Consequences Of Road Accidents Research Articles

Predicting hospital disposition for trauma patients: application of data-driven machine learning algorithms

<abstract> <p>As a consequence of road accidents, around 1.3 million people die, and between 20 to 50 million have nonfatal injuries. Therefore, hospitals are receiving a high volume of patients in their urgent care, and a quick decision must be made regarding their treatment plans. At the admission stage, there is no information or probability about the patient's final result, regardless of if the patient will mostly die or be safely discharged from the hospital. To address this issue, this study proposed a machine learning-based framework that can predict the hospital disposition for trauma patients. The framework was developed to anticipate whether the patient would be safely discharged from the hospital or die based on a set of features collected at the admission time. In this study, the data used was collected from the King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and the performance of different machine learning algorithms was investigated, including eXtreme gradient boost (XGBoost), K-nearest neighbor, random forest, logistic regression, BRR, and support vector machine. Results show that the XGBoost algorithm demonstrated a high degree of detection and prediction accuracy for disposed-to-home patients; of the 6059 patients that were sent home, the XGBoost correctly predicted 5944 (98%) of the total. Finally, the developed framework could accurately predict hospital disposition for trauma patients with high accuracy and sensitivity levels. This system can benefit healthcare teams and insurance companies by providing them with a quick decision-making tool to determine the best treatment plan for patients.</p> </abstract>

Maintaining safety in the new urban mobility

Ensuring the protection of any city is the protection of citizens from various influences. In relation to vehicles (TC), hazardous effects are the consequences of road accidents, environmental pollution, increased noise and vibration. In large metropolitan areas, new categories of vehicles have appeared, their safety is closed in the article. Keywords: safety, means of individual mobility, MIM, electric scooter, mobility, unicycle, compact transport, CoT

ВПЛИВ СИСТЕМИ АВТОМАТИЧНОЇ ФОТОВІДЕОФІКСАЦІЇ ПОРУШЕНЬ ПРАВИЛ ДОРОЖНЬОГО НА ЗНИЖЕННЯ АВАРІЙНОСТІ НА АВТОМОБІЛЬНИХ ДОРОГАХ ЗАГАЛЬНОГО КОРИСТУВАННЯ

ntroduction. Road traffic accidents (hereinafter — traffic accidents) are a serious problem that affects the lives and health of the younger generation, as according to statistics, young people under the age of 35 are most often injured and killed in traffic accidents. Today, in Ukraine, the level of fatalities and injuries due to traffic accidents is quite high, and the level of traffic safety remains extremely low. In the UK, traffic accidents are the leading cause of death for people aged from 5 to 34 and account for more than 15% of fatalities in this age group. Ukraine is one of the leaders among the European countries in terms of specific accident rates and the consequences of road accidents. On average, in EU member states there are 5 percent of traffic fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants, while in Ukraine this indicator is 8.22 percent of people (according to 2019 statistical data). Problem statement. The main cause of accidents with serious consequences and deaths is overspeeding. Purpose. Therefore, it is extremely important to evaluate the effectiveness of automatic photo and video registration of traffic violations that affect the severity of the consequences of traffic accidents. Materials and methods. Empirical methods of scientific research are used to analyze the impact of automatic photo and video registration systems of traffic violations. Results. The article presents a brief diagnosis of accidents with fatalities and/or injuries due to speeding and the main factors influencing speeding by drivers. Also the impact of the system of automatic photo-video fixation of traffic violations on reducing the level of accidents and the experience of other countries in the implementation of similar systems. Conclusions. Using the empirical methods of scientific research it is proved that automatic photo and video registration systems prevent the occurrence of traffic accidents with serious consequences. This is confirmed by comparing the results before and after the installation of automatic photo and video registration systems.

