE BUDGETARY COMPONENT OF FISCAL POLICY ON MACROECONOMIC GROWTH IN CONDITIONS OF FINANCIAL DECENTRALIZATION: CASE OF UKRAINE

The article examines the role of the budget component of Ukraine’s fiscal policy in macroeconomic growth. The directions of increase of economic growth under the influence of financial decentralization are offered. The expediency of using multifactor economic and mathematical modelling in the study of the dynamics of the national accounts of Ukraine under the influence of indicators of the budget component of fiscal policy is substantiated.
 The purpose of this study is to investigate the dynamics of national accounts under the influence of the budget component of fiscal policy in the context of financial decentralization. A number of methods have been widely used in the study, including economic and mathematical modelling, correlation-regression analysis, factor analysis, and so on. These methods will underpin the development of strategic prospects for economic growth of the Ukrainian economy under conditions of financial decentralization.
 It is substantiated that an increase in the share of local budget expenditures in consolidated budget expenditures and a decrease in the share of state budget expenditures in GDP lead to an increase in the physical volume index of GDP and an increase in GDP in actual prices. It is also proven that the share of local budget expenditures in consolidated budget expenditures has an immediate direct impact on the GDP physical volume index.
 Another significant factor of direct influence on the GDP physical volume index is identified – the share of capital expenditures (development expenditures) in local budgets, as one of the indicators of financial decentralization efficiency. It is substantiated that the share of state budget expenditures in consolidated budget expenditures is a factor of inverse effect on GDP (in actual prices), and the share of capital expenditures is a factor of direct influence.
 It is proved that financial decentralization in Ukraine is an important factor of economic growth of the Ukrainian economy, as the increase of the share of local budget expenditures in the consolidated budget expenditures and the reduction of the share of state budget expenditures in GDP lead to an increase in the GDP physical volume index and an increase in actual GDP.

Фіскальні ефекти впровадження нових соціальних стандартів в Україні

The article is aimed at studying and assessing the positive changes that occurred in the budgeting process due to changes in social standards in Ukraine during 2010-2020. The hypothesis testing is carried out on whether there is a link between changes in social standards such as the subsistence rate and the minimum wage, and the amount of tax revenues to the consolidated budget and the amount of budget expenditures. Modern approaches to assessing the impact of social standards are analyzed, and conclusion is made that fiscal effects are hardly studied in literature. Based on a comparative analysis of the dynamics of the established and actual subsistence rate and the main targets stated in the Consolidated Budget of Ukraine for 2010-2020, quarterly regression models are built, in particular, with pseudo-observed variables. A significant gap has been observed between the established and actual subsistence rates, which increases over time. At the same time, the minimum wage is approaching the actual subsistence rate for employable population, which is a positive fact. The aggregate income of the population main exogenous variable in tax revenues models. A model of household income dependence on average wages, average pension and subsistence rate is built. It is shown that the increase in the minimum wage in 2017 did not have the desired direct fiscal effect on personal income tax, unified social tax revenues and public expenditure on social insurance. The indirect impact on value added tax and excise tax revenues, which could be expected due to the increase in the household purchasing power, is also insignificant. The reason for this is the halving of the ratio between the minimum and average wages due to its concealment, the high level of the shadow economy and artificial understatement. It is shown that the consolidated budget expenditures on social security and wages are more sensitive to changes in various social standards, thus creating risks of macroeconomic instability in Ukraine.

Програмно-цільовий метод і проблеми його застосування в період реформування фінансування галузі охорони здоров’я

The publication is aimed at defining problems and directions for improving the program-target method in the healthcare during the reform of this industry sector. The article analyzes the program-target method and its use in the planning of expenditures in the field of healthcare, the process of implementation of budget programs in this sphere in the Zhytomyr region. It is determined that the program-target method is important in the formation of healthcare expenditures, but it can potentially further increase the effectiveness of the distribution of budget funds. Despite the actual reduction of healthcare expenditures in the structure of consolidated budget expenditures, the introduction of the target method has inluenced the rational use of budget funds in the field of healthcare. This indicates the feasibility of this method in the budget process. The problems of the program-target method in the formation of healthcare expenditures are substantiated, the main of which are: the lack of medium- and long-term budget planning, a large number of budget programs, the lack of financial indicators in the system of effective indicators, reducing the level of healthcare expenditures. It is proposed: to introduce medium- and long-term budget planning, which will allow to clearly form the targets and results of budget programs in the field of healthcare for several years and consolidate financial resources for the specified targets; to develop a system of financial indicators within the system of effective indicators, which will be based on the expenditures of budget funds for the patient, to form the prerequisites for saving budget funds.

