Conservation Of Plant Genetic Resources Research Articles

In Vitro Biotechnology for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Plant Genetic Resources

This Special Issue contains novel contributions related to the role and use of in vitro culture in the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources [...]

Assessment of the genetic diversity and population structure in Moringa oleifera accessions using DNA markers and phenotypic descriptors

Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is one of the multipurpose trees with significant promise as a high-value crop of industrial importance, having nutritional, therapeutic, and prophylactic properties. Genetic diversity is a cornerstone of any crop improvement program and plays a key role in the selection of promising parental lines for hybrid breeding. Morphological and molecular markers have been proven to be potential tools for the evaluation of genetic diversity, crop genetic improvement, and conservation of plant genetic resources. In the current study, morphological descriptors, RAPD, and SCoT markers were used to determine genetic diversity among 28 M. oleifera accessions. Significant morphological variations were noted for several economic traits across the accessions studied. Four primary clusters were visible on the dendrogram based on phenotypic markers, indicating clustering of accession from a shared geographical habitat. No correlation was estimated between morphological traits, indicating an environmental influence. Three RAPD and seven SCoT primer sets produced 37 and 46 markers, with 53.2 and 71.3% polymorphisms, respectively. Based on genotypic data and the UPGMA approach, all 28 accessions were separated into two major clusters in the phylogenetic tree, irrespective of any geographical areas. The clustering pattern indicates widespread plant species and rapid gene flow through cross-pollination in Moringa populations. Three subpopulations of the involved accessions were identified by population structure analysis; however, there was only a weak link with the location of plant cultivation. The expected heterozygosity for the three subpopulations varied from 0.23 to 0.32, as per R-based structural analysis. AMOVA's attribution of 86% and 19% of all variations to within- and between-populations, respectively, indicates that there has been gene flow across geographic regions. The PCA showed a wide distribution of genotypes in the scatterplot, also suggesting huge genetic variation among the M. oleifera population. The study revealed a significant level of genetic diversity among M. oleifera accessions, which can be harnessed to conserve plant genetic resources and develop high-yielding, nutrient-dense Moringa cultivars.

PGRFA Management of Outcrossing Plants Propagated by Seed: From On-Farm to Ex Situ Conservation and Some Italian Maize Case Studies

In this review, the main issues related to the conservation and valorization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) will be primarily addressed. The conservation of PGRFA concerning outcrossing plants poses a significant challenge. For this reason, this review will cover the key challenges related to all stages, starting from in situ sampling, collection in the germplasm bank, and conservative reproductive methods. Integrated approaches involving the combined use of classical and molecular techniques will be described for the characterization of accessions. Within this framework, some successful Italian case studies focused on maize will be reported as well.

Phenotypic Diversity of Quinoa Landraces Cultivated in the Ecuadorian Andean Region: In Situ Conservation and Detection of Promising Accessions for Breeding Programs

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is an ancestral crop in the Ecuadorian Andean region, and its landraces have always been of great social and food importance for the native population. Currently, there is no updated information about their phenotypic diversity and conservation status nor about the changes that have occurred in the last decades. A total of 268 accessions of quinoa landraces collected at two different times (1978–1988 and 2014–2015) in three representative Ecuadorian Andean provinces (Imbabura, Cotopaxi and Chimborazo) were evaluated for forty agro-morphological (17 quantitative and 23 qualitative) traits. Most of the quantitative traits showed high variability, some of them with great importance for commercialization and germplasm selection for breeding programs (e.g., panicle width, grain width, 1000-grain weight or seed yield per plant). Ten quantitative and eleven qualitative descriptors were significantly different between both collections. Regarding the presence/absence of saponin, all the accessions collected four decades ago had saponin, while it was found in only 18% of accessions collected more recently. The phenotypic relationships in the dendrogram did not show clustered accessions by their geographical origin or by collection. A selection index allowed us to detect a few accessions recently collected in Chimborazo with high promises for future breeding programs, with high seed yields per plant values and a reduced or no saponin content. The agro-morphological information obtained may be very useful for the suitable management and conservation of this ancestral plant genetic resource, both on the farm by indigenous farming communities and ex situ by the Germplasm Bank of the Ecuadorian National Institute for Agricultural Research (INIAP).

