Considerable Environmental Benefits Research Articles

Construction of biocatalysts based on P450BM3 for the degradation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widespread pollutants in aquatic environments, posing significant risks to both ecosystems and human health due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. Effective and sustainable degradation methods are urgently required to address this environmental challenge. This study aims to design and optimize a cytochrome P450BM3-based biocatalyst for the rapid and efficient degradation of NSAIDs by direct chemical intervention and protein engineering. The novel biocatalyst achieved efficient biodegradation of four common NSAIDs. Notably, the F87I/T268D mutant achieved 99.22% degradation of diclofenac (DCF) within 10min, and degraded meloxicam (MEL) and phenylbutazone (PBZ) at rates of 98.86% and 90.51% within 5min, respectively. Furthermore, the F87G mutant accomplished 99.08% degradation of acetaminophen (APAP) within just 2min. The catalytic properties of P450BM3 and its mutants were evaluated through kinetic studies, and potential degradation pathways of the four NSAIDs were proposed in conjunction with UPLC-MS. This study provides a novel biocatalytic approach for the rapid degradation of NSAIDs in aquatic systems, offering considerable environmental benefits for pollution mitigation.

Agro-industrial waste utilization in air-cured alkali-activated pavement composites: Properties, micro-structural insights and life cycle impacts

This study investigates the development and performance of agro-industrial waste-based air-cured alkali-activated composites (AC) for sustainable high-strength pavement applications. The calculated amount of Na2SiO3 and NaOH were employed with water to generate alkaline activator solution. Locally sourced materials, including blast furnace slag, construction and demolition (C&D) waste, and sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA), were utilized to examine mechanical properties, micro-structural behaviour, and life cycle impacts. Optimized AC mixes containing 50% recycled aggregates (RCA) and 15% SBA demonstrated superior compressive, tensile, and flexural strength, while significantly reducing embodied energy and carbon emissions. Microstructural analysis through XRD, SEM, EDAX, and TGA confirmed the formation of stable alumino-silicate hydrate phases, contributing to enhanced superior-strength. The life cycle analysis results indicated considerable environmental benefits compared to traditional OPC pavement concretes. This research presents a sustainable solution for pavement infrastructure, aligning with circular economy principles by promoting the reduction of resource consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.

Optimization of Combined Pre-Treatment Process for Bleaching of Cotton Woven Fabric Using Box–Behnken Design

ABSTRACT The conventional bleaching process for cotton woven fabrics is characterized by high consumption of chemicals, water, and energy, resulting in significant environmental impact through elevated energy use and wastewater discharge. To address these concerns and align with sustainable development goals, there is an urgent need for eco-friendly alternatives that minimize environmental footprint while maintaining fabric quality. This study presents the development and optimization of a novel one-bath pre-treatment process for cotton bleaching, employing the Box-Behnken design to enhance sustainability. The optimized process utilizes 32% hydrogen peroxide and 12% sodium hydroxide based on fabric weight, operating at 90°C. The application of the Box-Behnken design facilitated substantial reductions in chemical usage, energy consumption, and wastewater output. The results demonstrated notable improvements in fabric properties, with a whiteness index of 139.5, weight loss of 7.9%, and tensile strengths of 404.9 N (warp) and 259.5 N (weft). Moreover, fabric absorbency increased by 9.3% compared to conventional methods. The findings underscore the efficacy of the Box-Behnken design in optimizing a more sustainable and eco-friendly bleaching process, which not only significantly enhances fabric performance but also offers considerable environmental benefits. This approach presents a promising solution for the textile industry to achieve greener practices while maintaining high-quality standards.

