Considerable Non-carcinogenic Risk Research Articles

Potential health risk assessment of metals in the muscle of seven wild fish species from the Wujiangdu reservoir, China

Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, As, and Hg were analyzed in the surface water and muscle of seven fish species (Carassius auratus, Cyprinus carpio, Hemiculter leucisculus, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, Silurus meriaionalis, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, and Parabramis pekinensis) from the Wujiangdu reservoir, China. All metal concen-trations in water were lower than grade one water quality values. Mean metal concentrations in the fish muscle decreased in the order: Zn (10.765 mg kg−1) > Fe (8.908 mg kg−1) > Mn (0.373 mg kg−1) > Cu (0.369 mg kg−1) > Pb (0.158 mg kg−1) > As (0.102 mg kg−1) > Hg (0.042 mg kg−1) > Cd (0.024 mg kg−1). Metal concentrations were higher in omnivorous and carnivorous fish than those in herbivorous fish. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Hg was much higher than that of other metals in all fish species. The values of target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) were lower than 1 for fishermen and the general population, indicating that there was no considerable noncarcinogenic risk. However, target cancer risk (TR) values were greater than 1.0 × 10−6, indicating that the car-cinogenic risk caused by fish consumption could not be ignored. Several kinds of fish species were not completely safe for human consumption according to the standard of the European Commission. The potential health risks in fishermen were much higher than that in the general population.

Simultaneous multi-determination of pesticide residues in barberry: A risk assessment study

This research aims to analyze 57 pesticide residues in 35 ready-to-use barberry samples collected from hypermarkets in Iran by Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) approach using acetonitrile for the extraction, and surface adsorbents for clean-up procedure, followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). In addition, non-carcinogenic probabilistic health risk assessment was estimated by Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) based on the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. Results demonstrated that 48.5% of samples contained pesticide residues including carbendazim, dimethoate, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, fenitrothion, and fenpropathrin. Approximately 14% of the samples contained residue levels higher than MRL values including carbendazim, dimethoate, and chlorpyrifos. The highest pesticide concentration exceeding MRLs belonged to dimethoate with average residual value of 1.04 mg kg−1. The rank order of percentile 95% as health risk benchmark of HQ calculated for pesticides in adults’ consumers of barberry was dimethoate > chlorpyrifos > carbendazim with values of 5.63E-3, 2.14E-3, and 4.07E-6, respectively, while percentile 95% values of HQ in the children’s consumers were 2.64E-2, 9.97E-3, and 1.88E-5 with the same rank order. HI values in adults and children due to ingestion of barberry were 7.77E-3 and 4.63E-2, respectively. The results of this assessment demonstrated that the consumers were not at considerable non-carcinogenic risk in this commodity.

Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in the Fillet of Narrow-Barred Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson): a Global Systematic Review, Meta-analysis and Risk Assessment.

The contamination of seafood like narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) fillets by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) has converted to worldwide health concerns. In this regard, the related citations regarding the concentration of PTEs in fillets of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel were collected through some of the international databases such as Scopus, Cochrane, PubMed, and Scientific Information Database (SID) up to 10 March 2020. The concentration of PTEs in fillets of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel fish was meta-analyzed and the health risk (non-carcinogenic risk) was estimated by the total target hazard quotient (TTHQ). The meta-analysis of data indicated that the rank order of PTEs in fillet of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel was Fe (10,853.29μg/kg-ww)> Zn (4007.00μg/kg-ww) > Cu (1005.66μg/kg-ww) > total Cr (544.14μg/kg-ww) > Mn (515.93μg/kg-ww) > Ni (409.90μg/kg-ww) > Pb (180.99μg/kg-ww) > As (93.11μg/kg-ww) > methyl Hg (66.60μg/kg-ww) > Cd (66.03μg/kg-ww). The rank order of health risk assessment based on the country by the aid of TTHQ for adult consumers was Malaysia (0.22251) > Philippines (0.21912) > Egypt (0.08684) > Taiwan (0.07430) > Bahrain (0.04893) > Iran (0.03528) > China (0.00620) > Pakistan (0.00316) > Yemen (0.00157) > India (0.00073). In addition, the rank order of health risk assessment based on the country by the aid of TTHQ for child consumers was Malaysia (1.03838) > Philippines (1.02257) > Egypt (0.40523) > Taiwan (0.34674) > Bahrain (0.22832) > Iran (0.16466) > China (0.02892) > Pakistan (0.01474) > Yemen (0.00731) > India (0.00340). Therefore, the children in Malaysia and the Philippines were at considerable non-carcinogenic risk. Hence, approaching the recommended control plans in order to decrease the non-carcinogenic risk associated with the ingestion of PTEs via the consumption of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel fish fillets is crucial.

