Consequences Of Recognition Research Articles

Robust encoding of acoustic identity in alpaca hums – a basis for individual recognition

ABSTRACT Individual recognition is an important element of social interactions among animals. While the presence of individually distinct vocalisations (providing a basis for individual recognition) has been widely tested across species, information about which components of a call encode this information is lacking. We investigated whether female alpaca (Vicugna pacos) vocalisations, particularly their hums, encode information about individual identity and explored which parameters contribute to this encoding. We recorded vocalisations from 9 adult female alpaca and extracted both spectro-temporal features (frequencies and duration) and mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC). Random forest analyses revealed clear individual differences in both datasets, with the spectro-temporal features allowing for slightly more accurate classification than MFCC (71% and 66.5% accuracy for spectro-temporal features and MFCC, respectively). These robust acoustic identities have the potential to provide a basis for individual recognition in alpaca, which could have important flow-on effects for alpaca communication, as it allows receivers to modulate their response to the callers’ identity. Alpaca, as herd-living and vocal animals, provide an excellent model system for better understanding the mechanisms, causes and consequences of recognition and inter-individual communication.

Attitudes and Ecumenical Recognition. How Do Attitudes Define, Facilitate, or Inhibit Ecumenical Advancement?

Abstract Ecumenical texts cultivate a rich language of attitudes referring to trust, commitment, love, faithfulness, openness, etc., but their role in ecumenical advancement has been taken for granted. This article discusses attitudes in ecumenical advancement by focusing on ecumenical recognition. Some recognition theories hold attitudes, specifically personifying attitudes, to be a precondition for recognition. Contemporary recognition theories offer a rich analysis of attitudes concerning subjects and objects of recognition, the direction, and the consequences of recognition. Based on an overview of recognitive attitudes this article aims to offer new insights on (ecumenical) attitudes and a deeper understanding of ecumenical recognition and some of its challenge. Some of the main points of discussion include recognition on the interpersonal level and its relation to institutional level recognition, the individual, corporate and institutional subjects and objects of recognition, and the variety of ways attitudes relate to recognition.

Legal Consequences of and Approaches to the Question of Recognition of a Government of a State: Disputes involving Venezuela

Abstract This article examines the ongoing dispute over the presidency of Venezuela as a case study on the state of international law relating to the recognition of governments. Since the beginning of the presidential deadlock in Venezuela in 2019, ICSID tribunals and ad hoc Committees, as well as the courts of England and Wales, have found themselves embroiled in the dispute over the Venezuelan presidency between the rival Maduro and Guaidó administrations. ICSID tribunals and committees have had to determine whose legal representatives are entitled to represent Venezuela in proceedings before them, while the English courts have been called upon to determine which administration has control over Venezuelan gold and other assets held in the UK. These disputes have brought renewed arbitral and judicial attention to the concepts of ‘effective control’ and recognition. This article examines how each of the courts and tribunals has addressed these concepts, and what their decisions tell us about the legal consequences of recognition as a matter of international and domestic law.

ON THE INSTITUTION OF STATES AND GOVERNMENTS RECOGNITION

The recognition of states and governments nowadays when the disintegration processes became more vigorous in international affairs (especially after the breakup of the Soviet Union), has become an urgent problem that seriously complicates the states collaboration and puts their national security and the international security system to the very stern test. An intensive need to remove doubts in understanding this phenomenon and to identify the specifics of states and governments recognition as political means of establishing relations with new states has appeared. The author supposes that that the recognition of states and governments is neither a legal institution, nor an institution in general, as it is not regulated by any international convention and the legal consequences of recognition do not change its political entity. In this case it is more correct to use the expression "international recognition".

Concept of Recognition in International Law and Instances of its Breach by Powerful Nations

As international law struggles with the question of sovereignty, it also suffers from the question of recognition. So, it is very important to understand the various kinds of recognition which are concurrent to the question of sovereignty. Even after 65 years since the establishment of United Nations and various conventions, International community is again and again blanked by the question of ‘Recognition’. Incidents of civil war in Rwanda, Sierra Leone or question of recognition of Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, Palestine as independent state, or internal disturbance like Naxalism in India, LTTE in Sri Lanka, or Secession demand by the states like Chechnya, Tibet recurrently imposes the question mark on the effectiveness of International Law.Answering this question is important but first it is necessary to discuss the need of recognition. Why it is required? In simple terms, Recognition is required as it signifies that the entity has attained the required qualifications[1] for state and is entitled for privileges and immunities within the domestic legal order[2].This research paper will try to analyse aforementioned issue in context of various types of recognition. Recognition in International Law is divided into 8 types, which are:a) Recognition of States; b) Recognition of Government; c) De Facto and De Jure recognition; d) Premature recognition; e) Implied recognition; f)Conditional recognition; g) Collective recognition; h) Withdrawal of recognition.Subsequent to the above discussion, paper will also dwelve upon the idea of Non-Recognition and Legal consequences of recognition and non-recognition.[1] Nurullah Yamali, “What is Meant by State Recognition in International Law”, General Directorate of International Law and Foreign Affairs,Turkey, http://www.justice.gov.tr/e-journal/pdf/LW7081.pdf[2] International Law, “Recognition”, http://web.wits.ac.za/NR/rdonlyres/E0A48346-CB0B-4BEC-95B1-DD3FD4DEDD58/0/Overhead15.doc

Recognition of Governments in International Law and the Recent Conflict in Libya

Abstract The meaning of recognition of governments varies in time and between individual States. At a minimum it entails that the recognising State wishes to be bound by the international legal consequences of recognition. How to recognise a government is not defined, as the decision whether or not to recognise a government is a unilateral act and at the discretion of each individual State. The most important criteria for recognising a government are the effective control and the legitimacy doctrine, although some States have decided to abolish the recognition of governments all together. Applying the criteria for recognition of governments to the conflict in Libya in 2011, it is concluded that the recognition of the Transitional National Council by some States while the Gadaffi regime was still in control over large parts of the territory is probably not supported by the effective control or legitimacy doctrine. This could invoke State responsibility.

The landscape of asbestos: Libby and beyond

This article discusses risk assessment and decision‐making in the rural community of Libby, Montana. The community faces serious health risks caused by decades of exposure to asbestos from an asbestos‐contaminated vermiculite mining operation. The risks from the exposure are not only occupational but involve the greater community as well. The article explores issues that are increasingly evident and problematic in this community: the willingness or ability to recognize a problem, like serious environmental contamination, can be influenced by one's perceived willingness or ability to accept or manage the consequences of such recognition. This finding has emerged not only in this community but in a number of other studies conducted by the authors. Findings suggest that if the consequences of recognition are not deemed manageable or possible (e.g. perceived ability to move to a safer location or the willingness to change occupations), residents will minimize the scope of a problem and remain in a situation that continues to expose them to serious health risk. This tension needs to be recognized and managed when trying to find innovative solutions and effective policies for risk assessment.