Consideration Of Basic Principles Research Articles

Chinese expert consensus on clinical drug prevention and treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head（2023)

The in-depth understanding of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), has lead more and more patients to seek for medical treatment in the early stage of the disease. Surgical treatment of femoral head necrosis alone is no longer sufficient for the current patients’ demand. The rational and effective use of drugs to strengthen the prevention and early treatment of femoral head necrosis delaying the progression of the disease, is becoming more and more important. This article combines the latest expert consensus and evidence-based medical research on the principles of ONFH diagnosis and treatment according to Chinese and Western medicine and is organized by Chinese experts from the Association Related to Osseous Circulation and the Chinese Microcirculation Society (CSM-ARCO). This consensus was formulated with focus on drug types, characteristics, and safety. Rationality and consideration of basic principles of drug use will provide safe, reasonable, standardized, and effective drug use in medical institutions at all levels. This consensus is only an expert guideline based on literature and clinical experience, not a requirement for mandatory implementation. The clinical practice can be tailored to the actual local conditions to develop appropriate prevention and treatment measures for patients. Keywords: Osteonecrosis of the femoral head; Expert consensus; Drug prevention and treatment

Institutional Governance and Regulation of Water Services

Institutional Governance and Regulation of Water Services provides the key elements of policy, governance and regulation necessary for sustainable water and sanitation services. On policy matters, it covers important aspects of separation of policy and delivery, integrated planning, sustainable cost recovery, provisions for the poor, and transparency. Regulation and Regulatory Bodies are presented in their various forms, with discussion of why some form of independent scrutiny is essential for sustainability. There is a separate chapter on Drinking Water Quality Regulation including setting standards and discussion on how to incorporate managing risk in regulatory approaches. It is the first book to give a comprehensive review of the key elements of policy, governance and regulation for sustainable water services, based on experience from around the world. The focus is on what works and what does not, based on consideration of basic principles and on case studies in both developing and developed countries. Institutional Governance and Regulation of Water Services is an invaluable information source for national and local governments responsible for water policy, for water utility managers, and for students who will be the policy makers of tomorrow. It should also be of value to all those concerned with water policy matters in donor agencies and international banks as well as for academics involved in the teaching of water policy, governance and regulation. ISBN: 9781780401973 (eBook) ISBN: 9781843391340 (Print)

Institutional Governance and Regulation of Water Services: The Essential Elements - Second Edition

Institutional Governance and Regulation of Water Services aims to provide the key elements of policy, governance and regulation necessary for sustainable water and sanitation services. On policy matters, it covers important aspects including separation of policy and delivery, integrated planning, sustainable cost recovery, provisions for the poor, and transparency. Regulation and Regulatory Bodies are presented in their various forms, with discussion of why some form of independent scrutiny is essential for sustainability.The focus is on what works and what does not, based on consideration of basic principles and on case studies in both developing and developed countries.The early chapters discuss the key elements, with later chapters considering how these elements have come together in successful reforms of public sector operations. A chapter is devoted to the successful use of the private sector based on lessons learnt from ‘failures’ of private contracts and the need for the application of sound procurement principles. The current trend is for a public sector model which benefits from business approaches, the so-called corporatised public utility.Experience since the publication of the first edition in 2007 reinforces the importance of the key elements for sustainable water services. This second edition brings the material up to date and with some increased emphasis on public participation in its many forms. It refers to the opportunity for progress provided by the UN Declaration of Water and Sanitation as a Human Right, but only if it is implemented in a practical and sustainable way.Institutional Governance and Regulation of Water Services is aimed at providing an informative source for national and local governments responsible for water policy, for water utility managers, and for students who will be the policy makers of tomorrow. It is a teaching aid for courses on water policy, governance and regulation.ISBN: 9781780404516 (eBook)ISBN: 9781780404509 (Print)

Nontraditional case‐based instruction in physiology: Deconstructing the cryptophysiology of zombies

Modern teaching in physiology is greatly enhanced by case‐based instruction. It is challenging, however, to select cases that engage a wide audience. Without invoking the supernatural, general physiological principals are well illustrated by considering phenomena which could underlie the zombie state. Such treatments also include opportunities to formulate and test hypotheses, design experiments and interpret data to draw conclusions related to the physiology behind depictions of zombie behavior. Here I illustrate an exercise considering effective strategies of zombie defense which incorporates consideration of basic principles of metabolism, as well as respiratory and cardiovascular physiology. Such an exercise provides an opportunity to develop skills in analytical thinking and reflective judgment, and engages students interested in self preservation during the coming zombie apocalypse.

Expandable Completion Liners: A Comparison Of Performance With Other Completion Types In The Reg and Teguentour Fields, Algeria.

