Consequences Of Rape Research Articles

Rape and Sexual Coercion Related Pregnancy in the United States

IntroductionSexual violence is a major public health problem in the United States (U.S.) that is associated with numerous health impacts, including pregnancy. U.S. population-based estimates (2010-2012) found that 3 million women experienced a rape-related pregnancy during their lifetimes. The current study presents more recent estimates of rape and sexual coercion-related pregnancy and examines prevalence by demographic characteristics. MethodsData years 2016/2017 were pooled from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, a random-digit-dial telephone survey of U.S. non-institutionalized adults 18 years and older. The analysis, conducted in 2023, examined lifetime experience of rape-related pregnancy, sexual coercion-related pregnancy, or both among U.S. women. Authors calculated prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals and conducted pairwise chi-square tests (p-value < 0.05) to describe experiences by current age, race/ethnicity, and region of residence among U.S. women overall and among victims. ResultsOne in 20 women in the U.S., or over 5.9 million women, experienced a pregnancy from either rape, sexual coercion, or both during their lifetimes. Non-Hispanic Multiracial women experienced a higher prevalence of all three outcomes compared with non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic women. Among victims who experienced pregnancy from rape, 28% experienced a sexually transmitted disease, 66% were injured, and over 80% were fearful or concerned for their safety. ConclusionsPregnancy as a consequence of rape or sexual coercion is experienced by an estimated 6 million U.S. women. Prevention efforts may include health care screenings to identify violence exposure and use of evidence-based prevention approaches to reduce sexual violence.

Rape as a tool of political mobilisation: The experience of Indian muslim

The use of rape as a tool for political control and mobilization has been seen throughout history, particularly in times of conflict and war. Rape is used to exert power and authority, with the intention of oppressing and dehumanizing a particular group of people. In many cases, rape is used to assert dominance and control over a community, to exert social, political and economic control, and to further marginalise and silence the victims. The motivations behind the use of rape as a tool in politics can vary, but they often stem from a desire to maintain power and control over a population, to spread fear and destabilise a community, and to assert dominance over a particular group. The consequences of rape used in this manner can be far-reaching, including physical, psychological, and emotional trauma for the victims, as well as a long term impact on their communities. This paper is an attempt to explain how rape has been used as a tool of political mobilisation for committing violence against women in general and the weaker sections in particular especially the Muslim women in India.

Lessons from War Rape: How Can War Rape Help Understandings of Rape in South Africa?

Rape is often thought of as a crime that is incidental to the general violence of a nation. However, in order to understand the causes and consequences of rape more thoroughly, it is necessary to examine the ways in which rape is used systematically and strategically in the service of certain ideologies and national/group imperatives. It is also vital to comprehensively explore the collective or communal effects of rape. The extensive research into rape committed during times of war and/or conflict proves very valuable in developing understandings of the systematic and collective nature of rape. The aim of this article is, thus, to draw from the knowledge related to war rape to more thoroughly understand the ways in which rape in South Africa is carried out systematically and strategically in the service of developing a national identity and upholding heteropatriarchal ideologies, as well as to understand the communal effects of rape in this context. In so doing, the paper focuses on two main aspects of war rape and rape in South Africa, these being the socio-symbolic positioning of women as central to the efficacy of rape and rape as a form of social control. In addition, drawing on the correlations around war rape and rape in South Africa, the article argues that rape in South Africa could be classified and legislated as a crime against humanity, as is war rape.

Rape Stereotype Acceptance in the General Population of England and Wales.

The #MeToo movement has facilitated a growing awareness in the UK of rape stereotypes but there has been little research on how accurately rape is perceived in this region, especially regarding demographics such as ethnicity and age. This study recruited 1000 participants, representative of the UK population, to complete an online survey prompting beliefs about rape perpetrators, rape victims, rape allegations, male rape, and motives for and consequences of rape. After carrying out frequency analyses on agree-incorrect and disagree-incorrect statements, we found that, generally, accuracy was high, although there were higher levels of stereotype acceptance for perpetrator related stereotypes. Further analysis found that in terms of demographic differences, Black and Asian participants and men were significantly more likely to accept stereotypes than other demographic groups. Implications for policy and practice are discussed, including potential for jury education, and educational media campaigns aimed at the demographics most likely to accept stereotypes.

