Consequences Of Compliance Research Articles

Analyzing Consequence Variables Within the High-Probability Instructional Sequence for a Child Diagnosed With CHARGE Syndrome.

Many individuals with developmental disabilities exhibit noncompliance during intensive instruction. As a treatment for noncompliance, the high-probability instructional sequence (high-p sequence) consists of delivering several high-p instructions before a low-p instruction. The purpose of this study was to extend the research on comparing consequences for high-p demands-namely, praise, edibles, and videos-with an 11-year-old girl diagnosed with CHARGE syndrome. CHARGE syndrome is a rare medical condition often resulting in multisensory impairments and developmental delays. In Treatment Analysis 1, we compared praise versus edibles as consequences for compliance with high- and low-p instructions. Results showed the edibles were initially more effective than praise, but the effects did not maintain. In Treatment Analysis 2, we changed the consequence for compliance with high- and low-p instructions to a music video and then attempted to fade the number of high-p instructions. We replicated the efficacy of the high-p sequence but failed to fade the number of high-p instructions and failed to achieve maintenance. Therefore, in Treatment Analysis 3, we conducted presession preference assessments of music videos in order to use a selected video as the consequence for compliance. This "varied reinforcement" intervention resulted in high levels of compliance. Results are discussed in terms of motivating operations and recommendations for practice.

Going beyond the mean: economic benefits of myocardial infarction secondary prevention

BackgroundUsing the example of secondary prophylaxis of myocardial infarction (MI), our aim was to establish a framework for assessing cost consequences of compliance with clinical guidelines; thereby taking cost trajectories and cost distributions into account.MethodsSwiss mandatory health insurance claims from 1840 persons with hospitalization for MI in 2014 were analysed. Included persons were predominantly male (74%), had a median age of 73 years, and 71% were pre-exposed to drugs for secondary prophylaxis, prior to index hospitalization. Guideline compliance was defined as being prescribed recommended 4-class drug prophylaxis including drugs from the following four classes: beta-blockers, statins, aspirin or P2Y12 inhibitors, and angiotension-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Health care expenditures (HCE) accrued over 1 year after index hospitalization were compared by compliance status using two-part regression, trajectory analysis, and counterfactual decomposition analysis.ResultsOnly 32% of persons received recommended 4-class prophylaxis. Compliant persons had lower HCE (− 4865 Swiss Francs [95% confidence interval − 8027; − 1703]) and were more likely to belong to the most favorable HCE trajectory (with 6245 Swiss Francs average annual HCE and comprising 78% of all studied persons). Distributional analyses showed that compliance-associated HCE reductions were more pronounced among persons with HCE above the median.ConclusionsCompliance with recommended prophylaxis was robustly associated with lower HCE and more favorable cost trajectories, but mainly among persons with high health care expenditures. The analysis framework is easily transferrable to other diseases and provides more comprehensive information on HCE consequences of non-compliance than mean-based regressions alone.

An Institutional Program to Increase Compliance with Clinicaltrials.gov Requirements.

Recent National Institutes of Health policy changes have expanded the number of research studies that must be registered in clinicaltrials.gov beyond the requirements of the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors has also adopted a policy that requires registration of research in a public database. The goal was to increase the transparency of research by reporting the original endpoints of a study, and to discern whether primary endpoints were excluded in subsequent publications. Efforts to increase openness and accountability in clinical trials are likely to strengthen public trust. However, first investigators and study staff must be educated about the requirements, and staff must be prepared to offer support to researchers in navigating the clinicaltrials.gov system. For academic institutions, maintaining compliance requires continuous oversight so that problems can be identified centrally and addressed with investigators. At Wake Forest University Health Sciences, because researchers often did not realize they were out of compliance, we implemented a program to assist them and provide oversight. We introduced standard operating procedures, provided education and assistance to investigators, and engaged leadership about consequences of compliance, resulting in increased budget support for a full-time employee in this role. As a result of these changes, compliance increased from 22% to 92% over 4 months. These approaches may help other institutions become compliant with registration requirements more quickly.

The disobedient professional: Applying a nomadic imagination toward radical non-compliance

“Professionalism was basically a ton of petty shit, nothing ever to do with standing up for children in the face of harmful rules, curriculum, other teachers, administrators, etc. It was basically how to comply.” As the student quoted here makes clear, a “professional” teacher must learn to comply, even when doing so does harm to children. This article serves to disrupt the narrow and striated notions of professionalism promoted in many teacher education programs—notions that beg clarity on what is really believed about teaching, children, and what really matters. In school(ed) places, accepting—even welcoming—constraints and blinders that serve to sustain the broader injustices, inequities, and ignorance that infect society is common practice and is often shrouded in the cloak of professionalism. In examining the consequences of compliance disguised as professionalism, it becomes clear that what is necessary to reimagine school places is a nomadic and radical non-compliance. Radicalizing a teacher’s professional life requires deep inquiry, skepticism, integrity, and a nomad’s willingness to challenge and disrupt. Included in this article are examples of critique in the context of reimagining school spaces as spaces of joy, generosity, and justice; of creative maladjustments in the face of mundane mandates; and of the ways in which teachers can radically and nomadically non-comply in order smooth the striations of school(ed) spaces.