Comprehensive techno-economic analysis of a standalone renewable energy system for simultaneous electrical load management and hydrogen generation for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

This research conducts a comprehensive analysis of renewable energy systems across five distinct geographic regions, focusing on economic power and hydrogen generation for community-based electrical load and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs). The considered geographical regions include diverse regions across Pakistan and include Karachi, Awaran, Hyderabad, Nok Kundi, and Pasni. The objective is to identify systems with the least Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for electricity and Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) for hydrogen production, tailoring solutions to each location's unique characteristics. The study undertakes an evaluation of nine prospective configurations of renewable energy systems for a comprehensive techno-economic analysis, aiming to ascertain the most cost-effective and optimal system. Findings highlight the effectiveness of the combination of PV, WT, electrolyzer, battery bank, and hydrogen tank in Pasni, Balochistan, with a notable LCOE of 0.30 $/kWh and LCOH of 9.52 $/kg. This optimal configuration not only meets energy and hydrogen load demands but also presents considerable environmental benefits by reducing carbon emissions. The study emphasizes the effectiveness of Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) for modeling hybrid energy system for the considered case studies and underscores the potential of hydrogen technologies as alternatives to traditional battery banks for long-term energy storage, offering valuable insights into sustainable power generation and emission-free transportation.

Study on the Environmental Impact and Benefits of Incorporating Humus Composites in Anaerobic Co-Digestion Treatment.

This study evaluated the environmental impact and overall benefits of incorporating humus composites in the anaerobic co-digestion of kitchen waste and residual sludge. The life cycle assessment method was used to quantitatively analyze the environmental impact of the entire anaerobic co-digestion treatment process of waste, including garbage collection, transportation, and final product utilization. Moreover, the comprehensive assessment of the environmental impact, energy-saving and emission-reduction abilities, and economic cost of using humus composites in the anaerobic co-digestion treatment process was conducted using a benefit analysis method. The results showed that the anaerobic co-digestion of kitchen waste and residual sludge significantly contributed to the mitigation of global warming potential (GWP), reaching -19.76 kgCO2-eq, but had the least impact on the mitigation of acidification potential (AP), reaching -0.10 kgSO2-eq. In addition, the addition of humus composites significantly increased the production of biogas. At a concentration of 5 g/L, the biogas yield of the anaerobic co-digestion process was 70.76 m3, which increased by 50.62% compared with the blank group. This amount of biogas replaces ~50.52 kg of standard coal, reducing CO2 emissions by 13.74 kg compared with burning the same amount of standard coal. Therefore, the anaerobic co-digestion treatment of kitchen waste and residual sludge brings considerable environmental benefits.

Balancing supply diversification and environmental impacts: A system dynamics approach to de-risk rare earths supply chain

We introduce a System Dynamics (SD) model to examine policy measures aimed at diversifying the global supply chain of rare earth elements (REEs) and reducing reliance on China. Through meticulous simulation experiments, the paper evaluates the effectiveness of individual policies and their combinations (strategies) on enhancing the Rest of the World’s (RoW) market share, minimizing environmental impacts, and meeting the burgeoning demand for Neodymium—essential for green technologies such as electric vehicles and wind turbines.Our findings reveal that direct governmental interventions, particularly those focused on expanding mining and recycling capacities, significantly bolster the RoW’s market share and decrease unmet Neodymium demand. The study also underscores the importance of environmental regulations in promoting sustainable mining practices, which, while slightly constraining market share growth, result in considerable environmental benefits. Among the evaluated strategies, one combining capacity expansion, recycling, and international cooperation emerges as the most effective, marking a substantial increase in RoW market share and a notable reduction in unmet demand.Furthermore, the paper discusses the complex trade-offs between economic development, environmental stewardship, and supply security in policy-making. It calls for a comprehensive approach that considers economic, environmental, and social factors, including public perception and regulation, in REEs mining.In conclusion, our research provides vital insights for policymakers, illustrating how simulated policy interventions can facilitate informed decision-making in the REEs market. By advocating for a balanced consideration of multiple factors, this study contributes to the discourse on sustainable supply chain management for critical minerals.