Legal Review of Medical Emergency that Happened after a Failed Abortion Attempt

&lt;p&gt;Abortion is the fifth highest cause of maternal mortality. Legal abortions are called &lt;em&gt;abortus provocatus medicinalis&lt;/em&gt; and those that are illegal are called &lt;em&gt;abortus provocatus criminalis&lt;/em&gt;. Indonesian law prohibits abortion except indications of medical emergencies and the consequences of rape. This study aims to determine the legal consequences of someone who failed an abortion and the legal protection of the doctor who treated her.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This legal research uses a juridical normative with a conceptual and legislative approach.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The results of the perpetrators and those who helped the abortion that caused medical emergencies to be threatened with Criminal Code Article 53. They cannot be convicted if in accordance with professional standards and standard operating procedures.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The conclusion and suggestion are the doctor cannot be convicted as a criminal offender or as an assistant to an abortion crime if it can be proven that an abortion is carried out in emergency condition to save mother or fetus and prevent disability. The government needs to make laws that regulate who will carry out safe, qualitative and responsible abortions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Abortion is the fifth highest cause of maternal mortality. Legal abortions are called &lt;em&gt;abortus provocatus medicinalis&lt;/em&gt; and those that are illegal are called &lt;em&gt;abortus provocatus criminalis&lt;/em&gt;. Indonesian law prohibits abortion except indications of medical emergencies and the consequences of rape. This study aims to determine the legal consequences of someone who failed an abortion and the legal protection of the doctor who treated her.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This legal research uses a juridical normative with a conceptual and legislative approach.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The results of the perpetrators and those who helped the abortion that caused medical emergencies to be threatened with Criminal Code Article 53. They cannot be convicted if in accordance with professional standards and standard operating procedures.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The conclusion and suggestion are the doctor cannot be convicted as a criminal offender or as an assistant to an abortion crime if it can be proven that an abortion is carried out in emergency condition to save mother or fetus and prevent disability. The government needs to make laws that regulate who will carry out safe, qualitative and responsible abortions.&lt;/p&gt;

Legal Review of Medical Emergency that Happened After a Failed Abortion Attempt

Abortion is the fifth highest cause of maternal mortality. Legal abortions are called abortus provocatus medicinalis and those that are illegal are called abortus provocatus criminalis. Indonesian law prohibits abortion except indications of medical emergencies and the consequences of rape. This study aims to determine the legal consequences of someone who failed an abortion and the legal protection of the doctor who treated her. This legal research uses a juridical normative with a conceptual and legislative approach.The results of the perpetrators and those who helped the abortion that caused medical emergencies to be threatened with Criminal Code Article 53. They cannot be convicted if in accordance with professional standards and standard operating procedures. The conclusion and suggestion are the doctor cannot be convicted as a criminal offender or as an assistant to an abortion crime if it can be proven that an abortion is carried out in emergency condition to save mother or fetus and prevent disability. The government needs to make laws that regulate who will carry out safe, qualitative and responsible abortions.

War Crimes of Rape in the Croatian War of Independence (1991 – 1995)