Outcomes of open Tibia Fracture using Ilizarov Ring Fixator

Background: Currently, there has been a rise in severe trauma that occurs as a consequence of road accidents. Different treatment modalities are used for open tibia fracture but currently ilizarov ring fixator is used with better outcomes. Objective: To assess the outcomes of open tibia fracture using ilizarov ring fixator Methodology: This prospective study was carried out at the Orthopedic Department of Mercy Teaching Hospital Peshawar for duration of two years from November 2019 to November 2021. The Ilizarov ring fixator was scheduled for all of the participants in our research. Proper radiographs of the affected leg were acquired, comprising antero-posterior and lateral views. Postoperative radiographs were also collected. All the data was analyzed statistically by using SPSS version 24. Results: In this study, totally 40 patients were included. Based on radio-graphical results, 10 (25%), 18 (45%) and 12 (30%) and 00 (00%) patients have excellent, good and fair and poor results respectively while on the basis of functional outcomes, 12 (30%), 22 (55%), 2 (5%) and 4 (10%) patients have excellent, good and fair and poor results respectively. Complications like pin tract infection, superficial skin infection and chronic osteomyelitis were observed in 10 (25%), 6 (15%) and 2 (5%) patients respectively. Conclusion: Our study concludes that ilizarov external fixator can be effectively used for the management of open tibial fractures. Keywords: Open tibia fracture; Ilizarov ring fixator; Radiographs; Complication

Прогностичні критерії судово-медичної оцінки ступеня тяжкості тілесних ушкоджень при закритих переломах кісток нижніх кінцівок

Currently, to determine the severity of injuries in case of adverse effects of subcutaneous fractures of the lower extremities, several forensic examinations are conducted at the stage of treatment, which may lead to loss of confidence in the results of forensic expert opinion of the victims, accompanied by economic losses. Therefore, predicting the consequences of such injuries is an urgent scientific and practical problem of forensic medicine. The purpose of the study is to develop prognostic criteria for forensic assessment of the severity of injuries in fractures of the femur and tibia. Materials and methods. The object of the research was 180 "Expert conclusions (examination of the case file)" with the establishment of the severity of injuries in victims of road accidents: subcutaneous isolated and fractures of the femur (24; 13.3%), tibia – (64; 35.6%); fractures of these bones as the leading injury in polytrauma – (92; 51.1%). In 120 (66.7%) expert opinions the average degree of severity of bodily injuries was established as favorable consequences of road accidents (main sample). In 60 (33.3%) cases, adverse effects of injury were observed with the establishment of severe injuries (a control sample). Research methods which were used are expert examination of the victim with anthropometric studies; radiation diagnostics; alternative computational forecasting. Results and discussion. According to the results of retrospective analysis of the results of treatment, 25 risk factors for adverse effects of subcutaneous fractures of the femur and tibia were identified. The main ones are: passive participation in a road traffic injury as a pedestrian (87.5% in the main sample and 91.7% in the control); combined trauma (70.8% and 75.0%, respectively), multifracture (66.7% and 95.0%, respectively); age >41 years old (48.3% and 81.7%, respectively) and a frontal collision with a car (51.7% and 70.0%, respectively). Risk factors such as intraoperative misalignment of the fragments of the femur and violation of the terms of postoperative X-ray control (23.8% in the main group and absence in the control group) were relatively uncommon. Conclusion. Numerical values of prognostic coefficients of the most probable factors potentiating adverse effects of subcutaneous fractures of long bones of the lower extremities are established. The most informative are: intra-articular multifracture fracture (prognostic coefficient equals -9; I=1.44); multifragmental diaphyseal fracture (prognostic coefficient equals -7; I=1.20); non-elimination of intraoperative displacement of long bone fragments (prognostic coefficient equals -6; I=1.04); discrepancy of the sizes of a clamp to anatomic sizes of the damaged bone (prognostic coefficient equals -6; I=1,04); violation of the terms of postoperative X-ray control (prognostic coefficient equals -4; I=0.50)

Simulation of a problem section of the street-road network to increase road safety

The article is devoted to the issue of increasing the level of road safety (RTS), a road infrastructure management system using simulation modeling is proposed. The aim of the study is to develop a simulation model of a problematic section of the road network (UDS) in the city of Elabuga, to select the optimal parameters for the functioning of traffic lights, which will improve the quality of road infrastructure management, while reducing the risk of occurrence and the severity of a road traffic accident (RTA). The analysis of research in the field of traffic management is carried out, methods are considered that allow assessing the risk of accidents, as well as methods for reducing the severity of the consequences of road accidents. Keywords: intelligent transport systems, road safety, traffic light regulation, simulation modeling

Calculating Consequences of Road Accidents for Public Administering and Strategic Management of Road Transport

The article deals with the economic aspect of motor traffic safety on roadways. Relevant problems on calculating economic losses related to road accidents are outlined. The importance of accurate determining of social and economic parameters of motor road accidents has been emphasized on.