Characterisation of arsenic levels in acid-treated arsenic-containing sludge after steel slag-fly ash gel curing

ABSTRACT Arsenic-containing sludge (ABG) is a common hazardous waste in the metallurgical industry and poses a serious threat to environmental safety. However, its instability and mobility have a significant impact on the environment. Traditional curing methods are time-consuming and costly, often resulting in incomplete curing. In this study, we introduce a curing/stabilisation method with a steel slag-fly ash gel material after ABG acid treatment. The toxic leaching of arsenic from ABG was reduced to 220 mg/kg by treating the sludge with acids (H2SO4-H3PO4) at different solid-to-liquid ratios. Afterward, H2O2 was added to oxidise As(III) to As(V). The ABG was cured/stabilised using an alkali-activated steel slag-fly ash gel material. The cured product exhibited optimal arsenic fixation under an ABG/steel slag/fly ash mass ratio of 1:4:2, a curing temperature of 60°C, a curing time of 20 h, and an ambient pH of 12.5. Under these conditions, steel slag-fly ash facilitated Ca-As precipitation, resulting in a hydration reaction that produced C-S-H gel. Additionally, the reaction generated calcium hydroxide, calcium and iron pyroxene, silica, and iron ferrite, which adsorbed part of the free arsenic, completing the curing of the acid-treated ABG and stabilising arsenic leaching toxicity. The leaching of arsenic in the ABG was much lower than the Chinese ‘Hazardous Wastes Leaching Toxicity Identification Standard’ (GB5085.3-2007) (5 mg/L), with an arsenic curing rate exceeding 99%. The mechanism of arsenic solidification involves the combined effects of chemical precipitation, physical encapsulation, and adsorption. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that the use of steel slag-fly ash gel as a functional material for ABG curing holds considerable environmental and economic benefits. Therefore, this study provides theoretical guidance and provides insights into the experimental feasibility of ABG treatment.

Continuous Purification of Biodiesel with Deep Eutectic Solvent in a Laboratory Karr Column

Following the trend of transport decarbonization, biodiesel has become a promising alternative fuel option. Its production includes multiple steps, all of which can be time-consuming and energy intensive. Improving any of these steps could bring considerable environmental and economic benefits. The utilization of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for glycerol extraction from crude biodiesel has predominantly been explored as a batch process. This work provides insight into continuous column extraction. Different waste cooking oils were used to produce biodiesel via transesterification with methanol, and the selective solvent for purification was DES choline chloride–ethylene glycol (1:2.5, mol.). A laboratory Karr column at different pulsation frequencies and DES to biodiesel mass ratio was used for extraction. Plate material (steel and 3D printed PETG) and geometry influence on the efficiency of extraction were investigated. Contact angle measurement was used to measure the surface free energy of steel and PETG and the spreading ability of biodiesel and DESs on both materials. Extraction efficiency was analyzed by several analytical techniques. Higher efficiency was observed with steel plates of a triangular pitch hole arrangement. Increasing the mixing intensity and DES to biodiesel mass ratio further increased the efficiency of extraction.

Exploration of selective copper ion separation from wastewater via capacitive deionization with highly effective 3D carbon framework-anchored Co(PO3)2 electrode

The increasing amount of heavy metal copper ions (Cu2+) in industrial emissions, poses a serious threat to human health, biological environment, and resource scarcity. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is considered as a green and efficient method for desalination. It is crucial to develop high-performance electrodes for efficient operation of CDI that go beyond conventional carbon and yield considerable environmental benefits. Here, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) derived carbon-loaded cobalt metaphosphate (NC-Co(PO3)2) was prepared by low-temperature gas–solid phosphating for Cu2+ removal as CDI electrode for the first time. NC-Co(PO3)2 demonstrated superior electrode structure and function due to the synergistic effects of electric double layer coupling P-O bonds, the binding tendency of metaphosphate groups with Cu2+, and interfacial redox reactions induced by the labile valence state of cobalt. The optimal electrosorption capacity of NC-Co(PO3)2 was 95.41 mg g−1 at 1 V in 50 mL Cu2+ solution with splendid cyclic regeneration capability. Moreover, NC-Co(PO3)2 exhibited excellent selectivity and outstanding electrosorption performance in the presence of multiple coexisting ions and this CDI system realized the purification of actual copper-containing wastewater. A series of characterizations further revealed the specific mechanism of Cu2+ in adsorption–desorption process. Our finding strongly supported NC-Co(PO3)2 electrode can extend the CDI platform's capability for effectively removing and retrieving Cu2+ from wastewater.