The Đakovo-Osijek church is one of the archdioceses in the Republic of Croatia that suffered the most during the Greater-Serbian aggression from 1991 to 1995. With the deaths that occurred during the aggression and occupation, a large part of the population, especially the Vukovar region, was exposed to physical, psychological and emotional abuse after capture. In addition to expulsion, capture, forced labour, starvation, alienation, and appropriation of property in the occupied part of the Archdiocese, torture has occurred, especially the numerous rapes by the Greater Serbian aggressor. First part of this work talks about the nature of war as the most tragic event of civilization. The paper points to the crimes that characterize the Croatian War of Independence as every other war, emphasizing especially rape as the most brutal form of crime and war strategy, with all the possible causes and consequences of rape on a person. In the second part of the paper, parts of the results of the research conducted by the Sunčica Association have been presented. The aim of the aforementioned research was to find specific attitudes, judgments, conditions and feelings of rape victims on the traumatic experience themselves, then discover and evaluate the quality of life of victims after the traumatic experience and identify the difficulties experienced by victims of traumatic experience today. Based on the research, the work in the third section presents ways of dealing with the fact of the traumatic rape experience, emphasizing the need to provide social and even more spiritual assistance, showing a wide range of pastoral opportunities for the Church’s action with the victims of war crimes of rape, always bearing in mind the need for interdisciplinary approach to this complex issue.

Prevalence and Psychosocial Consequences of Rape in Jos, North–Central Nigeria

Background : Rape is common throughout the world. It is often under-reported by victims and their families for fear of social stigma and cultural sanctions. Several studies have revealed that majority of rape victims are females, with males being the most perpetrators. Objectives : The study was aimed at determining the prevalence of rape and to examine the psychological and social consequences as well as responses to rape by the victim, the family and society. Methods and Materials : The study was a cross-sectional descriptive study of 284 respondents from 4 communities in Jos, Plateau State Capital, Nigeria. A semi-structured socio-demographic questionnaire was used to collect participants’ socio-demographic data while a questionnaire on rape designed by the authors was used to enquire about rape and other associated factors. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) questionnaire was used to determine the psychological consequences of rape. Results : The result revealed a rape prevalence of 31.0% (28.2% in females and 2.8% among males). Rape was statistically associated with young victims (P<0.001). Majority (59.1%) of the victims were raped before 16 years of age. Rape by neighbors/family friends accounted for 50% of all cases involving female victims while that by strangers was 15%. A large proportion (63,6%) of the victims were raped once, 13.6% were raped more than thrice. All female victims were raped through the vagina (81.2% with penis and 18.8% by fingering). The male victims were raped with penis through anal orifice. Only 9.2% were gang raped. About two-thirds of the victims did not report to anyone, but, 36.4% did so. As high as 49.8% of the respondents believed there was no justification for anyone to rape another person just as others cited seductive dressing, substance abuse, and moral decadence as factors that contribute to the offence. Negative psychological and social consequences such as depression, anxiety, post –traumatic stress disorder, social isolation, loss of trust etc were found to be associated with rape. Conclusion : The study showed that rape is a serious problem in our community and therefore urgent measures must be put in place to deal with its increasing prevalence and consequences.

Possible consequences of rape and sexual assault

Possible consequences of rape and sexual assault

Women victims of sexual violence in armed conflicts in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Summary Context The conflict in the East of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is one of the most deadly conflicts that there has been since the Second World War. The main author has been working in South Kivu for ten years now. During the course of her numerous assignments, she has been confronted with particular situations of women who are victims of sexual violence and the consequences of rape. The current gaps in the provision of care for victims include a lack of healthcare infrastructure, an insufficient number of psychotherapists, and challenges associated with socio-economic reintegration. Method This study is based on sexual health counselling and on a survey done on women who are victims of rape in rural environments and who are being cared for in the Panzi hospitals of reference in South Kivu. Results The article presents the situation as a whole, a study of three illustrative cases and recommendations for an improvement in care. Sexual health and reproduction form an integral part of the improvement of life in general and are possible only if human rights are respected.