Дорожно-транспортный травматизм на федеральной автодороге в регионе с низкой плотностью населения: актуальность проблемы и пути её решения

The purpose of the study is to use the example of the Arkhangelsk region to identify conditions affecting the organization of medical care for victims of road accidents on the federal highway in a region with a low population density, and to determine the main directions of its improvement. Materials and research methods. Using the method of comparative analysis, the following review was carried out: review of the authors’ studies, the subject of which was the features of road traffic injuries on the federal highway M-8 «Kholmogory» within the Arkhangelsk region; review of domestic and foreign scientific research, review of regulatory documents on the provision of medical assistance to victims of road accidents. Scientific literature search was performed in eLibrary, PubMed, Scopus systems by keywords. Scientific articles published in 1990–2020 were selected for analysis. Using the method of an organizational experiment, a scientific substantiation of a set of measures to improve the efficiency of the provision of medical care in prehospital and hospital periods to victims of road traffic accidents at federal highway in regions of the Russian Federation with a low population density was carried out. Applying the method of system analysis, on the basis of the results of this study, conceptual provisions for a systemic register of health consequences of road accidents in the Russian Federation have been developed and scientifically substantiated. Research results and their analysis. The article describes road traffic injuries on the federal highway M-8 «Kholmogory» in the Arkhangelsk region. The factors that determine the effectiveness of the provision of medical care in prehospital and hospital periods to victims of road traffic accidents are considered. The ways of improving the provision of medical care to victims of road traffic accidents at federal highway in a region with a low population density are formulated and substantiated.

Road barriers: modern solutions for improving traffic safety

Improving the system of preventive measures aimed at reducing the severity of the consequences of road accidents is an urgent task. Road deaths are constantly increasing and there is a need for a comprehensive approach to creating safe road conditions. The purpose of this study is to analyze the promising designs of road barriers designed to prevent uncontrolled exit of vehicles from the roadway of the highway and to develop the design of energy-absorbing fencing. Barrier barriers must not only be safe for road users, but must also ensure their safety, as well as preserve the elements after hitting the fence. Analytical studies have shown that in order to reduce mechanical damage to vehicles and reduce the severity of injuries to the driver and passengers, it is necessary to develop a road fence design that allows you to extinguish the impact energy at the moment of contact between the car and the fence. Keywords: fencing, barrier, safety, traffic accident

QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF PRACTICAL TRAINING ON THE SUBJECT "THE ROAD TRAFFIC REGULATIONS"