Cognitive‐affective drivers of employees' daily compliance with information security policies: A multilevel, longitudinal study

AbstractWe present a model of employee compliance with information security policy (ISP) that (1) explicates stable, cognitive beliefs regarding the consequences of compliance and noncompliance as well as state‐based affective constructs, namely, positive and negative mood states and episodic, security‐related work‐impediment events, and (2) provides an expanded conceptualisation of moral considerations and normative influences regarding employees' ISP compliance. Because affect is central to this theorisation, we ensure that the model captures and explains differences in day‐to‐day affective constructs to account for the often fleeting nature of affective states. We test our multilevel model using an experience‐sampling methodology design, in which employees completed daily surveys over a 2‐week period, followed by a hierarchal linear modelling statistical assessment. Our contribution to theory is a unique account of ISP compliance that integrates affective factors with constructs from rational choice theory and theory of planned behaviour and that diverges from prior conceptualisations of ISP compliance as a purely stable and reason‐based phenomenon. For practitioners, our results suggest that a combination of cognitive and affective influences may produce discrete episodes of ISP compliance that do not coincide with prior behavioural trends.

AN EVALUATION OF STRENGTHENING PRECURSORS TO INCREASE PRESCHOOLER COMPLIANCE

We evaluated the strategy of increasing precursors to compliance on the compliance of 2 preschool boys. Modeling and differential reinforcement were used to increase specific responses to his name being called prior to the opportunity to comply with an instruction. The precursors were stopping the ongoing activity and orienting to, making eye contact with, and saying "yes" to the instructor. High levels of precursors occurred during treatment, and increases in compliance also were observed, even though the consequences for compliance and noncompliance did not change.

Antecedents and Consequences of Public Procurement Non-compliance Behavior

This paper proposes a conceptualization of the antecedents and consequences of compliance/ noncompliance behaviour in public procurement. It was motivated by the paucity of studies on public procurement compliance in Uganda, despite the evidently rampant non-complaint behaviour exhibited and a realization by recent researchers that less research has been conducted on organizational misbehaviors and non-compliance in purchasing and supply management. There are also scanty (if any) studies that have incorporated antecedents and consequences of public procurement compliance in a comprehensive single framework such as proposed in this study. Through a review of existing scholarly works, documents, records and reports, a conceptual frame work was developed in which media publicity, enforcement, records management, organizational culture, political interference, professionalism, organizational incentives, perceived rule legitimacy, moral obligation, social influence, familiarity with rules and top management support were identified as antecedents while cognitive dissonance, low employee motivation, low corruption, better corporate governance and low service delivery were established as consequences. It is hoped that future researchers will utilize the current proposed conceptual model to conduct empirical studies on public procurement compliance in Uganda and other geographical contexts. This will provide practical implications that will assist to avert the unbridled squander of colossal amount of money through flouting public procurement procedures.

The Expert Snare as an Influence Tactic: Surf, Turf, and Ballroom Demonstrations of Some Compliance Consequences of Being Altercast as an Expert

Two experiments provide evidence for a newly discovered influence tactic termed the expert snare. In the expert snare, alter—the target of influence—is cast into the role of “expert.” In that role, alter attempts to maintain status by putting on the trappings of expertise, avoiding embarrassing disclosures, and accepting absurd proposals deemed necessary to uphold the role. Surfers, Frisbee players, and recreational dancers were altercast as experts in their respective domains. Relative to controls, such “experts” were more likely to support absurd proposals within their domain of expertise such as requiring surfboard bellies to be painted yellow with purple polka dots and students to take an orientation course on the non-existent activities of Tanzimat Frisbee and root dancing.