Status and prospects of plant genetic resource conservation in Yemen

This study provides a comprehensive examination of the conservation status of plant genetic resources in Yemen, with a particular focus on the national genebank, natural sites and field genebanks. Employing a historical and descriptive approach, the study sheds light on the inception of field inventories and collection surveys, the roles and contributions of various projects and institutions since the late 1980s, and the quantities of seed samples collected from different crop varieties and species. Additionally, the study highlights the challenges faced, especially during the last decade following the eruption of war in early 2015. Specifically, it emphasizes the detrimental impact of the war and sanctions, resulting in the loss of conserved seed samples, and the damage and sabotage of field genebanks. In contrast, there is a need to ensure the enhancement of functioning seed systems and agriculture production even during times of conflict to reduce the impact of food insecurity. To conclude, the study puts forth several proposals, with a strong emphasis on expanding conservation efforts beyond natural sites, enhancing the capabilities for seed conservation in genebanks, and building genetic resources capacity.

French national coordination for conservation of plant genetic resources and their wild relatives: focus on horticultural species

French national coordination for conservation of plant genetic resources and their wild relatives: focus on horticultural species

Integrating in situ conservation of plant genetic resources with ex situ conservation management: Involving custodian farmers, benefits and their willingness to accept compensation

Compensation for custodian farmers to provide agrobiodiversity-conservation services in their farms (in situ) is an emerging global approach because it can generate public benefits when it comes to important plant genetic resources (PGRs) for food and agriculture. This review focused on: i) the integration of in situ conservation to the PGR management involving custodian farmers in a systematic conservation approach; ii) the private benefits obtained by custodian farmers to increase their willingness to actively participate in the conservation service; and iii) the willingness to accept (WTA) compensation of the farmers in providing conservation service relative to opportunity costs. The most recent approaches suggest the integration of in situ conservation with ex situ conservation management for efficient conservation programmes, especially in relation to governance of local agrobiodiversity. Involving custodian farmers in the comprehensive genetic-improvement system appears to be an activity that increases their willingness to participate in agrobiodiversity conservation schemes. Farmers receive private benefits, which are simultaneously reflected in the provision of public benefits. Therefore, WTA compensation, which employs mechanisms in the design of payments for better agro-environmental conservation services, controls the opportunity costs. Overall, farmers seem willing to participate in any type of compensation scheme that is proposed in the different countries. Furthermore, it is possible to capture the WTA, therefore significant progress requires more studies of primary schemes, indepth analysis to capture farmers' preferences on economic, socio-cultural, and environmental factors in scheme design, and the implementation of incentive policies designed with pragmatic tools.

Analysis of gaps in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) collections in European genebanks.

Rapeseed is one of the most important agricultural crops and is used in many ways. Due to the advancing climate crisis, the yield potential of rapeseed is increasingly impaired. In addition to changing environmental conditions, the expansion of cultivated areas also favours the infestation of rapeseed with various pests and pathogens. This results in the need for continuous further development of rapeseed varieties. To this end, the potential of the rapeseed gene pool should be exploited, as the various species included in it contain promising resistance alleles against pests and pathogens. In general, the biodiversity of crops and their wild relatives is increasingly endangered. In order to conserve them and to provide impulses for breeding activities as well, strategies for the conservation of plant genetic resources are necessary. In this study, we investigated to what extent the different species of the rapeseed gene pool are conserved in European genebanks and what gaps exist. In addition, a niche modelling approach was used to investigate how the natural distribution ranges of these species are expected to change by the end of the century, assuming different climate change scenarios. It was found that most species of the rapeseed gene pool are significantly underrepresented in European genebanks, especially regarding representation of the natural distribution areas. The situation is exacerbated by the fact that the natural distributions are expected to change, in some cases significantly, as a result of ongoing climate change. It is therefore necessary to further develop strategies to prevent the loss of wild relatives of rapeseed. Based on the results of the study, as a first step we have proposed a priority list of species that should be targeted for collecting in order to conserve the biodiversity of the rapeseed gene pool in the long term.