Race at This Stage: Shepherdstown 2014

Race at This Stage: Shepherdstown 2014 Jack L. B. Gohn (bio) Race at This Stage: Shepherdstown 2014 It has been two years since the last mention in these pages of the Contemporary American Theater Festival, held each July at Shepherdstown, West Virginia. But I had a chance to see it in 2013 as well, and again this year. This year broke from earlier patterns. The saying goes that if it ain’t broke, don’t try to fix it. Shepherdstown had a mostly winning formula; I’m not sure the tampering was a good thing. [End Page 119] The underlying model has not changed: CATF stages five legitimate dramas with small casts by contemporary American playwrights. The casts are largely interlocked, so that there is in effect one small company presenting five shows. But this year CATF did a couple of things differently. In each of the two previous years, there had been one play by a big name (Neil LaBute in 2012, Sam Shepard in 2013) and four plays by lesser-known playwrights. And I thought in each of those years that the big-name plays were the runts of very strong litters. This year, there were no big names, and in a departure from former practice, of the five playwrights, three were African American, and in addition the “company” was predominantly African American. And, sad to say, there were only two real successes among the plays and two failures—although I should hasten to add that both success and failure here were color blind: black and white playwrights numbered equally at both ends of the quality range. The acting of course was superb, as always at Shepherdstown, regardless of race. Nonetheless, race was a constant undercurrent at this year’s edition, and one worth addressing explicitly. And let me start with what may be paradoxical, in light of the things I have just said: it was striking how unstriking the un-whiteness of the casts often was. There still exist certain irrational assumptions at the back of our theater-going minds, whether we like it or not. One is that the default setting for any character is white, and that if the part (and hence usually the actor) is anything else, there must be a reason for it, while no reason is required to make a character white. Yet in one of these plays, Charles Fuller’s One Night, a play about our military—an institution which seems to have attained the greatest color-blindness of any in our society—the script says (with justification) that the characters can be “of any color or ethnic group.” What dictated the racial composition of the Shepherdstown cast for this play, then, was the more race-specific casting in other plays coupled with the need to limit the size of the overall company. In consequence, despite the race of its author and that of most of its cast, the play simply was not about race, and could have been written or played by anyone. Instead, One Night was about the complex of issues surrounding rape in the military. This is a huge and important subject and we need dramas about it. And one of the many reasons it is an important subject is that it often brings lifelong consequences in its train. But these things must be handled carefully. The act of rape itself and the consequences of rape are inherently melodramatic, and a playwright must take care not to overplay them. Too much melodrama can distract attention from the subject to the treatment of the subject, and not in a good way. And that unfortunately appears to have happened in One Night. I remarked, when I wrote of CATF 2012, that it seemed to have been drilled into contemporary playwrights that the de rigeur form of exposition is the revelation of the characters’ secrets. That standard operating procedure is on full display here. [End Page 120] There is nothing wrong with making a secret at the outset the rape of Alicia G, the former servicewoman at the center of the play (Kaliswa Brewster), since rape is the kind of thing a victim might wish to conceal, even as her life...

Face the consequences: learning about victim's suffering reduces sexual harassment myth acceptance and men's likelihood to sexually harass.

Prior research has shown that (1) better knowledge about the consequences of rape goes along with less rape-supportive attitudes and lower rape proclivity, and (2) empathy with the victims correlates negatively with sexual aggression. In two experiments, the authors combined these approaches in order to reduce sexual harassment myth acceptance (SHMA) and the likelihood to sexually harass (LSH). In Study 1, 101 male and female university students read a report describing sexual harassment as either serious or harmless, and completed scales assessing dispositional empathy and SHMA. Results showed that higher empathy was associated with lower SHMA; furthermore, learning about the seriousness (vs. harmlessness) of sexual harassment led to lower SHMA, particularly in participants low in empathy. Gender differences in SHMA were fully explained by gender differences in empathy. In Study 2, perspective taking, a crucial aspect of empathy, was manipulated. One hundred nineteen male and female participants read either a neutral text or a description of a sexual harassment case, which was written either from the female target's or from the male perpetrator's perspective; then they completed scales measuring SHMA and (only male participants) LSH. The target's perspective led to lower SHMA and to lower LSH than did the neutral text, whereas no such effect was found for the perpetrator's perspective. Implications for intervention programs are discussed.