Consumer Perception and Marketing Strategies for Promoting Bio-degradable Polymers in Transition Towards Circular Economy

Bio-degradable polymer base plastics represent an innovative solution over synthetic non-biodegradable plastic derived from fossil fuels, non-renewable energy, and feedstock that has the potential to provide considerable environmental benefits. The prefix "bio" indicates that biopolymers are biodegradable. The word "biodegradable" means that materials can be decomposed by bacteria, fungi, and yeast to the final products of biomass under anaerobic conditions—hydrocarbons and methane. Bioplastics are eco-friendly products that are not only highly bio-gradable and compostable, but also have robust rheological properties compared to fossil-based plastic products.The demand for biodegradable polymers is growing, owing to rising oil prices, which is the primary feedstock for plastic made from petroleum, as well as the difficulty of removing waste plastics from the environment. Biodegradable polymers have several advantages over synthetic polymers, including the ability to breakdown into non-hazardous chemicals in the environment. A new epoch of biodegradable polymers made from urban organic waste is now theoretically conceivable. This research is one of the novel approaches to examine what might lead to commercial acceptability of this biodegradable polymer from the perspective of customers rather than manufacturers. Conceptual model is developed to uncover psychological motivations that may cause customers to migrate from a linear to a circular economy, with the goal of better understanding what motivates customers to switch to bio-degradable plastic made from municipal organic waste. We discovered that having a green self-identity has a beneficial impact on perceived value, which leads to a shift in buying behavior intention. Self-congruity also helps to control the relationship.

MnFe2O4-biochar decreases bioavailable fractions of thallium in highly acidic soils from pyrite mining area

The prevalence of toxic element thallium (Tl) in soils is of increasing concern as a hidden hazard in agricultural systems and food chains. In the present work, pure biochar (as a comparison) and jacobsite (MnFe2O4)-biochar composite (MFBC) were evaluated for their immobilization effects in Tl-polluted agricultural soils (Tl: ∼10 mg/kg). Overall, MFBC exhibited an efficient effect on Tl immobilization, and the effect was strengthened with the increase of amendment ratio. After being amended by MFBC for 15 and 30 days, the labile fraction of Tl in soil decreased from 1.55 to 0.97 mg/kg, and from 1.51 to 0.88 mg/kg, respectively. In addition, pH (3.05) of the highly acidic soil increased to a maximum of 3.97 after the immobilization process. Since the weak acid extractable and oxidizable Tl were the preponderantly mitigated fractions and displayed a negative correlation with pH, it can be inferred that pH may serve as one of the most critical factors in regulating the Tl immobilization process in MFBC-amended acidic soils. This study indicated a great potential of jacobsite-biochar amendment in stabilization and immobilization of Tl in highly acidic and Tl-polluted agricultural soils; and it would bring considerable environmental benefit to these Tl-contaminated sites whose occurrence has significantly increased in recent decades near the pyrite or other sulfide ore mining and smelting area elsewhere.