Multi-omic characterisation as a tool to improve knowledge, valorisation and conservation of wild fruit genetic resources: the case of Arbutus unedo L.

The valorisation and conservation of plant genetic resources (PGRs) and wild fruit PGRs are critical to ensure the maintenance of genetic and cultural heritage and to promote new perspectives on resource use. New strategies to characterize PGRs are needed, and the omics approach can provide information that is still largely unknown. The Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) is an underutilized, drought and fire-resistant species distributed in the Mediterranean area and its berries have large ethnobotanical use. Although their phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity are known, they are not well characterised, particularly from a proteomic perspective. The aim of this work is the characterisation of two ecotypes of A. unedo (Campania and Sicily) from a molecular viewpoint to valorise and encourage the preservation of this wild fruit. Samples were collected from two different geographical areas to assess whether different geographical conditions could influence the characteristics of leaves and fruits at the three stages of ripening (green, veraison, red). Proteomic analysis identified 904 proteins, of which 122 showed significance along the ripening. Some of these differentially abundant proteins, such as chalcone synthase, show a marked increase during ripening. The protein functional classes with the highest representation are involved in protein and amino acid metabolism, glycolysis and in secondary metabolism. From a proteomic perspective, there are no differences between the fruits from the two regions compared by the ripening stage. However, the pedoclimatic metabolic imprinting allowed the observation of good diversity in the metabolomic profiles between the two ecotypes, especially for anthocyanins, 4 times more abundant in the Sicilian veraisoned fruit than in the Campania one, and catechins, with double the abundance in the Campania ecotype compared to the Sicilian ecotype in the green phase, but more abundant (3x) in the Sicilian veraisoned fruit. Phenolic compounds show a 20% greater abundance in the Campania green arbutus fruit than in the Sicilian one, values that then equalise as ripening progresses. Multi-omic characterisation enhanced the knowledge on a wild fruit plant species which shows specific adaptations and responses to the environment to be considered when addressing the issue of local agrobiodiversity.

Professor Andreas Graner: driven by the quest to unlock crop plant genomes for conservation and utilization of germplasm for breeding.

Professor Andreas Graner stands as a towering figure in international crop plant genomics research, leaving an indelible imprint on the field over the past four decades. As we commemorate the 80th anniversary of Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany and Professor Graner's retirement in September 2023, here we celebrate and acknowledge his profound impact on crop genome analyses and genebank genomics. His trailblazing work extends from developing the first integrated RFLP map of barley, establishing the foundation of barley genome sequencing, and advancing functional genomics of malting quality, to pioneering the use of high-throughput phenomics. As the dedicated custodian of Germany's largest ex situ genebank at IPK Gatersleben, Professor Graner has fortified the institution's collection management and crop research, thereby contributing significantly to global efforts on conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources through genomics approaches. Alongside his impressive array of scientific achievements, Professor Graner's inspiring mentorship has nurtured a new generation of scientists, including us, leaving a lasting legacy in the field. This tribute underscores his enduring influence and celebrates his unwavering dedication to the scientific community.