Summary Four expandable completion liners (ECLs) have been run in Algeria in two fields—these are the first fully compliant ECLs in Algeria, the first worldwide in gas wells, and the first worldwide in multilateral wells (from Weatherford database). This paper presents the first detailed benchmark study of ECL performance. All systems to date have been run in 8½-in. hole using 5½-in. base-pipe ECL compliantly expanded, and the installations went well. It has been possible to compare ECL performance data against a comprehensive surveillance data set for the two fields where data from existing openhole completions allow meaningful comparisons. The other completions consist largely of slotted liners and some barefoot completions. The tested production rates in each of the wells have been high relative to normal field trends; however, the predominant factor in this is the reservoir character. Pressure-buildup (PBU) analysis indicates that the second well has reduced Darcy skin, while it is considered unproved in the first well (more data over time are needed). There is, however, consistent evidence for a reduction in the rate-dependent proportion of total skin in both wells. This is supported by other studies and a consideration of basic principles. The reduction in the rate-dependent proportion of skin has given an increase in production rate of 5–20% as compared with the computed rate from a slotted liner. This difference assumes no borehole collapse, with analyses and discussion presented of the effect on well performance should borehole collapse occur. The joint venture (JV) is investigating the further use of this technology in smaller hole sizes and possibly in conjunction with fracture stimulation

The Importance of Standardized Observations to Evaluate Nutritional Care Quality in the Survey Process

Guidelines written for government surveyors who assess nursing home (NH) compliance with federal standards contain instructions to observe the quality of mealtime assistance. However, these instructions are vague and no protocol is provided for surveyors to record observational data. This study compared government survey staff observations of mealtime assistance quality to observations by research staff using a standardized protocol that met basic standards for accurate behavioral measurement. Survey staff used either the observation instructions in the standard survey process or those written for the revised Quality Improvement Survey (QIS). Trained research staff observed mealtime care in 20 NHs in 5 states during the same time period that survey staff evaluated care in the same facilities, although it could not be determined if survey and research staff observed the same residents during the same meals. Ten NHs were evaluated by government surveyors using the QIS survey instructions and 10 NHs were evaluated by surveyors using the standard survey instructions. Research staff observations using a standardized observation protocol identified a higher proportion of residents receiving inadequate feeding assistance during meals relative to survey staff using either the standard or QIS survey instructions. For example, more than 50% of the residents who ate less than half of their meals based on research staff observation were not offered an alternative to the served meal, and the lack of alternatives, or meal substitutions, was common in all 20 NHs. In comparison, the QIS survey teams documented only 2 instances when meal substitutes were not offered in 10 NHs and the standard survey teams documented no instances in 10 NHs. Standardized mealtime observations by research staff revealed feeding assistance care quality issues in all 20 study NHs. Surveyors following the instructions in either the standard or revised QIS surveys did not detect most of these care quality issues. Survey staff instructions for observation of nutritional care are not clearly written; thus, these instructions do not permit accurate behavioral measurement. These instructions should be revised in consideration of basic principles that guide accurate behavioral measurement and shared with NH providers to enable them to effectively implement quality improvement programs.

Clinical Pharmacology of the Appeals and Exception Process: The Interface of the Patient, Physician, and Insurance Company to Assure Appropriate Care Under Medicare Part D

Personalized medicine considers factors unique and specific to each patient to make clinical decisions, including selecting pharmacotherapy. Drug formularies, including those available to enrollees in Medicare Part D, are based on group characteristics and financial considerations. Consequently, an appeal of a formulary's preferred drug selection may be necessary to ensure the best care of the patient. Consideration of basic principles of clinical pharmacology can be used to decide whether an exemption should be considered and to document specific reasons for the request.

Molecular ion fragmentation and its effects on mass isotopomer abundances of fatty acid methyl esters ionized by electron impact

We have analyzed the isotopomer abundance ratios of an equimolar mixture of nine fatty acid methyl esters (decanoate, undecanoate, laurate, tridecanoate, myristate, pentadecanoate, palmitate, heptadecanoate, and stearate) by selected-ion monitoring gas chromatography/electron impact/mass spectrometry (GC/EI/MS). The abundance of the second lowest m/ z isotopomer ( I M 1 ) increased disproportionately compared with the abundance of the lowest m/ z isotopomer ( I M 0 ) as a function of: (1) increasing sample size; (2) decreasing repeller voltage; and (3) decreasing alkyl chain length. We also compared the abundance of the third lowest m/ z isotopomer ( I M 2 ) and the abundance of the second lowest m/ z isotopomer ( I M 1 ) of methyl palmitate and [4,4- 2H 2]methyl palmitate. We observed that the I M 2 / I M 1 for methyl palmitate was significantly lower than I M 2 / I M 1 for [4,4- 2H 2]methyl palmitate. From these results, as well as a consideration of basic principles of ion chemistry and ion physics, we conclude that gas-phase chemistry, specifically proton (or deuteron) transfer from fragment ions to molecules, is a major contributor to the sample size dependence observed in mass isotopomer abundance measurements of fatty acid methyl esters ionized by EI. Our results and analysis do not support hydrogen abstraction as the reaction mechanism. In addition, we calculate that rearranged molecular ions are unlikely to contribute significantly to intermolecular proton transfer because of their relatively brief lifetime. We also discuss alternative analytical techniques which might improve the precision and accuracy of isotopomer measurements by reducing molecular ion fragmentation.