In recent decades, the world has seen a rapid increase in the number of vehicles and an increase in traffic, which leads to an increase in the number of road accidents and their negative consequences. For example, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), road traffic injuries are one of the biggest health problems today. Road accidents are projected to be one of the top five causes of death in the world in 2030. In Ukraine, the level of deaths and injuries due to road accidents is one of the highest in Europe, and the level of road safety remains extremely low, as repeatedly pointed out in their reports by experts from the WHO, the World Bank and other international institutions. More than 26 % of those killed and 15 % injured in road accidents in 2019 are pedestrians (1,414 people died and 8,455 people were injured). In 2019 alone, 329 children under the age of 18 died on the roads of Ukraine and 7,906 children were injured. Accidents in Ukraine are the first most common cause of death for young people aged 15 to 24 and the second most common cause of death for children aged 5 to 14. Thus, in 2019, compared to 2018, the number of road accidents increased by 7 %, as well as the number of dead and injured persons by 4.2 % and 6.3 %, respectively. Ukraine is also one of the leaders among EU countries in terms of specific indicators of accidents and consequences of road accidents. Thus on average in the EU member states (according to 2017 data) there are 5 fatalities in road accidents per 100 thousand populations, while in Ukraine this figure is (according to 2017 data) 12.5 people, respectively, which is more than the European average. 150 %. It is also important to note that in the absence of quality data collection on injuries and deaths due to road accidents, these indicators may not reflect the present figures. A significant number of road accidents that occurred in Ukraine during 2017-2019, as well as people injured in them, affect the economy and health care of Ukraine. Studies conducted by many countries establish a general rule that every death costs about 70 gross domestic products per person, and every serious injury to a person amounts to about 17 gross domestic products per person. If we apply this rule to the indicators given above, it becomes clear that the cost estimate of socio-economic losses of Ukraine (excluding material costs associated with property damage and reduced productivity) from these accidents and their consequences in 2019 alone is about 4.79 billion US dollars (3.18 % of Ukraine's gross domestic product). The main reasons for this situation are the insufficient level of road safety; improper maintenance of vehicles; low level of discipline of road users; inconsistency of the state of the road network with the level of traffic intensity; insufficient introduction of the latest technologies and technical means of traffic organization; low level of training of future drivers. The article considers the problems of the educational process related to improving the quality of practical training of students in the discipline "Traffic Rules" and suggests effective ways to solve them by differentiating approaches to managing the cognitive activity of students.

The level of readiness of the EMERCOM of Russia employees to provide first aid in road and transportation accidents

Relevance. Timely competent provision of first aid by fire-fighters and rescuers can minimize the complications of injuries related to road traffic accidents, thereby supporting the lives of victims until the arrival of an ambulance team. Effective first aid training of the Emercom employees is a prerequisite for reducing mortality from road accidents at the pre-hospital stage.Intention. To analyze preparedness for first aid provision in the Udmurt Republic (Izhevsk city) among the EMERCOM of Russia employees directly involved in the elimination of the consequences of road accidents.Methodology. 199 employees of the Emercom of Russia were surveyed in the Udmurt Republic (Izhevsk) to assess their preparedness for the first aid provision based on a specially developed questionnaire.Results and Discussion. When processing the questionnaire data, it was found that 46.7 % of the respondents consider their knowledge and skills to be sufficient for providing first aid to victims of road accidents, 53.3 % are not satisfied with their practical skills. Before the arrival of medical workers, first aid was always provided to the injured by 10.5 %, sometimes by 31.2 % of the respondents. When tested on first aid issues, on average, each employee gave (73.1 ± 1.1) % correct answers. Periodically, 45.2 % of the EMERCOM of Russia employees practiced their skills in first aid on dummies.Conclusion. The results of the study showed the need to improve the regular training on the first aid among EMERCOM of Russia employees: to use dummies and simulators more widely. The data obtained can be used in planning the interagency interaction of services involved in the elimination of the consequences of road accidents, developing a work program for extended first aid for EMERCOM of Russia employees.

Alcohol and Road Accidents Involving Pedestrians as Unprotected Road Users.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than half of all road fatalities involve vulnerable road users, i.e., pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists. Poland is classified as one of the European Union (EU) countries marked by low road safety, with a higher frequency of accidents involving pedestrians compared to other EU countries (31% of all fatalities). Among unprotected road users, a significant group of victims are pedestrians, who are often under the influence of alcohol. This study aims to analyze the impact of alcohol on the risk of occurrence and consequences of road accidents among pedestrians. The source of data was the medical documentation of the Department of Forensic Medicine of the Medical University of Warsaw. In more than half of pedestrian deaths, the presence of alcohol was found; regardless of the place of the event and the place of death, among the victims under the influence of alcohol, males dominated; the average age of the victims under the influence of alcohol was significantly lower compared to the average age of sober victims, with younger victims being significantly more likely to die at the scene of the accident, especially in rural areas; significantly higher alcohol concentrations were found in males, in victims who died at the scene of the accident, and with victims of accidents in rural areas. Among pedestrian traffic accident fatalities, the most numerous group comprised young men under the influence of alcohol. In rural areas, a higher percentage of pedestrian victims died at the scene as a result of excessive alcohol consumption. These areas should be subject to intensive preventive measures to increase the safety of pedestrians as unprotected road users.