ВИДАТКИ ЗВЕДЕНОГО БЮДЖЕТУ УКРАЇНИ НА РОЗВИТОК ЛЮДСЬКОГО КАПІТАЛУ

The article analyzes the expenditures of the consolidated budget of Ukraine for human capital development. It is established the main directions of financial resources in the current conditions of economic transformation. In particular, expenditures on economic activity have been growing at a steadily high rate, both in the last two years and in the entire five-year period under study. In addition, spending on health and national defense has increased significantly over the past two years. However, in 2020, almost 7,0 percent less (for each sector) was allocated to environmental protection and housing and communal services than in the previous 2019, which is evidence of the government’s lack of attention to these important areas. To ensure the reform process, the education sector is funded at the appropriate level. It is noted that budget expenditures are an important tool for ensuring sustainable dynamics of socio-economic development of the country, improving the welfare of citizens, increasing the volume of public goods and social services. It is noted that in 2020 the execution of the state budget was carried out with a significant deficit, which increased 2,7 times compared to 2019. This situation, scientists and practitioners associated with the global pandemic COVID-19. The latter has significantly affected the consolidated budget expenditures and the allocation of financial resources to finance priority sectors of the economy. Emphasis is placed on the problems of non-adoption of the Budget Declaration, inefficient management and use of budget funds, which is to some extent a deterrent to the development of the national economy, human capital, economic growth. The directions of further researches of expenses of the consolidated budget of Ukraine in the context of separate branches and acceptance of effective administrative decisions are offered.

ФІНАНСУВАННЯ СУСПІЛЬНИХ БЛАГ ПІД ВПЛИВОМ ЗМІНИ ПОЛІТИЧНОЇ ЕЛІТИ

The purpose of the article is to conduct a retrospective analysis of the volume and structure of financing of public goods in accordance with the change of the political elite in Ukraine (changes of the Presidents of Ukraine).The research methodology consists in calculating the dynamics of the expenditure part of the consolidated budget of Ukraine in terms of functional classification of expenditures, the share of the main items of the consolidated budget expenditure for 1992-2020, the share of the expenditure part of the consolidated budget of Ukraine and the main expenditure items in GDP. According to the results of the study, the dynamics of changes in the total volume and structure of financing public expenditures in accordance with the change of the political elite is revealed. The practical significance of the analysis indicates that the system of expenditure of the consolidated budget of Ukraine, respectively, the structure of financing public goods, is imperfect and needs to be adjusted. Thus, the largest share of expenditures of the consolidated budget of Ukraine, which has recently been decreasing from year to year, is spent on financing social protection and social security. The volume of expenditures on economic activity, which is able to give impetus to the development of the state economy, is insufficient. Expenditures on education and healthcare in Ukraine have been significantly reduced. Due to these budgetary resources, the financing of national functions by the state, financing of public order, security and the judiciary has been increased. Imperfection of fiscal policy, unreasonable financing of certain areas, insufficient control over the implementation of budget programs, their inefficiency and many other problems lead to irrational use of funds from the budgets of Ukraine. Therefore, in order to establish stability in the economic sphere of the state, it is necessary to restrain the growth of the share of consolidated budget expenditures relative to GDP. This will reduce the tax burden on the population and business, reduce the state budget deficit of Ukraine. When allocating expenditures, it is necessary to start from the size of the revenue side of the budget in order to achieve proportional growth of revenues and expenditures. It is worth paying attention to ensuring reliable control over the movement of budget resources. In order to increase the degree of satisfaction of the needs of the population in public goods, it is necessary to develop the political consciousness and political culture of citizens, to increase the level of financial decentralization in the country.

DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL POLICY IN THE FORMATION OF THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT: MANAGEMENT ASPECT

The determinants of social policy in the formation of the institutional environment of human development have been researched in the article and some institutional areas for improving the management of social policy, taking into account the challenges of today have been outlined in the article. The absence of a comprehensive state strategy of social policy in our country has been revealed. The growth rates of the consolidated budget expenditures of Ukraine in the sphere of the formation of conditions of human development have been analyzed. The gap between the targets for 2030 and the corresponding forecast values have been determined. It has been proposed to approve a comprehensive social policy strategy, which would fix its mission as achieving the goals of sustainable development and a high level of human development, which will implement the legislative experience of several European Parliament parliaments on the institutional environment of human development.