Possible underestimation of the coal-fired power plants to air pollution in China

The Chinese government has imposed strict policies on coal-fired power plants and achieved considerable environmental benefits. However, whether coal-fired power plants still impact air pollution needs further testing. Here, we adopted a Difference-In-Differences model to compare air quality stations less and more impacted by nearby coal-fired power plants’ production activities during the strict lockdowns over the pandemic outbreaks. The less operation of coal-fired power plants during lockdowns, or caused by industrial and transportation sector shutdowns, drives down AQI by up to 2.884 units, NO2 by 1.543 μg/m3, PM10 by 3.727 μg/m3, and PM2.5 by 2.220 μg/m3. Our results support the argument that coal-fired power plants contributed significantly to air pollution. However, such significant influences differ across cities with economic levels, electricity usage, population sizes, and between capital and non-capital cities. The technological upgrades are essential for addressing further emission control issues to improve air quality.

Field-scale zero liquid discharge of coking wastewater - Operating efficiency and environmental impact

Coking wastewater is typical industrial wastewater produced in the process of coal coking. The notion of Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) presents a paradigm aimed at mitigating waste generation and optimizing resource recovery. However, the implementation of ZLD in the realm of industrial wastewater treatment remains inadequately investigated and researched. We undertook an investigation into a ZLD treatment system applied to coking wastewater within a steel plant, which had been in operation for a span of four years, where the core steps are membrane concentration separation and thermal crystallization. The treatment efficiency of each unit was studied using the method of on-site sampling and detection. In comparison to the initial phase, the separation effectiveness of NF unit on different valence ions demonstrated sustained stability, the average rejection rate of SO42− was approximately 96%, whereas the rejection rate of Cl− was near 0. Conversely, under the influence of long-term operation and membrane fouling, the efficiency of the membrane concentration unit had a downward trend, with problems such as the deterioration of membrane, loss of ion rejection capability, and degradation of reclaimed water. The water recovery rate has decreased to 48.9% and the average ion retention rate has decreased to 85% in the membrane concentration unit. Nonetheless, the resultant by-products continued to align with the steel plant's recycling requirements. In addition, the Life cycle Assessment (LCA) method was used to assess environmental impact during operation. Subsequent analysis led to that reagents and electricity consumed in pretreatment and advanced treatment had a significant impact for negative EI. The impact of pretreatment on ODP accounted for 27.64%, and the impact on ADP accounted for 20.72%. The impact of advanced treatment on ADP accounted for 16.25%, the impact on EP accounted for 21.74%, and the impact on ET accounted for 27.06%. Meanwhile, the recovered water and salt during operation generate considerable environmental benefits and dominate the evaluation of the entire operating process. This work furnishes a valuable point of reference for pertinent ZLD investigations, while unveiling the pronounced capacity of ZLD to contribute substantially to waste management and the betterment of environmental consequences.

Impact of artificial intelligence in the reduction of electrical consumption in wastewater treatment plants: a review

Wastewater Treatment Plants are energy-intensive consumers. Thus, understanding their energy consumption to achieve efficient management can provide considerable environmental and economic benefits. The complexity of the treatment systems, the non-linearity, and the uncertainty and data availability limitations require the use of energy audits, according to a truly holistic view, as well as the use of alternative analysis models and decision support, more efficient than traditional modeling techniques.   The purpose of this review paper is to identify practical examples of the main lines of thought using Artificial Intelligence algorithms used to reduce the consumption of electrical energy in the wastewater sector over the last years. From the several reviewed papers, from different research platforms, it is concluded that, despite the success of AI in reducing energy consumption, in particular Artificial Neural Networks, there is room to improve energy efficiency consumption, identifying or quantifying inefficiency phenomena associated with data collection.

