Consequences Of Child Marriage Research Articles

Child marriage and displacement: A qualitative study of displaced and host populations in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Abstract Though displaced populations face exacerbated challenges that are associated with increased rates of child marriage, little research has elucidated the reasons behind such phenomena. The present study qualitatively explores the drivers and consequences of child marriage among Syrian refugee, Iraqi internally displaced, and host communities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Specifically, it explores how vulnerabilities in displaced groups impact child marriage decision-making and how the host communities respond to and interact with shifting child marriage customs. Qualitative results demonstrated how child marriage drivers intersect on socioecological levels with a prominent undercurrent of gender inequality that affects marriage expectations. Though participants discussed similar drivers and consequences of child marriage, there was discordance in how those drivers influence child marriage in displaced and host populations. Integration of humanitarian sectors around prevention of child marriage, along with support for married girls, is necessary considering the current context of protracted displacement in the region.

Causes and consequences of child marriage among the ethnics of Nepal: A Comparative case study of Chepang and Tamang ethnics of Makwanpur district

Child marriage in Nepal is considered a vital issue within the ethnic communities. This is caused due to various issues in the global and Nepalese context. This case study is designed to explain the causes consequences of child marriage among the Chepang and Tamang communities in Makwanpur district. The study is designed with mixed method approach, and purposive sample is selected to analyze this study. A sample of some 400 HHs from the 3 Municipalities of Makwanpur was taken into considerations and analysis were done through various research techniques. Study elaborated that a lack of education and traditional approach are the major consequences of Child Marriage in the study area. Within the comparative analysis, both communities recorded perform early marriage at the age of 13 to 15 years due to the lack of education, elope as a traditional practices and digital equipment helped to connect young’s couples to connected and marriage takes places. Mobile connectivity played a useful role in networking among couples. A policy review on the age of marriage is highly suggested, various health and cultural consequences recorded may be a challenge in the days ahead.

Setting research priorities for prevention and response to child marriage in communities in the Arab region: findings from a multi-stage Delphi study involving practitioners across the region

Globally, more than 12 million girls under the age of 18 are forced to marry every year. Progress on ending child marriage in the Arab region is slowing, and risks being reversed, due to an increase in conflict-affected populations and widespread economic crisis. The aim of this paper is to consider the research priorities across the region to inform effective and accelerated child marriage prevention and response programming within the Arab region. Seventy-three specialists supporting child marriage prevention and response programming in the Arab region engaged with up to three phases of an online Delphi consultation process on research gaps and the research environment between July 2019 and December 2021. Proposals of research gaps were elicited, reviewed, and rated by participants to confirm a shared learning agenda. Participants identified 50 different research gaps across 7 main areas, reaching a high level of consensus support for 23 of 50 statements. Clear consensus was reached in relation to an increased need to produce and use evidence to support programme development, and further research on specific drivers and consequences of child marriage. The least consensus was found in relation to how research can inform prevention and response efforts within the law and legal system. The results provide the foundation of a child marriage research agenda for the Arab region which takes into account regional distinctiveness and builds on the global momentum for child marriage research. Mechanisms are in place to do this through the Regional Action Forum, and other networks across the region.

Public Perception and Reaction Toward Early-Age Marriage (Case: Village of Arajang, Region of Wajo)

The practice of early-age marriage has been observed to have a multitude of adverse effects on various domains, including mental health, physical health, education, productivity, and most significantly, the quality of human resources in the future. The practice of early-age marriage has been observed in various locations, including the village of Arajang in the Wajo region. The legality of early-age marriage is addressed in National Law No.16 of 2019, which stipulates that marriage is only permissible when both people involved have attained the age of 19. However, it is important to note that the actual findings diverge significantly. This study employed a qualitative approach, utilizing open interviews as the primary technique of data collection. Additionally, deductive reasoning was employed in the analysis of the gathered data. This research has identified several factors that influence early-age marriage, including cultural and traditional practices, levels of knowledge and education, instances of adultery, and economic and poverty-related concerns. Another outcome of this study indicates that the residents of Arajang do not exhibit concerns regarding early-age marriage. Consequently, there is a pressing necessity to undertake comprehensive educational initiatives to raise awareness about the consequences of child marriage.