Consolidated budget expenditure on education institutions in Ukraine

The factors on which the sources of financing higher education institutions depend have been considered in this article. The scientific literature has been reviewed and a mechanism for financing higher education in Ukraine has been built during the research. It is established that this mechanism is an example of the functioning of two important subsystems: provision and regulation. The use of mechanisms is possible due to the availability and use of financial resources. The study of methods of managing the financial resources of higher education institutions has allowed to distinguish the following methods: budget financing, attracting credit, self-financing. It is established that the most important source is the state funding, which is based on the principle of strategic orientation, on the basis of which a clear strategy is created that will ensure the effectiveness of the higher education system. As a consequence, we have analyzed the volume of consolidated budget expenditures on education in the structure of total consolidated budget expenditures. In the course of the research, there is a tendency of sharp changes in the share of higher education expenditures in the structure of consolidated budget expenditures on education, due to the need to attract private sources of financing for the higher education system. It should be noted that the growth of volumes is caused by a large number of inflationary processes of the modern economy, and their solution requires considerable resource-intensive costs. An important indicator of the assessment of the state of higher education funding is the analysis of the ratio of budget expenditures to GDP. The structure and trend of changes in the volume of expenditures of consolidated budget for financing of education which includes financing of preschool, general secondary education, vocational and higher are determined. The analysis of expenditures on the functioning and development of higher education institutions in relation to GDP has made it clear that the largest share is focused on financing of secondary education. It has been analyzed in the study how the number of higher education recipients changes with the changes in funding. It is established that a rather large dependence of the decrease in the number of students is due to the demographic situation in our country and individual regions. In addition to the indicators reported in the study, a significant proportion accounted for the inability to successfully pass the external independent assessment testing to the appropriate level.

FINANCIAL LEVERAGE ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY AS A COMPONENT UKRAINE'S NATIONAL SECURITY

The article deals with the use of financial leverages to ensure environmental security as a component of Ukraine's national security. Scientific approaches to the concept and constituents of environmental security, peculiarities of its legislative regulation are analyzed. The dynamics of budget revenues using environmental taxation mechanisms have been investigated. The conclusions of its effectiveness are made. Structural analysis of the Consolidated Budget expenditures on environmental protection was also conducted. It is concluded that there is an imbalance in budgetary policy in the field of environmental security. And it is an indicator for decreasing the state's environmental security in the future.

Dependence of russian’s gross domestic product on consolidated budget expenditures

The article is devoted to the most pressing issues of social development at the modern stage. Is considered social activities of states, which was formed into an autonomous system of government functions. It is noted that in the structure of spending priorities shift toward funding of national defense, social policy and the national economy, while funding for health and education slows down. This paper examines the impact of expenses of the Consolidated budget of the Russian Federation in the gross domestic product.

IMPERATIVES OF BUDGETARY FINANCING OF SOCIAL PROTECTION AND SOCIAL SECURITY IN UKRAINE

Introduction. The state of financial provision of social protection at the expense of budgetary funds is an important issue for each state. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to scientifically substantiate the theoretical foundations of social protection of the population and the sources of its financial support. Results. Expenditures on social protection of the population occupy a significant place in the state expenditures of Ukraine. Through the system of social protection during 2010–2016, about 23% of GDP was allocated. A tendency towards a decrease in their share (in 2016 – 18,2%) was revealed. Budget financing takes the lead in the system of sources of financial support. Due to the budget system, 10.8% is distributed, while in the structure of total expenditures of the Consolidated Budget expenditures on social protection and social security make up 59,6%. A comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of volumes and structure of budget financing during 2007–2017 was conducted. A tendency towards annual growth of expenditures on social protection has been established, and it has been found that their growth rates during the investigated period significantly exceeded GDP growth rates. A significant level of centralization is established. Such a situation requires the optimization of budgetary expenditures on social security and social security and the modernization of sources of their financial support. Conclusions. The main vectors for improving the budget financing of social protection and social security in Ukraine are: – decentralization of budget financing of social protection and social security; – provision of social transfers based on the verification of the property and financial status of the recipients; – the targeted nature of social assistance; – monetization of subsidies; – optimization of the state policy in the labor market with a view to its rapid adaptation to structural changes taking place in the economy; since socially-market economy is aimed not only at social protection, but also the creation of such an organizational and economic mechanism that would contribute to reducing the part of the population that needs state paternalistic care (social assistance).

Culture funding problems in Ukraine in the context of the country's international commitments: the administrative and legal aspects