Economic impact of compliance to treatment with antidiabetes medication in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review paper

Objectives: Suboptimal compliance and failure to persist with antidiabetes therapies are of potential economic significance. The present research aims to describe the impact of poor compliance and persistence with antidiabetes medications on the cost of healthcare or its components for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods: Literature search was conducted in PubMed for relevant articles published in the period between 1 January 2000 and 30 April 2009. Thus, it is possible that relevant articles not listed in PubMed, but available in other databases are not included in the current review. Studies describing economic consequence of compliance and/or persistence with pharmaceutical antidiabetes treatment were identified. The variability in the studies reviewed was high, making it extremely difficult to make a comparison between them.Results: Of 449 articles corresponding to the primary search algorithm, 12 studies (all conducted in USA) fulfilled the inclusion criteria regarding the economic impact of compliance and/or persistence with treatment on the overall cost of T2DM care or its components. Compliance was assessed via medication possession ratio (MPR) in ten studies, where it ranged from 0.52 to 0.93 depending on regimen. Persistence was assessed in one study. Mean total annual costs per T2DM patient varied between the studies, ranging from $4570 to $17338. In seven studies, medication compliance was inversely associated with total healthcare costs, while in four other studies inverse associations between medication compliance and hospitalisation costs were reported. In one study increased adherence did not change overall healthcare costs.Conclusions: Improved compliance may lead to reductions of the total healthcare costs in T2DM, Further research is needed in countries other than the US to assess impact of compliance and persistence to pharmacotherapy on T2DM costs in country-specific settings.

Voluntary Listing Requirements and Corporate Performance: The Case of the Dey Report and Canadian Firms

AbstractWe investigate the determinants and consequences of compliance with the Dey Committee recommendations encouraging greater board independence in Canada. Companies that acted on this recommendation appear to have done so to improve their performance and not for cosmetic purposes. Poorly performing firms that modified their boards experienced a greater increase in performance compared to those that did not. Overall, it appears that the primary function of the Dey Report was to refocus firms' attention on the quality of board monitoring, particularly those with poor relative performance.

Thucydides and Deterrence

Thucydides describes ten attempts at deterrence and compellence. With one partial exception, the use of these strategies fail and generally help to provoke the behavior they were meant to prevent. The narrative and speeches in Thucydides' text indicate that leaders everywhere rely on deterrence and compellence and expect them to succeed. Targets of these strategies nevertheless downplay risks and costs when it is contrary to their desires or needs. When motivated by appetite, actors not infrequently indulge in wishful thinking. When motivated by honor, actors are risk accepting and may welcome threats as a means of demonstrating their courage. When motivated by fear, actors worry about the consequences of compliance, which they reason may be more costly than resistance. Thucydides is the first person to frame deterrence and compellence as a strategic interaction problem and to emphasize the determining importance of motives for the strategic calculus of actors. His analysis has important implications for contemporary conflict management.

Raising Healthy Children: Examining the Impact of Promoting Healthy Driving Behavior within a Social Development Intervention

This study evaluated the impact of two targeted family sessions focused on driving issues delivered within the context of the Raising Healthy Children project. The Raising Healthy Children project began in the fall of 1993, drawing students in the 1st or 2nd grades from 10 schools. Schools were assigned to an intervention or control condition, and the school-wide, family- and student-focused preventive intervention to address developmentally salient risk and protective factors was delivered during elementary and middle school. The family driving sessions were administered to families in the intervention condition prior to and after teenagers received their driver's license. The first session consisted of a home visit with families designed to help parents and their children improve decision-making skills concerning driving and to develop clear standards and expectations regarding driving-related behavior. A second session, at the time of licensure, was designed to help parents and teens develop a written contract that stated family expectations, a plan for monitoring compliance with these expectations, and consequences for compliance or non-compliance. Consistent with the study's group-randomized design, intervention effects were assessed with multi-level logistic regression models in which students were grouped by their original school assignment. These models assessed specific effects of the driving sessions by adjusting for control variables measured when students were in 8th grade, prior to the driving sessions. Results indicated that students in the intervention group were more likely than students in the control group to report that they had a written driving contract (p = .003, OR = 4.98), and had participated in making the driving rules in the family (p = .025, OR = 1.70). Further, students in the intervention group reported significantly fewer risky behaviors including driving under the influence of alcohol (p = .021, OR = .45) and driving with someone who had been drinking (p = .038, OR = .56).

The relationship between command hallucinations and factors of compliance: A critical review of the literature

Within the context of the general debate regarding mental illness and violence, clinicians are often asked to provide a professional judgement regarding the risk posed by patient reports of command hallucinations. Those studies that specifically highlight factors associated with the issue of compliance with command hallucinations and associated risk are reviewed here. It is evident that early research reflected a preoccupation with command content, while more recent studies have identified a need to pinpoint important psychological variables, such as beliefs about voices, social rank variables, perceptions of responsibility for the consequences of compliance, and consequences of non-compliance. Current opinion indicates that aspects of both command content and beliefs about the voice require assessment as possible determinants of risk. Important areas of assessment by the clinician are highlighted. Areas requiring future study are considered.