Analysis of Older Pedestrian Accidents: A Case Study of Lithuania

However, for several decades, Europe has been witnessing demographic ageing. As a result of these changes, a more significant number of elderly road users will be involved in future traffic, and therefore safe mobility management of the older will become an increasingly important issue. Various physical, sensory, and cognitive constraints affecting elderly road users lead to a rise in the likelihood of an accident, which, due to the increased physical vulnerability, cause more serious consequences of road accidents. The findings reported by the authors of an in-depth analysis of accidents for four years have demonstrated that the risk of road fatalities for elderly road users is by one fifth more significant than the average of all age groups, and the pedestrian plays the most critical role in road traffic. To adequately compensate for the observed age-related physiological changes, the authors discuss actions and road safety measures to ensure appropriate conditions for older pedestrians on the streets.

Relationship of Accident Rates and Road Geometric Design

Road safety issue has become a major concern worldwide due to the serious consequences of road accidents on countries socio-economics and human lives. The main aim of this paper is to discuss and review the effects of geometric design elements on road accidents including statistical models used over the years and to compare the outcomes of the studies conducted in several countries. A way to improve road safety is improving road geometric design to mitigate accidents occurrence and severity on roadways. In order to improve the road design, it is crucial to evaluate and define the relationship between road geometric design elements and road accidents. Studies have tried to relate road geometric design elements such as lane number, sight distance, super-elevation, median width and type, lane and shoulder width, curve radius, gradient, and horizontal and vertical alignments to accident rates. Due to the interrelations between geometric design elements with each other and with other road accident factors, and also lack of reliable methodology of relationship estimation between road geometric design and safety. Ongoing enhancement of statistical methods has resulted in many road design-accidents analysis models which have been developed using a variety of statistical modelling approaches such as linear regression models, multiple linear regression models, Poisson regression models, Poisson-Gamma models, negative binomial models, bivariate and multivariate models, generalized estimation regression models, random parameters models, etc. However, some limitations have been encountered using the mentioned statistical models, thereby there are opportunities for road safety researchers to overcome the limitation challenges.

Evaluation of the Benefits of Traffic Calming on Vehicle Speed Reduction

Vehicle speed is one of the main risk factors for road traffic safety. To increase the level of road safety, especially in urban areas, measures must be implemented to reduce vehicle speed. The installation of calming measures on a road network is systematically planned way to reduce driving speeds. This paper studies the effectiveness in terms of speed reduction of three types of traffic calming measures: 1) speed table, 2) chicane, and 3) road narrowing. The speed analyses regard a series of traffic calming measures located in urban contexts of Catania Province (Italy). For each of these traffic calming measures, experimental investigations were carried out relating to the measurement of speed. The study has shown that the speed tables represent the measure of traffic calming that guarantees the greatest conditioning on speed (it is also possible to halve the average speed). Even the chicanes have a significant impact on reducing speed, as well as the speed tables (average speed is reduced by up to 50%), while road narrowing allows maximum reductions in average speed of around 35%. Furthermore, all three traffic calming measures have resulted in a reduction of accidents always greater than 30%. In the case of speed tables, the reduction in accidents exceeds even 40%. The consequences of road accidents are also mitigated thanks to the traffic calming interventions considered. The reduction of injured people is between 32% (road narrowing) and 50% (chicane). The speed tables involve a reduction of almost 40% of injured people while fatal accidents are completely eliminated. Finally, it has been observed that the reduction in pedestrian injuries is between 33% (road narrowing) and 50% (speed tables). In the case of the chicane the reduction of injured pedestrians is 40%. The pedestrian fatal accidents in the road section in which the speed tables were subsequently installed have been reduced to zero.

Method to Assess and Enhance Vulnerable Road User Safety during Impact Loading

Every year approximately 1.35 million people die as a consequence of road accidents. Almost 50% of road fatalities are vulnerable road users (VRUs). This research reviews the history of traffic safety for VRUs, presents an interesting insight into the statistics and evaluates the current legislation in Europe for pedestrians, cyclists, children on bicycle-mounted seats and motorcyclists in terms of impact situations and applied criteria. This enabled the author to have a better perspective on how the VRUs’ safety is currently verified. Furthermore, the VRU safety requirements are contrasted with the author’s research, which is mainly focused on VRU’s head biomechanics and kinematics. Finally, a new coherent method is presented, which encompasses the sub-groups of VRUs and proposes some improvements to both the regulations as well as technical countermeasures to mitigate the injuries during an impact. This study highlights the importance of numerical methods, which can serve as a powerful tool to study VRUs’ head injuries and kinematics.