The experience of the primary introduction of Fritillaria karelinii in the Main botanical garden of Almaty

Botanical gardens play an important role in the study and conservation of plant genetic resources where the biological features and adaptive capabilities of the biomorphological diversity of the involved plant species are studied for the subsequent prediction of the success of their introduction. The object of research was the early flowering bulbous ephemeroid of the desert territories of southern Russia, Central and Central Asia Fritillaria karelinii (Fisch. ex D. Don) Baker (syn. Rhinopetalum karelinii Fisch. ex D. Don). Due to hard harvesting of the species in the territory of Kazakhstan, exported to China where Fritillaria karelinii bulbs are used in Chinese medicine, there was a real need to study the features and methods of growing this species in culture. In carrying out the research, generally accepted methods of introducing herbaceous plants were used. An analysis of literary sources showed the availability of limited information on the cultivation of the species in Russia and neighboring countries. We studied the introduction populations of Fritillaria karelinii attracted in different years from places of natural growth in the south-east of Kazakhstan. When introduced in the Main Botanical Garden of the Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction (Almaty), the regrowth of the species begins in early March, 1-3 days after the snow cover melts. Flowering of the species in different years and in different populations begins in the first half of April, approximately 20 days after regrowth. The capsule is formed immediately after the flowering of the flower, the seeds ripen 40-50 days after flowering. The duration of the growing season of the species is 60-70 days. Attempts at seed propagation of Fritillaria karelinii undertaken by seeds from natural populations in autumn and spring did not give positive results. There is a clear trend towards a decrease in the total number and generative function of the introductory population as early as 2-3 years after its formation. The survival rate of the material depends both on the quality of the planted bulbs and the timing of their digging in natural populations.

In Vitro Cold Acclimation is Required for Successful Cryopreservation of Juglans Regia L. Shoot Tips

BACKGROUND: Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) is one of the most economically important nut crops. In the Western Tien Shan in Kazakhstan, walnut forests are the northernmost in the natural range of this species. Shoot tip cryopreservation is an important strategy to ensure long-term clonal conservation of plant genetic resources. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of cold acclimation duration (0-6 weeks) with alternating temperatures (8 h at 22°C, light intensity 10 μmol m -2 s -1 /16 h at -1°C, in the dark) and of plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2) exposure duration (30, 50, 80 or 100 min) on shoot tip regrowth after cryopreservation by vitrification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro-grown shoots of three wild Juglans regia accessions from a native population of Sairam-Ugam National Natural Park in the south of Kazakhstan and of cultivar Milotai 10 were used as sources of plant material. Shoot tips (1.8-2.0 mm with five to six leaf primordia) were excised from in vitro- grown shoots and cryopreserved using PVS2 vitrification technique. RESULTS: Regrowth of cryopreserved shoot tips increased and was significantly higher (P < 0.05) after 4-6 weeks cold acclimation with the highest regrowth between 59.9-67.8% after 5 weeks for the four genotypes tested. The highest regrowth level was obtained after 80 min of PVS2 exposure, which was significantly better (P < 0.05) compared to 30, 50 or 100 min exposure. CONCLUSION: The PVS2 vitrification protocol established is very effective for cryopreservation of both unique wild J . regia germplasm and of walnut cultivars.

Screening and growth assessment of indigenous and exotic sesame genotypes under osmotic stress

Drought stress decrease plant growth especially during germination and seedling stages in dry areas. The plants of Sesame are moderately tolerant to drought although it is sensitive at germination and seedling stages. About 102 different sesame genotypes were acquired from the Ayub Agriculture Research Institute Faisalabad Pakistan and Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit (USDA) Griffin Georgia United States. Including two local varieties as check screened against drought tolerant were conducted in central lab of PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan during July 2019 by using 3 levels of osmotic potential (0, -0.18, and -0.36Mpa) created through Polyethylene Glycol (PEG 8000) following the complete randomized design and data were collected on growth and early seedling indices of sesame. The Hierarchical Cluster Analysis was performed by using IBM SPSS Statistics 23 software on the basis of drought tolerance index (DTI) and Membership Function Value (MFV). Results showed significant decline by increasing osmotic potential regarding studied traits. Ten (10) drought tolerant sesame genotypes namely PI – 153509PI – 154304 PI – 158053 PI – 158059 PI – 175907 PI – 158902 PI – 164142 PI – 164317 PI – 164763 PI – 180340 were selected which exhibited the DTI value (0.451 - 0.525) with the mean MFV value ranged from (0.856 - 0.913) and 5 genotypes had DTI value ranging from (0.075 - 0.150). The genotypes with average DTI ≥ 0.525 were considered as highly drought tolerant genotypes. Contrary, the genotypes with an average DTI ≤ 0.225 were considered drought sensitive and 20 genotypes were highly drought sensitive (HDS) with mean MFV value ranged from 0.103 - 0.196. Genotypes with drought tolerance characteristics can be used for future breeding programs to develop drought tolerant varieties for increasing growth and yield of sesame in drought prone areas.