Insights into the anthropogenic load and occupational health risk of heavy metals in floor dust of selected workplaces in an industrial city of Iran

The levels of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn were determined in floor dusts from mechanical (MRWs) and battery repairing workshops (BRWs) in Yazd, Iran. The study aimed to evaluate the anthropogenic contribution to the presence of heavy metals (HMs), the possible sources and the related risks that could arise from occupational exposure in the studied workplace microenvironments. Among the analyzed heavy metals, Cu, Pb and Zn exhibited enhanced concentrations in the floor dusts. The EF calculations showed an extremely severe enrichment of HMs, especially for Cd, Cu and Pb, while floor dusts were characterized as “extremely polluted” with regards to those metals. In any case, both EF and Igeo values were significantly higher in the BRWs. These results were also supported by NIPI and PLI values, while contour maps of PLI values in both MRWs and BRWs outlined workshops in N-NE part of Yazd as more impacted compared to other spatial locations. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson's correlation outscored workshops activities as the principal sources of heavy metals. The health risk assessment suggested considerable non-carcinogenic risks regarding Pb in the BRWs which exhibited HQing (mean 2.91) and HI (mean 3.03) values higher than safe level. Regarding carcinogenic risks, CR values for both Cd and Cr were below the safe level (1.0 × 10−6). The occupational exposure to Pb was evaluated through the predicted BLL values, where with averages of 3.33 μg/dl and 21.4 μg/dl for MRWs and BRWs workers, respectively, indicated a severe Pb exposure for BRWs workers.

The concentration, characteristics, and probabilistic health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in street dust: a case study of Kashan, Iran

Exposure to potentially toxic elements (PTEs) via dust inhalation can endanger human health. In this regard, the dust samples from the streets of Kashan, Iran were collected to investigate the concentration of some PTEs such as Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, and Cd by the aid of an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) while distribution and geoaccumulation analysis also were carried out. Also, the related health risk due to different exposure pathways of PTEs for the inhabitants of this city was assessed. The mean concentration of PTEs in the street dust was summarized as Fe (1.66 × 104 mg/kg)>Zn (2.37 × 102 mg/kg)>Cu (4.56 × 101 mg/kg)>Pb (4.52 × 101 mg/kg)>Cr (3.71 × 101 mg/kg)>Ni (1.36 × 101 mg/kg)>Cd (4.30 × 10−1 mg/kg). The rank order of PTEs based on mean geoaccumulation index (GAI) (I geo) was Pb (2.77)>Zn (1.92)>Cu (1.06)>Fe (−0.64)>Cd (−0.90)>Cr (−0.97)>Ni (−1.15). Also, the rank order of target hazard quotient (THQ) for both adults and children was Fe > Pb > Cr > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cd, while the cancer risk (CR) for both adults and children was Cr > Ni > Cd. The total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) was measured as less than 1.0; therefore, residents of Kashan are not at considerable non-carcinogenic risk. Also, CR of Ni, Cd, and Cr exceeded the threshold value of 10−6; therefore, residents of Kashan are at considerable carcinogenic risk due to street dust in Kashan city. As a conclusion, approaching some controlling plans to decrease in emission of PTEs to ambient air is necessary.

Plastic film mulching increased the accumulation and human health risks of phthalate esters in wheat grains

Plastic film mulching is a common practice to increase crop yield in dryland, while the wide use of plastic film has resulted in ubiquitous phthalate esters (PAEs) releasing into the soil. PAEs in soil could be taken up and accumulated by dietary intake of food crops such as wheat, thus imposing health risks to residents. In the present study, samples from a long-term location-fixed field experiment were examined to clarify the accumulation of PAEs in soil and wheat, and to assess the human health risks from PAEs via dietary intake of wheat grain under plastic film mulching cultivation in dryland. Results showed that concentrations of PAEs in grains from mulching plots ranged from 4.1 to 12.6 mg kg−1, which were significantly higher than those in the control group. There was a positive correlation for the PAE concentrations between wheat grains and field soils. Concentrations of PAEs in the soil were in the range of 1.8–3.5 mg kg−1 for the mulching treatment, and 0.9–2.7 mg kg−1 for the control group. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were detected in all soil and grain samples, and DEHP was found to be the dominant PAE compound in grains. Based on DEHP concentrations in wheat grains, the values of carcinogenic risk for adults were higher than the recommended value 10−4. Results indicated that wheat grains from film mulching plots posed a considerable non-carcinogenic risk to residents, with children being the most sensitive resident group. Findings of this work call the attention to the potential pollution of grain crops growing in the plastic film mulching crop production systems.