Neuropsychological and Electrophysiological Evaluation after Rape: A Case Study of a Teenage Girl

Although rape is an event with a high incidence worldwide, there is currently no single consensus about both the general effects and the diagnosis and treatment of this. To evaluate the consequences of rape, a teenage girl was evaluated at two moments: a month-and-a-half and then a year-and-a-half after being raped. Clinical measurements, neuropsychological testing and electroencephalographic recording (EEG) were conducted in four conditions: eyes closed, eyes open, and during performance of two tasks: Towers of Hanoi and Wisconsin. Observations showed subsyndromal symptoms of post-traumatic stress on the first evaluation, and close-to-normal scores on the neuropsychological and cognitive tests in both assessments. Decreased cortical EEG synchronization, mainly in the fast frequencies and in almost all conditions, was obtained in the second evaluation. The results obtained in this study may indicate an early development in the brain, which is discussed in light of current literature on this topic.

Assessment of sexual violence among street females in Bahir-Dar town, North West Ethiopia: a mixed method study

BackgroundSexual violence is a major public health concern as well as human rights violation. Homeless women are far more likely to experience violence of all sorts than women in general. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence and consequence of rape, and explore the reasons and factors associated with rape among street females in Bahir-Dar town, North West Ethiopia.MethodsThis is a mixed method study which included: a survey of 395 street females age 15 – 49; key informant interview with 4 stakeholders; 5 case studies; one focus group of 10 street females and one focus group of 10 street males. Street females are those who spend most of their time on the street and who depend on the street for their life. Qualitative and quantitative data were assessed separately with thematic and statistical analysis respectively. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Bivariate and Multivariate analysis were determined.ResultsLife time prevalence of rape was 24.3% and the prevalence of rape in the last year was 11.4%. Factors like females “off” the street [OR (95% CI) =6.2 (3.0, 12.9)], being a prostitute [OR (95% CI) = 4.1 (1.5, 11.1)] and age 15–29 [OR (95% CI) =3.5 (1.1, 11.2)] were significantly associated with rape. Most, 93.8% of the rapes were not reported to legal bodies. None of the victims used condom during the rape event. Only, 4 (4.2%) of the victims used emergency contraceptive method following the rape event. Out of the total of 96 victims of rape, 13 (19.1%) and 9 (13.2%) experienced unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion respectively. Beside, 38 (41%) and 15 (22%) victims claimed genital injury and unusual vaginal discharge respectively. Psychological consequence like, hating others by 34 (35.8%), fear and concern for HIV/AIDS by 44 (46.6%), guilt feeling by 28 (29.4%) and loss of interest in sexual activity by 28 (29.4%) of victims were reported. Majority, 42.9% of victims attribute their victimization with sleeping in areas where there are many brothels. Being physically weak, long stay in street life, and sleeping around street males were reasons mentioned for rape by 11.9%, 29.7% and 15.4% of rape victims respectively.ConclusionIn general, there is a very high prevalence of rape exacting significant physical and psychological tolls in victims of the study. Therefore, timely and integrated actions of the various stakeholders working in this area are crucial to curtail this critical human rights violation.

The Consequences of Rape During Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo

“I rape because of the need. After that I feel like a man.” These are the words of a rebel soldier who ruthlessly roams the forests of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in search of his next victims. Rape has been used in the past during warfare to weaken populations and ruin communities and family bonds but never to the extent witnessed in the DRC today. Literally, tens of thousands of women have been raped and this number is most likely largely underestimated. The conflict has been called Africa’s First World War and one of the deadliest since World War II with the death toll reaching 5.4 million in a decade. Ending sexual violence as a weapon of the DRC war remains one of the greatest challenges to the protection of women’s rights. The psychological and physical repercussions of the mass rape of women, children and sometimes even men in the DRC will undermine the capacity of the Congolese people to trust each other. It is possible that the experience of rape and violence could prevent the country from ever being capable of effectively building a nation state.

Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence in the Netherlands, the Risk of Revictimization and Pregnancy: Results From a National Population Survey

Prevalence figures on sexual violence among a representative sample of both men and women were not yet available for the Netherlands. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the prevalence of sexual violence in the Netherlands and to add these figures to the international body of knowledge. Experiences of sexual violence during lifetime, before the age of 16 and in the year before the start of the study were measured. In addition, types of sexual violence were examined, as were the characteristics of the perpetrators. Lastly, revictimization and pregnancy as a result of rape experiences among the victims were investigated. Data were generated from a population survey on sexual health. The sample consisted of more than 6,000 men and women between the age of 15 and 70 years old. Prevalence rates as high as 21% for men and 56% for women were found. Fifty percent of the female victims and 30% of the male victims of child sexual abuse had experienced adult victimization. Of the female rape victims, 7% became pregnant as a consequence of rape. In the Netherlands, as elsewhere, the prevention of sexual violence should be prioritized.

Position of illegitimate children in zadruga according to Customary law of South Slavs

Position of illegitimate children in so - called zadruga (extended family, common among South Slavs) is examined in this paper. The rules of customary law regarding personal rights, property rights and rights of succession of illegitimate children are presented and critically analyzed. Children born out of wedlock were not equal to children born in lawful marriage. Therefore, significance of legalization of illegitimate children in terms of improvement of their legal status is pointed out. Usually, paternity could be determined solely subject to the consent, i. e. recognition of the illegitimate father. Extramarital paternity could not be established in legal proceedings, except when pregnancy is a consequence of rape.

Die unsichtbare Generation: Kinder sowjetischer Besatzungssoldaten in Österreich und Deutschland

?The Invisible Generation. Children of Soviet occupations soldiers in Austria and Germany?. After the Second World War, so-called of were born all over Austria and Germany: as a result of voluntary sexual encounters between local women and foreign occupation troops, but also as a consequence of rape. They were often regarded as of the enemy and together with their mothers were frequently discriminated against. Especially the children of Soviet occupation troops were confronted with racial, ideological and moral prejudice that can be traced back to the Nazi era. Russenkind (Russian child) or Russenbalg (Russian brat) were common abusive words up to the 1960s. In accordance with Stalin's policy, weddings between Soviet soldiers and Austrian or German women were prac tically impossible. Most soldiers or officers were even sent back to the USSR when their liaisons with local women became known. For several decades hardly any contact was feasible. Thus the majority of of grew up as a fatherless generation. Many of them have been in search of their biological fathers, regardless of the difficulty of obtaining any reliable infor mation. This is linked with the desire to explore one's own identity and look for one's personal roots.

Mary Hays's The Victim of Prejudice1: Chastity ReNegotiated

The article begins by looking at the rhetoric surrounding widespread notions of chastity as being protective, natural and the embodiment of virtue via its conflation with reputation. It then goes on to argue that Hays set out to challenge his configuration by separating female virtue from the presence of the hymen. Furthermore, The Victim of Prejudice dissects the consequent inevitability of ‘ruin’ after a seduction or rape by tracing the impact of a mother's ‘fall’ on the situation of the daughter. Hays's personal interest in determinism and cause and effect permits her to explore the implications behind this drama by allowing the daughter to refuse to accept the inevitability of ruin and to challenge the prejudices surrounding her illegitimacy. She attempts to become more than just the daughter of the mother and seeks to tell and live her own story. However, the pattern of telling inherent in the narrative structure ensures that a catastrophe is to be foreseen as the various stories impact upon each other. The daughter refuses to act out the traditional role of fallen woman and challenges, defiantly, the necessity to become socially invisible and submissive. The novel re-negotiates chastity, making it flexible and a manoeuvrable construct. The consequences of rape are shown to be based firmly on prejudices which, Hays argues, are constructed and, hence, removable. Thus Hays adds a new dimension to the novel of seduction and the supremacy of the social order.

A crime against mental health?

A crime against mental health?