Social behavior practices for child protection and well‐being among low‐income urban households in Bangladesh

AbstractThe main objective of this study was to explore the status of social behavior practices for child protection and well‐being among low‐income urban households in Bangladesh. This study used a survey method, and data were collected through a face‐to‐face structured interview from 378 low‐income household heads from 12 wards (Konabari and Kashimpur) of Zone 5 of the Gazipur City Corporation. Results found that the current status of the presence of child protection services is very low (in many cases, this number is zero except children having birth registered). A significant number (55%) of them were married between 15 and 19 years. The study found a low level of access on the components of social behaviors where around 50% to 60% caregivers stated 4 benefits of key behaviors, necessity of hand washing after defecation and before and after taking a meal, the age of boys and girls to get married off, and know the effect and consequences of child marriage. The chi‐squared tests confirmed extremely high significance in almost all of the components. Findings will be an important guideline for the policymakers, child service practitioners, and human rights workers.

Child Marriage in Tarai Region of Nepal

This article is on the causes and consequences of child marriage in Dhanushadham Municipality of Dhanusha District that is in provision-2, Tarai Region of Nepal. Child marriage is not a new phenomenon in Nepal. The problem of child marrige was seen in Tarai region of Nepal, especially it was seen in rural area among lower caste people like; Dalits(Mushahar, Chamar & Dom) and also in some higher caste like;Yadav, Sah and Brhaman. My argument in this article is; Child marriage is socially constructed , although the scenary has some changed that youths have been found responsible for doing early marriage for the self sufficient of sexual relation. This study relies on qualitative disscussion and researcher applied purposive sampling method for collecting details information on both primary as well secondary data. Findings of the study show that marriage is not a biological event like birth or death; rather it is a social event that is determined by the society. One of the major factors for child marriage is dowry practice in Tarai that badly affected life of girls and women violence has increased due to early marriage and dowry practice. It highly shows that less dowry demand in child marriage and it incase of higher education demand high dowry. Furthermore, the study requires further study in whole province-2 and awareness among people. It highly demands to give quality and higher education for both son & daughter for ending child marriage and dowry practices. Government need to effective monitoring and strong rules and policies to decrease women violence in Tarai.

Professional stakeholders’ perceptions of child marriage in Lebanon among Syrian refugees

Though eradicating child marriage is part of Goal Five of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, and some progress has been made, Lebanon struggles with ending child marriage within its borders, primarily due to the many Syrian refugees who fled to Lebanon during and after the Syrian crisis that started in 2011. This study aimed to explore Lebanese professional stakeholders’ perceptions of child marriage in Lebanon and identify potential gaps in services and interventions currently used to combat child marriage. An interpretive description (ID) approach guided data collection and analysis, combining semi-structured interviews with purposively selected professional stakeholders, document analysis, and reflexive journaling. Field notes were also used to orient data collection and analysis. Twenty-eight in-depth interviews were conducted using a purposive sample of professional stakeholders in Lebanon with a professional interest in child marriage. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Four significant themes related to the perceptions of causal pathways to child marriage in Lebanon were identified: 1) the financial burden of girls; 2) concerns around girls’ safety, security, and protecting their honor (including protecting them from potential rape); 3) Syrian religious traditions, customs, and practices; and 4) the lack of awareness of the dangers and consequences of child marriage. Findings indicate that the interventions currently being used or proposed are not aligned with the professional stakeholders’ perceptions of the causal pathways to child marriage. We argue that professional stakeholders’ excessive focus on public information campaigns to raise awareness of the dangers of child marriage as the primary intervention demonstrates a disregard for some of the more significant issues. We argue for the need for professional stakeholders to 1) advocate for a minimum age of marriage law in Lebanon; 2) advocate for the criminalization of child marriage in Lebanon; 3) implement poverty alleviation efforts within the Syrian community in Lebanon, and 4) provide more safety for girls within rural and refugee-populated areas within Lebanon, especially en-route to schools and within schools. By altering their approaches to interventions, Lebanon's professional stakeholders working to eradicate child marriage will ostensibly have greater success in eliminating child marriage practices.