Assessment of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate preservatives in some products in Kashan, Iran with estimation of human health risk

The purpose was to assess of sodium benzoate (SB) and potassium sorbate (PS) preservatives in 103 samples of cake, toast bread, tomato paste, mayonnaise sauce, carbonated soft drink and Olovieh salad in Kashan, by spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods. The chronic daily intake (CDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) of SB and PS for Iranian population were calculated. The results showed that SB and PS were not detected in the tomato paste samples. SB and PS concentrations for all samples were less than regulatory limits except for PS in one cake sample (3.57%). CDI and THQ of PS for mayonnaise sauce, Olovieh salad and cake products, except toast bread, were less than the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) and one, respectively. While HI value of PS for the selected products was more than one, indicating that the non-carcinogenic risk represent a threat to consumers. THQ and HI values of SB for mayonnaise sauce and carbonated soft drink products were more than one through consumption of these products, indicating considerable non-carcinogenic risk. Therefore, the results highlighted the importance of a more attentive monitoring of these preservatives by the public and food health authorities in Iran.

Fluoride in Iranian Drinking Water Resources: a Systematic Review, Meta-analysis and Non-carcinogenic Risk Assessment.

A systematic review, meta-analysis, and non-carcinogenic risk considering fluoride content of drinking water resources of 31 provinces of Iran among some international databases such as Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and national databases including SID and Irandoc (2011 to July 2017) were conducted. In this context, 10 articles (40 studies) with 1706 samples were included in meta-analyses and risk assessment studies. The pooled concentration of fluoride in the cold, mild, and warm weather provinces were calculated as 0.39mg/L (95% CI 0.32-0.48mg/L), 0.52 (95% CI 0.43-0.61mg/L), and 0.75 (95% CI 0.56-0.94mg/L), respectively. The pooled concentration of fluoride in Iranian drinking water resources was 0.51 (95% CI 0.45-0.57mg/L). The minimum and maximum concentrations of fluoride content were related to Kermanshah (0.19mg/L) and Kerman (1.13mg/L) provinces, respectively. The HQ of fluoride in the children and adults were 0.462 and 0.077, respectively as children are more vulnerable than adults. The HQ for children and adults was lower than 1 value. Therefore, there is no considerable non-carcinogenic risk for consumers due to drinking water in Iran. Although the non-carcinogenic of fluoride in drinking water was not significant, fluoride entry from other sources, such as food or inhalation, could endanger the health of the residents of Kerman and Bushehr provinces.

Probabilistic non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessments (Monte Carlo simulation method) of the measured acrylamide content in Tah-dig using QuEChERS extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS

A modified "Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe" QuEChERS in combination with Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was optimized for the determination of acrylamide content in different types of tah-dig (rice, bread, and potato). Also, the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks (target hazard quotient (THQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR)) due to ingestion of acrylamide via tah-dig in the adults and children were assessed by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method. The recoveries of acrylamide at five concentration levels (n = 3) ranged from 83.82% to 106.41%. The repeatability of the proposed method was demonstrated with RSD% in the range of 11.3–20%. In addition, the limits of detection and quantification were reported as 5 ngg−1 and 15 ngg−1, respectively. The mean levels of the acrylamide contents in rice tah-dig, bread tah-dig, and potato tah-dig were measured as 24.65 ngg−1, 39.48 ngg−1, and 714.11 ngg−1, respectively. The highest acrylamide content was determined in potato tah-dig (2100 ngg−1) and the lowest acrylamide in rice tah-dig (≤LOQ). Based on the conducted risk assessment, the P (95%) of cumulative probability in the MCS method, the lowest and highest THQ was observed in the adults (ingestion bread tah-dig: 1.29E-2), and children (ingestion potato tah-dig: 1.90E+00), respectively. Additionally, the lowest and highest ILCR were reported in adults (ingestion bread tah-dig: 1.29E-5) and children (ingestion potato tah-dig: 7.49E-3), respectively. The rank order of type tah-dig based on THQ and ILCR for all groups of consumers was potato tah-dig > rice tah-dig > bread tah-dig. There is a considerable non-carcinogenic risk for the children due to ingestion potato tah-dig (THQ > 1). Additionally, the significant carcinogenic risk for the Iranian adults and children due to consumption of rice, bread, and potato tah-dig (ILCR > 1.00E-5) was observed.