CinemaScope and Historical Methodology

Like the writing of any history, the writing of a history of CinemaScope necessarily begins with a consideration of basic principles of historiography and historical methodology. Decisions about where to begin or end the history, what events to include or omit, what factors to isolate as determining forces, and how to present historical changethat is, how to describe it in words for others--must be made before any writing begins. The task is made somewhat easier than it might have been by recent discussions of methodology as it relates to the writing of history in general and as it relates to the writing of technological history in particular.1 But this discourse has been far from conclusive about how history ought to be written. Contemporary historians and theoreticians agree that traditional, empiricist, technological historiography, in its isolation of technology from other factors (such as economics and ideology), removed technology from the larger field of forces within which it is necessarily embedded.2 However, actual attempts to produce a nonempiricist, multiply determined, history of the cinema or of film technology have been faulted for their lack of theoretical rigor, their failure to support theoretical speculations with historical evidence, or both.3 What is needed is the production and rigorous implementation of the materialist history called for, but never actually realized by theorists such as Jean-Louis Comolli. Comolli repudiates the traditional writing of motion picture history, which he faults as both empiricist in method and idealist in concept, and argues for a materialist historiography. For Comolli, a materialist history would avoid the notion that the cinema and its history can be known merely through empirical observation and that the scenario of the cinema's development can be constructed through an idealist projection into the past of an evolutionary chain that leads linearly, and in a cause-and-effect manner, directly to the present. Materialist historiography can be characterized, in part, by a series of rejections: (1) the rejection of the concept of linear causality; (2) the rejection of a teleological view of history; (3) the rejection of the notion that the cinema evolves autonomously, independent of technological, economic, and ideological factors; (4) the rejection of cinematic Darwinism-the notion that there is a gradual perfection of cinematic forms and technique; and (5) the rejection of historical essentialism-that is, that its evolution gradually unfolds its essence.4 These rejections are understood, in large part, as a rejection of Andre Bazin, whose writings Comolli singles out and whose Myth of Total Cinema essay, in particular, emerges as a compendium of what is wrong with idealist approaches

On climatic analogs in paleoclimatic reconstruction

Many of the problems that have been discussed with regard to the analog approach to paleoclimatic reconstruction may be illustrated by consideration of basic principles and definitions, and the logical consquences thereof. Specific attention is directed toward the definition of the regional macroclimate as the modal microclimate and to a series of axioms: (1) There are various microclimates which depart more or less from the macroclimate in each terrestrial region. (2) Environment and climate change on time scales from near instantaneous to millions of years. (3) Climate is multidimensional (a vector), not a single scalar datum. (4) Biotic assemblage changes in response to environmental (including climatic) changes are expressed primarily in terms of reproductive success. One may conclude from the corollaries to these axioms that perfect analogs cannot be found for any Holocene climate, but that “partial analogs” (“transfer equations”) may still be used if allowance is made for shared variance.

Document printer source noise control—A case history

Noise reduction of at least 17‐dB A‐weighted sound level was obtained on a multi‐function, dot matrix document printer by incorporation of damping, vibration isolation, and modification of the acoustical paths within the machine. This result was achieved without the use of sophisticated measurement and analysis techniques, but by consideration of basic principles of structural dynamics, application of appropriate materials in conjunction with minor design modifications, and attention to detail. Method of measurement was per ANSI S1.29‐1979, “Method for the Measurement and Designation of Noise Emitted by Computer and Business Equipment.” Emphasis is given to the importance of using highly damped isolation materials which permit large impedance mismatches at structural attachment sites while maintaining integrity of static connections. A discussion of noise sources and treatment approach for each is provided.

The radiology of soft tissue; a preliminary consideration of basic principles.

Soft tissue radiology has hitherto not played an important part in routine radiodiagnostic procedures. The writer's object in presenting these observations is, by pointing out the considerable help that this technique may afford in various pathological processes, to raise the status of this procedure to that at present enjoyed by the routine techniques with and without opaque media. Text-books of radiology have given this subject scant attention in the past, in spite of the fact that during the last 25 years there have been published many excellent and varied papers on aspects of soft tissue radiology. The writer finds it difficult to understand the reasons for this neglect which possibly arises from a failure by medical and surgical colleagues in hospital to appreciate the advantages of this technique. It has been the writer's experience that once the advantages are appreciated clinical colleagues do not fail to show their enthusiasm. This paper is based on an analytical method of X-ray interpretation as...