Considered problematic issues of financing culture in Ukraine. The negative impact of insufficient funding of culture in its development. Recalls that, in adopting the Basic Laws of Ukraine on Culture (void of 01.01.2011) was an attempt to ensure adequate funding and logistical support for culture by introducing legislative standard method – at least 8 % of the national income of Ukraine. However, this ratio never followed, and sometimes these rules stop other laws. After the abolition of the Basic Laws of Ukraine about the culture of this standard no longer recovered. Expenditures on culture in the state budget 1991-2004 years. Not exceed 0.33 % of the national income of Ukraine, amounting to 1 % of the consolidated budget expenditures. In the 2005-2013 biennium. Expenditures on culture did not exceed 0.6 % of GDP, amounting to 1.7 % of the total expenditures of the consolidated budget of Ukraine. In an official document – the Law of Ukraine «On the Concept of National Cultural Policy for 2005-2007» (2005) – acknowledged that become a chronic problem of inadequate financial support for the industry of culture. Insufficient funding of culture and/or direct reduction entails reducing the number of social and cultural facilities. It should be noted that the requirements of Ukrainian culture increased funding from the state budget is not a budget support on an exotic culture in Europe. Budgetary funding of culture of European countries is one of the main forms of support to the sector. Expenditures for these needs in the budget range from 0.5 to 4.8 %, which in many cases more than in Ukraine, but with the much larger budgets of these countries in absolute amounts of financing culture in Europe is much more than a Ukrainian realities. Even in Britain, where it is believed there is the smallest state support for culture, state participation in the activities of this culture is from 30 % to 80 %, and the average – 40-50 % of the annual budget organizations culture. It should also be noted that the principles of the cultural policy of the EU and provide guarantees public funding of culture. Thus, the EU resolution Meeting of Ministers of Culture within the framework of the Council of 02.04.1998 on the use of cultural policies for development provides for the need to maintain and increase investment in cultural development at the national level and to provide, where possible, a certain percentage of the government budget for this purpose in accordance with the overall objectives, priorities and programs. It should also be emphasized that if Ukraine, recognizing national culture part of the world (Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972) and European (European Cultural Convention, 1954) Culture and committing to take care of it, does not do so, it is and violation of international obligations of the country. This is not to recognize the justified position of authority about the lack of money in Ukraine shows that Ukraine is actually in public procurement 8 stolen budgets culture. The money for culture is not planned, because on this article cost them more difficult to steal than on public procurement. We conclude that the Europeanization of public administration and administrative law in culture means, in particular, respect for national culture and ensuring proper funding which in Ukraine is not guaranteed.

Regional Social Expenditures: A Country of Contrasts

Regional consolidated budgets are facing three main trends in 2015, namely marked growth of budget revenues, slower growth of budget expenditures, insignificant growth of debts and enhanced debt profile. The dynamics of the regional consolidated budget revenues in 2015 (according to the data on January–September) has improved amid economic downturn over the dynamics seen in 2013–2014. However, there is a large difference between the regions: some (most) of them have seen their budget revenues decline, whereas others have experienced a substantial growth in the same. The regions and municipalities have seen their debts grow slower than in 2013–2014, increasing by merely 5% in the period between January and earlier in November 2015. Consolidated budget expenditures have increased by merely 4% due to strengthening the responsibility of the regions for their budget policy. However, analysis of the dynamics of social spending has shown a strong differentiation as to both certain budget lines and regions. The nontransparent regional budgets’ Health care spending pattern is an apparent problem.

PCN79 - Budget Impact Analysis of the Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors – Nilotinib in the First and Second Lines of Therapy

The goal of the study was to evaluate clinical and economic feasibility of nilotinib in comparison with the imatinib usage as the first-line therapy for chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), and implementation of nilotinib compared with imatinib in high doses in the second-line treatment. Health-economic analysis and budget impact analysis of the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) for CML treatment were performed in Russian economic conditions. Economic models for the first and the second lines of CML treatment were built separately. Analysis showed that use of nilotinib for patients with newly diagnosed CML as the first-line treatment and for patients with imatinib resistance or intolerability as the second-line treatment is accompanied by 36% increase of consolidated budget expenditures in 2015 compared to 2014 in theoretical consumption calculations. In terms of real consumption, use of nilotinib leads to 16% increase in consolidated budget expenditures in 2015, in comparison with 2014. Expected budget expenditure in 2015, taking into account actual consumption, is 5.8 billion RUB. The growth of state expenditure for CML treatment might be due to increase in the number of patients and the use of the second-generation TKI. In case of nilotinib use, with consideration of remission that allows therapy cancellation, the average cost of one CML patient treatment based on all lines of therapy in the registry per year will be decreased by 6% in 2018 compared to 2015, despite an increase in the number of patients in the registry. Nilotinib is characterized by greater efficiency in the both lines of therapy. Using of the second-generation TKI, including nilotinib, can lead to stable remission with possible therapy cancellation after two or three years from the moment of deep molecular response. It may lead to the stabilization of cost per patient in the registry by 2018.

Turkey\s Public Finance Problem

A central problem of the Turkish economy is the burden of the debt service which has reached over 122% of the consolidated budget expenditures and the consequences deriving thereof. This article identifies the roots of the problem; describes how and why it arose; ciaborates on its social, political and economic consequences and delves in detail into the major factor which had caused the problem in the first place and which continues to exacerbate it today, namely, massive tax-evasion by non-farm proprietors who, in their income-tax-returns, fraudulently claim to have made only about 10% or less of what their true before-tax incomes are. The author also delicates the calculations of the present and past political leaders who have proved unwilling to take this vital problem by the horns and provides an analysis showing why and how the said calculations have historically proven inauspicious and misguided.