Безопасность дорожного движения в системе государственной политики страны

The article considers the problem of ensuring road safety as a priority task of the state policy of the country. In Russia, the problem of accidents has become particularly acute in the last decade due to the mismatch of the road and transport infrastructure with the needs of society and state in ensuring road safety. Effective work in this area helps to reduce the depopulation, as well as the economic costs associated with the consequences of road accidents, which contributes to the socio-economic development of the country. Therefore, the problem of ensuring road safety within the framework of state policy has not lost its immense urgency and the State Road Safety Inspectorate (GIBDD) and, above all, the traffic police officers (DPS) of the GIBDD play a significant role in its solution. The problem of road safety should be solved at the level of an independent national project. Solving a huge complex of tasks in the field of road safety should become one of the main state priorities for ensuring Russia's demographic security.

The Role of Art Education in Responding to Social Issues: The Case of Road Accidents in Oman

The Role of Art Education in Responding to Social Issues: The Case of Road Accidents in Oman Fakhriya K. Al-Yahyai, Mohammed H. Al-Amri Abstract In Oman, the issue of road accident has become of greater concern for individual members of society as well as for the government. In responding to these concerns, art education can play a significant role in this matter. On this basis, this research project assumes that student art practice can improve understanding of social issues, which, in turn, can improve quality of life. The purpose of this study was to personalize this social issue in relation to the social and cultural issue of road accidents from students own experiences and to give them the opportunity to express their feelings, beliefs, and thoughts on the issue in visual forms. 15 paintings were produced by students and described and interbred in relation to the reasons for, facts about, and consequencesa of road accidents. The results demonstrate the students‟ perspectives on the causes and consequences of road accidents in Oman as expressed in the art form of painting. Causes of accidents such as lack of concentration, speeding, use of mobile phones, and driving without wearing seatbelts were depicted in the students' artworks. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/ijaah.v5n2a3

Traffic violations by young motorcyclists on Indonesian urban roads

ABSTRACTIt is already understood that road users have differences in capability and limitations in driving their cars and motorcycles. Most studies regarding variability and safety concerns related to road users’ driving behaviors, however, are based on data from developed countries. It is argued that there are differences in characteristics and consequences of road accidents in developed and developing cities due to the impacts of the different composition of traffic, road users’ attitudes and driving behaviors, vehicle type and size, regulations, and types of violations. This study aims to investigate the factors underlying traffic violation behaviors and the types of traffic violations committed by young motorcyclists on urban roads in Indonesia. Data were gathered using a questionnaire survey in three major cities. Structural equation modelling was performed to analyze the significant factors influencing young motorcyclists with regard to committing traffic violations, including analysis of the causal relationship between the influencing factors, the characteristics of young motorcyclists, and the types of violations. The analyses found that young motorcyclists were influenced by different magnitudes of influencing factors in violating traffic regulations compared to more mature motorcyclists. This highlights the need to design a specialized behavioral change policy to reduce traffic violations among young motorcyclists.

The differences of road safety performance of countries based on outcome indicators

The paper presents a critical review of the existing methods of monitoring and comparing road safety situation among countries. Methods are usually based on calculation of fatality rate based on number of fatalities and comparing results among countries. Critical review understands in the first place the differences in the countries’ ranking, based on selection of the type or consequences of road accidents that are used for the calculation of the road casualty risk based on final outcomes. The paper also shows the application of the model for selection of a relevant indicator – road casualty risk based on final outcomes on the territories of chosen European countries. The comparison between obtained research results and the casualty risk mapping on the territories of these countries contributes to the recognition of a need for harmonizing the monitoring and comparing process of the road safety situation, by countries, on the basis of final outcomes.