Ticktrefoil (Desmodium) species as a nutraceutical forage resource for animals

AbstractTicktrefoil (Desmodium) species from the USDA, ARS, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit (PGRCU) germplasm collection in Griffin, GA, were evaluated for their potential livestock nutraceutical (nutritional + pharmaceutical) value in a field small plot study at the Fort Valley State University (FVSU) Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley, GA. Horse marmalade (Desmodium discolor Vogel), greenleaf ticktrefoil (Desmodium intortum [Mill.] Urb.), panicledleaf ticktrefoil (Desmodium paniculatum [L.] DC.), Hawaii ticktrefoil (Desmodium sandwicense E. May) and twisted ticktrefoil (Desmodium tortuosum [Sw.] DC.) were established in a greenhouse and transplanted to field plots, with plant material from each species harvested, freeze‐dried, ground and analyzed for nutrient content and bioactivity. Crude protein (CP) levels in D. discolor and D. tortuosum averaged 233 g/kg, whereas CP in D. intortum, D. paniculatum and D. sandwicense ranged from 99 to 157 g/kg. The Desmodium species had in vitro true digestibility values of 755 to 878 g/kg. There were no detectable condensed tannins in D. discolor and D. tortuosum, whereas D. intortum, D. paniculatum and D. sandwicense averaged 88, 89 and 73 g/kg total condensed tannin, respectively. There were species differences in flavonoid content (p < .01), with the highest delphinidin and cyanidin concentrations in D. sandwicense and D. paniculatum, respectively. There were no detectable levels of delphinidin or cyanidin for D. discolor or D. tortuosum. Quercitin and kaempferol concentrations were highest in D. intortum and D. paniculatum, respectively, whereas D. discolor and D. tortuosum had the lowest values. The highest protein precipitable phenolics and total phenolic concentrations were for D. paniculatum. Desmodium species have potential as nutraceutical forage for livestock and warrant further investigation.

Lifetime of Corn Seeds in Long-Term Storage in the National Genetic Bank of Albania

Genetic banks manage seed collections for the conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources. AGB implements standards for genebank management recommending a temperature of -18 ± 3°C for long-term storage of the base collection and 5-10°C for medium-term storage of the active collection.The germination energy of the 12 maize accessions taken in the study has relatively low initial values. The values of germination energy, even after 20 years of seed storage, do not deviate much from the initial data (from 2000) and from those from 2010 (10 years of seed storage). The germination data for the three years of testing are somewhat small in the initial testing. The average capacity germination for all 12 accessions under study in the 2010 test is 4.2% lower than the initial test (year 2000), so there is a decrease in capacity germination. Whereas in the testing of 2020, i.e. after storing the seed for 20 years in the genetic bank, there was a decrease in capacity germination on average of 2.9%; that is, there was less decrease in capacity germination in the second 10 years of storage compared to the first 10 years. The reduction in germination is not to the same degree between accessions. Four pairs of correlations were found, three between energy germination indicators and one among capacity germination. The correlation coefficients are positive and related to the age of the seed.