Metal concentrations in fillet and gill of parrotfish (Scarus ghobban) from the Persian Gulf and implications for human health

Despite the benefits of seafood's consumption, the bioaccumulation of metals in fish can endanger consumers' health. This study analyzed lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As), and Cadmium (Cd) concentrations in fillet and gill of parrotfish (Scarus ghobban) using flame atomic adsorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks due to consumption of Scarus ghobban fillet were assessed by estimating average target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) and Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk cancer risk (ILCR) of the analyzed metals. This study indicated that Cd, Pb, As and Hg concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and national standard limits. The meal concentrations (μg/kg dry weight) in both fillet and gill were ranked as follows Pb > Cd > As > Hg. THQ and TTHQ were lower than 1 for adults and children, indicating that consumers were not at considerable non-carcinogenic risk. However, ILCR value for As was greater than 10−4, indicating that consumers are at carcinogenic risk. Overall, this research highlighted that although the consumption of parrotfish from the Persian Gulf does not pose non-carcinogenic health risks, carcinogenic risks derived from toxic As can be detrimental for local consumers.

Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of metal(oid)s in tap water from Ilam city, Iran

One of the most important pathways for exposure to metals is drinking water ingestion. Chronic or acute exposure to metals can endanger the health of the exposed population, and hence, estimation of human health risks is crucial. In the current study for the first time, the concentrations of Mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb) and Cobalt (Co) in 120 collected tap water samples (2015, July–November) from Ilam city, Iran were investigated using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Also, the metal-induced carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for consumers exposed to tap drinking water were calculated. The average (range) concentrations of Hg, Zn, As, Pb and Co were defined as 0.40 ± 0.10 μg/L (ND-0.9 μg/L), 5014 ± 5707 μg/L (2900.00–5668.33 μg/L), 21.008 ± 2.876 μg/L (3.5–62 μg/L), 30.38 ± 5.56 μg/L (6–87 μg/L), and 11.34 ± 1.61 μg/L (0.1–50 μg/L), respectively. Average concentrations of all examined metals were significantly higher than WHO and national standard recommended limits. The ranking order of metals concentrations in the tap drinking water was Zn > Pb > As > Co > Hg. Except for Hg and Co, at least one age group consumers were at considerable non-carcinogenic risks induced by Zn, As and Pb [Target Hazard Quotient (THQ > 1)]. The rank order of age groups consumers based on THQ and Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was <1 years >1–9 years > 20 + years > 10–19 years. The calculated ILCR for As in all age groups were higher than 10−3 value. All age groups of consumers in Ilam city, especially infants (<1 years) and children (1–10 years), are at considerable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenesis risk.

Cécité corticale secondaire à une intoxication au monoxyde de carbone

Despite the benefits of seafood's consumption, the bioaccumulation of metals in fish can endanger consumers' health. This study analyzed lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As), and Cadmium (Cd) concentrations in fillet and gill of parrotfish (Scarus ghobban) using flame atomic adsorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks due to consumption of Scarus ghobban fillet were assessed by estimating average target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) and Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk cancer risk (ILCR) of the analyzed metals. This study indicated that Cd, Pb, As and Hg concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and national standard limits. The meal concentrations (μg/kg dry weight) in both fillet and gill were ranked as follows Pb > Cd > As > Hg. THQ and TTHQ were lower than 1 for adults and children, indicating that consumers were not at considerable non-carcinogenic risk. However, ILCR value for As was greater than 10−4, indicating that consumers are at carcinogenic risk. Overall, this research highlighted that although the consumption of parrotfish from the Persian Gulf does not pose non-carcinogenic health risks, carcinogenic risks derived from toxic As can be detrimental for local consumers.