Effect of polypropylene fiber on frost resistance and carbonation resistance of manufactured sand concrete

Mixing fiber into manufactured sand to prepare concrete can effectively reduce the consumption of natural sand resources, improve concrete performance, improve the life of the whole building structure, and bring considerable environmental and economic benefits. To better apply it to engineering practice, this research studied the effect of polypropylene fiber (PPF) on the frost and carbonation resistance of manufactured sand concrete (MSC). In this research, PPF with different volume content (0.8%,1.0%,1.2%)and length(6 mm,12 mm,18 mm) are incorporated into (MSC). Through the design of compressive strength test, splitting tensile strength test, rapid freeze–thaw test, and carbonation test to analyze and evaluate strength, dynamic elastic modulus, and carbonation depth of MSC by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The experimental findings demonstrated that PPF can effectively improve the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of MSC. Compared with the control group (natural-sand concrete, NC), the compressive strength increased by 18.18% at most and 1.72% at least, and the splitting tensile strength increased by 32.14% at most and 17.86% at least. when the volume content of PPF is 1.0%, the damage of compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of MSC is the lowest, and the frost resistance is the best. The carbonation depth is the lowest (1.94 mm) when the volume content of PPF is 1.0% and the length is 12 mm, and compared with NC, the flexural strength and dynamic elastic modulus of MSC were increased by 4.65% and 16.3%, respectively. Through XRD and SEM analysis, the incorporation of PPF with moderate volume content can slow down the carbonation reaction of MSC and improve the carbonation resistance of MSC. From RSM analysis, the effect of PPF on the frost resistance of MSC is volume content > length; the effect of PPF on the carbonation resistance of MSC is length > volume content. The optimized prediction results are consistent with the analysis results: the incorporation of PPF can improve the durability of MSC, reaching or even exceeding NC specimens, which provides a theoretical basis for the promotion of PMSC in engineering. When the volume content of PPF is 1.0 % and the length is about 12 mm, the frost resistance and carbonation resistance of MSC are the best.

A green ultra-high performance geopolymer concrete containing recycled fine aggregate: Mechanical properties, freeze-thaw resistance and microstructure

The shortage of natural aggregate poses challenges and offers new opportunities for the construction industry. Under this background, the emergence of recycled aggregates sheds new lights on building aggregate. In this study, a green ultra-high performance geopolymer concrete (UHPGC) containing recycled fine aggregate (RFA) was prepared. To assess the feasibility of RFA and reveal the reaction mechanism of UHPGC, the reaction process, mechanical properties, freeze-thaw resistance and microstructure were systematically studied. The heat evolution results indicate that the control of reaction process could be achieved by adjusting the precursor component. A compact microstructure with extremely low porosity could be formed in the UHPGC specimens, which contributes to their good mechanical properties and freeze-thaw resistance. Good compatibility in the interface transition zone between fiber, paste and RFA could be observed, indicating great potential in the manufacture of UHPGC by alkali-activation technology. A considerable environmental benefit could be obtained in UHPGC when compared to ordinary ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). This study is expected to offer more insights into the application of recycled aggregate and the manufacture of green UHPC.

Development of Sustainable Engineered Cementitious Composites by Incorporating Local Recycled Fine Aggregate.

In this study, sustainable engineered cementitious composites (ECC) exhibiting high tensile strength as well as high tensile strain capacity were successfully developed by incorporating polyethylene (PE) fiber, local recycled fine aggregate (RFA), and limestone calcined clay cement (LC3). The improvement in tensile strength and tensile ductility was attributed to the self-cementing properties of RFA as well as the pozzolanic reaction between calcined clay and cement. Carbonate aluminates were also generated owing to the reaction between calcium carbonate in limestone and the aluminates in both calcined clay and cement. The bond strength between fiber and matrix was also enhanced. At the age of 150 days, the tensile stress-strain curves of ECC containing LC3 and RFA shifted from a bilinear model to a trilinear model, and the hydrophobic PE fiber exhibited hydrophilic bonding performance when embedded in RFA-LC3-ECC matrix, which could be explained by the densified cementitious matrix as well as the refined pore structure of ECC. Moreover, the substitution of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by LC3 resulted in energy consumption and equivalent CO2 emission reduction ratios of 13.61% and 30.34%, respectively, when the replacement ratio of LC3 is 35%. Therefore, PE fiber-reinforced RFA-LC3-ECC demonstrates excellent mechanical performance as well as considerable environmental benefits.