Investigating Incidence, Correlates, and Consequences of Child Marriage Among Syrian Refugees Residing in the South of Lebanon: A Cross-Sectional Study

PurposeResearch on child marriage has increased in volume but remains scarce in humanitarian settings. This study aimed to investigate rates, correlates, and consequences of child marriage among Syrian refugees in South Lebanon. MethodsA sample of 1,593 female adolescents and 893 adults was selected using a multistage stratified cluster survey design. We quantified the cumulative incidence of child marriage among age cohorts of female refugees and identified risk factors associated with child marriage using survival methods. We also presented sexual and reproductive health measures among child brides. ResultsWe found evidence that child marriage was widely practiced among adolescent girls, with Kaplan–Meier curves showing that 32.56% of girls aged 10–19 transitioned to marriage by age 17. Although high, this was lower than rates among women aged 25–29 (p < .005), indicating that child marriage was already widely practiced in prewar Syria. Our Cox models indicated that several factors, which mirror drivers of child marriage in stable settings, are associated with hazard of child marriage in this context. We additionally found important sexual and reproductive health gaps among child brides, such as low levels of knowledge of the dangers of early childbearing and closely spaced births as well as high rates of early and multiple births. ConclusionsChild marriage is a pervasive practice among Syrian refugees residing in this setting. Our results suggest that a confluence of factors at different levels of the social ecology increase refugee girls’ vulnerability to child marriage. They also demonstrate the pressing need for interventions that target refugee child brides.

Child Marriage: A curse for Women in India and Indonesia

Child Marriage is inhuman and barbaric practice wherein either of the spouse or both the spouses fall under the legally prescribed age for forming the Union of marriage. The article addresses the evils of child marriage that are prevalent and practised in India and Indonesia.&nbsp; The article shed light on the causes and impacts of Child Marriage on young girls and boys like education dropout, domestic violence, complications due to early pregnancy and like factors.&nbsp; The paper discusses in detail the practice, impact and laws related to Child Marriage in India and Indonesia respectively. The paper also pointedly looks at the increase in number of Child Marriage cases due to Covid-19. Child Marriage is violative of human rights and not only compromises the dignity and integrity of young boys and girls but also compromises their physical, psychological, educational, social and sexual growth.&nbsp; Although the government and international community has set several goals and policies to end child marriage and comply with human right standards, but still the practise of child marriage exist in corners of every country.&nbsp; References Lisa, S. Diana, W.Susan, "Consequences of Child Marriage in Indonesia”. Available at: https://melbourneinstitute.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/3491923/MAMPU-Child-Marriage-in-Indonesia.pdf “Child Marriage in Indonesia”, Available at: https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/documents/1080/UNICEF-Indonesia-Child-Marriage-Factsheet-1-1.pdf “Child Marriage in India”,Available at: https://plan-international.org/uploads/2022/01/child_marriage_in_india_low_res.pdf “Ending Child Marriage in Indonesia: The role of Courts”, Available at: https://law.unimelb.edu.au/centres/cilis/research/publications/cilis-policy-papers/ending-child-marriage-in-indonesia-the-role-of-courts Mies, H.Hoko, (2018), “Child Marriage in a Village in West Java (Indonesia): Compromises between Legal Obligation and Religious Concerns”, Asian Journal of Law and Society, 5(2). Suresh, (2015), “Child Marriage in India: Factors and Problems”, International Journal of Science and Research, Vol 4, Issue 4, Maila D.H. Rahiem, (2021), “COVID-19 and The Surge of Child Marriages: A Phenomenon in Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia”, Vol. 118, ISSN 0145-2134, Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0145213421002416 Manusmriti: The Law of Manu ( ca.1500BC- or later-) Available at: http://eweb.furman.edu/~ateipen/ReligionA45/protected/manusmriti.htm Joseph, R.M.Fajar, R. Mayang , “Prevalence of Child Marriage and Its Determinants Among Young Women in Indonesia”, The SERUM Research Institute Sri, (2020), “The Marriage Age Limit According to Indonesian Law No. 16, 2019 as Effort to Child Protection”, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341516246_The_Marriage_Age_Limit_According_to_Indonesian_Law_No_16_2019_as_Effort_to_Child_Protection Rumble, L., Peterman, A., Irdiana, N. (2018) ” An empirical exploration of female child marriage determinants in Indonesia”, &nbsp;BMC Public Health18, 407. Available at:&nbsp; https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-018-5313-0#citeas S Chris, (2016), “ Early Marriage and Education Outcomes in Indonesia”, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306400448_Early_marriage_and_education_outcomes_in_Indonesia The Study on Child Marriage in India: Situational Analysis in Three States, Available at: http://feministlawarchives.pldindia.org/wp-content/uploads/A-Study-on-Child-Marriage-in-India-three-states.pdf Links: https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal5 https://www.worldbank.org/ https://www.unicef.org/ https://www.savethechildren.org/ &nbsp