Deciphering the level of genetic diversity in some aegilops species using CAAT box-derived polymorphism (CBDP) and start codon target polymorphism (SCoT) markers.

Maintaining genetic diversity is of the most essential principle for a long-term conservation of plant genetic resources and could play a crucial role in their management. The genus Aegilops is one important member of wheat germplasm, and there are evidences that novel genes of this genus' species can be studied/utilized as ideal sources for the wheat cultivar improvement. The objective of this study was to dissect the genetic diversity and population structure among a set of Iranian Aegilops using two gene-based molecular markers. This study investigated the level of genetic diversity among 157 Aegilops accessions consisting of Ae. tauschii Coss. (DD genome), Ae. crassa Boiss. (DDMM genome), and Ae. cylindrica Host. (CCDD genome) belonging to NPGBI using two sets of CBDP and SCoT markers. The SCoT and CBDP primers yielded 171 and 174 fragments, out of which 145 (90.23%) and 167 (97.66%) fragments were polymorphic, respectively. The average of polymorphism information content (PIC)/ marker index (MI)/resolving power (Rp) for SCoT and CBDP markers were 0.32/3.59/16.03 and 0.29/3.01/16.26, respectively. Results of AMOVA revealed the genetic variability within species was greater than the variation observed among them (SCoT: 88% vs. 12%; CBDP: 72% vs. 28%; SCoT + CBDP: 80% vs. 20%). Based on the information obtained from both markers, the higher level of genetic diversity was found in Ae. tauschii as compared to other species. The grouping patterns obtained by Neighbor-joining algorithms, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), and Bayesian-model-based structure were consistent with each other and resulted in grouping all studied accessions according to their genomic constitutions. The results of this study revealed a high level of genetic diversity among Iranian Aegilops germplasm. Moreover, SCoT and CBDP marker systems were efficient in deciphering DNA polymorphism and classification of Aegilops germplasm.

A future EU overall strategy for agriculture and forest genetic resources management: Finding consensus through policymakers’ participation

The Genetic Resources Strategy for Europe (GRSE) is an overarching, integrated strategy for the conservation and use of plant, animal and forest genetic resources both the domesticated and wild to ensure more sustainable EU land use policies for the future. It was developed in a three-step consensus seeking iterative process involving EU, national and regional level policymakers, and umbrella organisations representatives. The GRSE provides the missing link between basic biodiversity management (genetic resources) and associated policies and strategies addressing agriculture, forestry and the environment. It also provides guidance for more effective and harmonised genetic resources management in the EU and beyond, and promotes stakeholders’ collaboration in all these areas. In this study, we use a foresight participatory approach to understand the perspectives of identified stakeholders in the adoption of the GRSE at local, national and European level. This methodology enabled researchers to discuss the role of genetic resources management in addressing geographical, economic and societal needs in Europe and beyond, and anticipate the long-term beneficial impacts. The study assessed the outlook for the adoption of the GRSE in the wider policymaking perspective. It applied a three-step Delphi methodology i) interviews, ii) survey, and iii) focus group discussion. It involved a 26-member policy makers panel representing EC and national-level policymakers, and umbrella organisations from across the European Union. Our study reveals a lack of consensus regarding the need to align policy and legal frameworks at national and European levels, but consensus was found in the need to jointly adopt national action plans across member states. Based on these results we identified three main priorities for addressing the gaps within current genetic resources management and conservation approaches: i) align fragmented policy for and develop legislation to harmonise the operational differences between European countries, ii) find funding mechanisms for improving genetic resources infrastructure, research and business development across Europe, and iii) raise awareness and collaboration to involve actors from different levels and sectors.