Experimental investigation on static/dynamic response and γ/n shielding of different sustainable concrete mixtures

Concrete has an influential role in the construction industry as it is a prominent building element that affects the present infrastructure and the construction industry's economy. There is a considerable consumption of raw materials needed for concrete production since crushed stone production was increased in the last decades. Thus alternatives for aggregates are highly recommended solutions for such problems. Steel slag and mill scale are considered sustainable contenders for natural resources of structural materials.Nuclear bombs accompanied with radiations and dynamic loads are considered one of the major disasters that threaten human lives and structures. Therefore, this research investigates the effect of utilizing by-product materials as coarse and fine aggregates to manufacture sustainable concrete, probably with novel static and dynamic performance and radiation attenuation capability. This issue could be done by substituting crushed stone aggregates by steel slag and silica sand by mill scale in concrete production. Fresh and hardened properties of concrete were experimentally explored. Workability, compressive, tensile and flexural strength, impact resistance, and linear attenuation capability were the major evaluated characteristics in this research work. The achievements of this study showed that a superior static and dynamic performance by up to 81.67% and 178.39% compared to normal concrete, respectively, could be achieved by utilizing steel slag and mill scale in concrete fabrication besides its considerable environmental benefits and economic affordability. Also, the radiation attenuation capability was enhanced by up to 84.1% with prepared sustainable concrete mixtures, which makes it a good candidate for radiation shielding. Thus, producing novel structures such as radiation shielding facilities probably with superior dynamic performance.

Use of IDeS Method to Design an Innovative HYICE Sportscar

In the contemporary automobile scene, environmental effect abatement is being increasingly sought; this demands a full rethinking of the entire system and entails more than just the reduction in exhaust pollutant emissions. Currently, the most popular approach is the electrification of automobiles, which significantly reduces pollution in major urban areas while simultaneously posing a new set of problems. The two types of zero-emission vehicles that are now being developed the most are hydrogen fuel cells and battery electric cars, but another option is the Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (HYICE) engine, which is highly advantageous in terms of pollutants, aside from Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), which can be considerably decreased. The purpose of this study is to develop a novel vehicle design that transports this type of technology into a sporting context while striving for considerable environmental benefits and integrating them into a society where the love of automobiles still has a strong following. The cutting-edge Industrial Design Structure (IDeS) methodology is used in this work, and a sample structure was created to demonstrate how the problems and technical limitations represented can be solved. The steps of the methodology are followed to shape the final product, with careful consideration given to the design of the styling component through the use of the Stylistic Design Engineering (SDE) method. With the ultimate goal of achieving sustainable driving pleasure, the study looks into whether recyclable materials can be used for the body and whether extremely light materials can be used for the chassis.

Overview of larvae of red palm weevil,Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), as human food

Insects have been a component of the human diet for ages, but their popularity as human food has only expanded considerably in recent years due to their potential as a large future food supply with high nutritional content and considerable environmental benefits. One of the promising insects with potential in foodstuff application is the red palm weevil (RPW),Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). It is believed that with the advancement of new knowledge and technology, edible insects, specifically RPW larvae, would gain more acceptance globally, expand their market, and serve as a more sustainable alternative to meat. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of RPW larvae as human food. This study further emphasises that RPW larvae are suitable for human consumption since they are nutritious. The trade-in edible insects, particularly RPW, presents tremendous potential, as many nations have begun to recognise them as human foods, and other nations, such as Thailand, even produce them on a food business scale. In order to present a more comprehensive perspective, the possibility of the RPW’s mass rearing is also examined. In addition, the global acceptance of RPW cannot be separated from several advantages compared to similar insect larvae of other species in terms of mass-rearing and distribution, as well as nutritional value, which indicates the larvae’s high potential for processing into food products. It is envisaged that this study would give an overview for policymakers to plan and implement more appropriate policies and regulations to assist the growth of the RPW industry.