Private Enforcement of Federal Environmental Law

While the role of nongovernmental organizations in environmental policy is growing rapidly, our analytical understanding of the causes and consequences of this emerging role has not kept pace. In the 1970s, Congress authorized private organizations to seek injunctions (and in some cases penalties) against firms violating the terms of their environmental operating permits. The economic models in this paper show how the varying remedies, limitations, and reimbursement procedures can affect both the level and patterns of litigation activity as well as the compliance consequences. A database containing information on 1,205 cases is used to infuse empirical content into the analysis.

Consequences of Compliance and Deterrence Models of Law Enforcement for the Exercise of Police Discretion

The modern police originally coalesced diverse law enforcement functions into a single organization. In the United States of the 1830's these functions included the major crime control functions of the watch, including maintaining the Sabbath; of the market police whose goals were to detect and apprehend persons in the act of breaking the law; and of the inspectorates who secured compliance with the law by regulating a host of environmental and social situations and exchanges. Bacon calls our attention to the diversity of the inspectors' functions.' There were, for instance, inspectors of chimneys who had the right to enter any domicile to determine whether a chimney was made of wood, inspectors to check for the presence of pigs in the street, and inspectors to oversee the compliance of market commodities, weights, and measures with applicable standards. Among the powers held by inspectors in general were those to license, exact compliance, apprehend, enter private places without prior notice, and serve public notices. It was not uncommon to have several dozen such inspectors in small communities, and over a hundred in larger cities, such as Boston or Philadelphia. Many inspectors, of course, were appointed on a part-time or fee-system basis. Inspectorial, watch, and constabulary functions were merged to form police departments in the nineteenth century in America. Over time, however, municipal governments separated these functions, with the watch and constabulary functions becoming the task of police patrol and the inspectorial functions transferred to separate departments or agencies of government.2

Consequence probability and utility as factors in the decision to behave assertively

Traditional models of assertive behavior have relied upon the notions that maladaptive anxiety inhibits the expression of assertiveness or that nonassertive persons lack the necessary skills for effective self-assertion. It has also been proposed that people weigh the consequences that might follow assertive or nonassertive behavior and then choose the most favorable course. Fiedler and Beach (1978) in vestigated this notion and found that, when faced with unreasonable requests people who would choose to refuse expected positive outcomes to result. Differences between subjects choosing refusal or compliance were found in their estimates of the probability that specific consequences might occur but not in the value or importance attributed to these consequences. After several aspects of procedure were modified, the above study was replicated. Assertive subjects expected positive outcomes to follow refusal while nonassertive sujects expected positive outcomes to follow compliance. The reverse pattern was noted for negative consequences, but differences also occurred in subjects' ratings of the value of positive and negative consequences. Assertive subjects rated the positive consequences of refusal as more desirable and the negative consequences of compliance more undesirable than did nonassertive subjects.

NATURALISTIC ASSESSMENT OF CHILDREN'S COMPLIANCE TO TEACHERS' REQUESTS AND CONSEQUENCES FOR COMPLIANCE

Naturally occurring levels of teacher commands, child compliance to those commands, and positive and negative teacher feedback were studied in 19 teachers and 130 children in kindergarten through third grade. Seventy-five of the children had been identified as "making a good social adjustment" to school (high-rated) and 55 children were identified as "not making a good social adjustment" to school (low-rated). Results of intensive observation over a 4-wk period showed that: (a) individual teachers differed significantly in their overall use of commands; however, they did not differentially respond to high- versus low-rated children; (b) high-rated children were more likely to comply with commands than were low-rated children; (c) although the overall level of positive social consequences was extremely low, there was some indication that high-rated children were more likely to receive positive feedback for compliance than were low-rated children; (d) low-rated children received significantly more positive feedback than high-rated children for noncompliance; (e) teachers gave negative feedback for noncompliance at an equal level to both groups of children; and (f) although repeated teacher commands following noncompliance were equal across groups, low-rated children were exposed to significantly higher levels of repeated commands following compliance than were high-rated youngsters.

Are compliance‐gaining strategies dependent on situational variables?

Previous research has apparently established that persuasive strategy use is heavily dependent on characteristics of the specific compliance‐gaining situation. Situational variables believed to have systematic effects on strategy choice include intimacy of the interpersonal relationship and duration of the consequences of compliance or noncompliance. This study, an attempt to replicate the prototype studies in the area, finds little support for many of the findings now accepted as general propositions. The likelihood that a strategy will be used in a given situation depends significantly on unanalyzed aspects of message content, so that generalizations about strategy types are problematic.