Animal Husbandry in the Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park: An Economic-Structural Analysis for the Protection and Enhancement of the Territory and Local Resources

This research seeks to deepen the current economic and structural aspects of the livestock farms in the rural territory “Casacastra” (Cilento area), to identify critical issues and development opportunities with the intention to enhance and protect the territory under study also through strengthening forms of local economy. Information about the consistency and the typology of livestock farms present in the study area, and the trend in the last twelve years, were acquired thought the consultation of the national livestock register of the Italian Ministry of Health. Subsequently, a questionnaire was submitted to a sample of farmers to better know the characteristics of the breeders and of the husbandries. The results showed that in the study area, there are 4% of the cattle and sheep herds of the Campania Region, and 7% of those with goats. The most representative farm size is the class with less than 20 animals per breeding type, and between 2010 and 2022, there has been a reduction in the number of all types of analyzed husbandries. The most represented productive orientation is that for meat, while the specialization in the production of milk in sheep and goat breeding is completely absent. The interviews revealed that the breeders are almost all over 40 years of age, with middle and high school qualifications and consolidated experience. The workforce involved in the farms is mainly the family one and often breeders are people engaged in other non-agricultural activities. Despite the permanence in some cases of archaic husbandry methods, the breeders play a key role in the study area for the protection of the territory, and the conservation and enhancement of local animal and plant genetic resources are at risk of extinction. Moreover, the survival of this rural context is linked to the development of new forms of local economy, such as the definition of an experiential rural tourist offer, in which the presence of institutions plays a fundamental role.

GRIN‐U.org: Online portal for learning materials on plant genetic resources

Effective conservation and use of plant genetic resources (PGR) require specialized knowledge and skills. The repository website GRIN.org was established to provide free public access to a wide array of learning materials that support PGR education and professional development training. Learning materials. Current items include 71 videos, 8 eBooks, 17 infographics in 6 languages, and 8 webinars, as well as links to fee-based courses. The videos are also accessible through a YouTube channel, GRIN-U Education. To maintain quality standards, materials are peer-reviewed by at least two knowledgeable persons prior to posting. Topics. Among the topics covered are the fundamentals of genebanking, cryopreservation techniques, conservation of crop wild relatives, applications of plant pathology, impacts of climate change, success stories of PGR use, and virtual tours of field plots and the National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation. Usage. The materials can be used in a variety of educational settings, including high school and college academic courses, employee training, and upskilling. PGR knowledge is utilized in many interconnected disciplines and is relevant to career paths such as germplasm conservationist, plant breeder/geneticist, botanical garden curator, seed technologist, and plant science educator.

Critical Role of Regrowth Conditions in Post-Cryopreservation of In Vitro Plant Germplasm.

Cryopreservation is an effective option for the long-term conservation of plant genetic resources, including vegetatively propagated crops and ornamental plants, elite tree genotypes, threatened plant species with non-orthodox seeds or limited seed availability, as well as cell and root cultures useful for biotechnology. With increasing success, an arsenal of cryopreservation methods has been developed and applied to many species and material types. However, severe damage to plant material accumulating during the multi-step cryopreservation procedure often causes reduced survival and low regrowth, even when the optimized protocol is applied. The conditions at the recovery stage play a vital role in supporting material regrowth after cryopreservation and, when optimized, may shift the life-and-death balance toward a positive outcome. In this contribution, we provide an overview of the five main strategies available at the recovery stage to improve post-cryopreservation survival of in vitro plant materials and their further proliferation and development. In particular, we discuss the modification of the recovery medium composition (iron- and ammonium-free), exogenous additives to cope with oxidative stress and absorb toxic chemicals, and the modulation of medium osmotic potential. Special attention is paid to plant growth regulators used at various steps of the recovery process to induce the desired morphological response in cryopreserved tissues. Given studies on electron transport and energy provision in rewarmed materials, we discuss the effects of light-and-dark conditions and light quality. We hope that this summary provides a helpful guideline and a set of references for choosing the recovery conditions for plant species that have not been cryopreserved. We also propose that step-wise recovery may be most effective for materials sensitive to cryopreservation-induced osmotic and chemical stresses.