\u2018No One Should Be Terrified Like I Was!\u2019 Exploring Drivers and Impacts of Child Marriage in Protracted Crises Among Palestinian and Syrian Refugees

Exacerbated by 9 years of conflict and displacement, child marriage among Syrian refugees appears to be increasing, while in Gaza, the noticeable reduction in child brides over the past two decades has recently plateaued. This comparative study explores drivers and consequences of child marriage in protracted crises, drawing on mixed-methods research from Gaza and Jordan with married adolescent girls and their parents. Our findings suggest that conflict reignites pre-existing drivers of child marriage, especially conservative norms around family honour and clan inter-marriage. Poverty is a strong driver of child marriage among Syrian refugees, while social protection programmes and educational opportunities for girls have played a protective role in Gaza. In both contexts, our findings underscore the multiple and intersecting negative effects of child marriage on girls’ health and bodily integrity, and point to the urgency of tackling this harmful practice to ensure that no adolescent is left behind.

Health Consequences of Child Marriage in Rural and Urban Communities: Comparative Study

Health Consequences of Child Marriage in Rural and Urban Communities: Comparative Study

Drivers and consequences of child marriage in a context of protracted displacement: a qualitative study among Syrian refugees in Egypt

BackgroundChild marriage is a human rights violation disproportionately impacting girls in low- and middle-income countries. In the Middle East region, conflict and displacement have prompted concerns that families are increasingly resorting to child marriage to cope with economic insecurity and fears from sexual violence. This study set out to examine child marriage among Syrian refugees residing in Egypt with the aim of understanding drivers of child marriage in this context of displacement as well as how child marriage affects refugee girls’ wellbeing.MethodsThis analysis draws from 15 focus group discussions (FGD) conducted with married and unmarried girls, as well as parents of adolescent girls in three governorates in Egypt. FGDs included a participatory ranking exercise and photo-elicitation. Additionally, we conducted 29 in-depth interviews with girls and mothers, as well as 28 key informant interviews with health providers, community leaders, and humanitarian actors. The data was thematically analyzed using a combination of inductive and deductive coding.ResultsA prevalent phenomenon in pre-war Syria, child marriage has been sustained after the influx of Syrian refugees into Egypt by pre-existing cultural traditions and gender norms that prioritize the role of girls as wives and mothers. However, displacement into Egypt engendered different responses. For some families, displacement-specific challenges such as disruptions to girls’ education, protection concerns, and livelihood insecurity were found to exacerbate girls’ vulnerability to child marriage. For others, however, displacement into urban areas in Egypt may have contributed to the erosion of social norms that favored child marriage, leading to marriage postponement. Among girls who were married early, we identified a range of negative health and social consequences, including lack of family planning use, disruption to schooling and curtailment of girls’ mobility as well as challenges with marriage and birth registration which accentuated their vulnerability.ConclusionEfforts to address child marriage among Syrian refugees must acknowledge the different ways in which displacement can influence child marriage attitudes and practices and should capitalize on positive changes that have the potential to catalyze social norm change. Moreover, targeted, focused and contextualized interventions should not only focus on preventing child marriage but also on mitigating its impacts.

The Detrimental Social Consequences of Child Marriage in the Slovenian Roma Population

The Detrimental Social Consequences of Child Marriage in the Slovenian Roma Population

Child Marriage in Rural Bangladesh and Its Consequences on Reproductive and Maternal Health: An Empirical Study

Despite the high prevalence of child marriage in Bangladesh and the potential adverse effects of child marriage on reproductive and maternal health outcomes, there is relatively little empirical evidence available on this issue, which has impeded efforts to stop child marriage and to initiate improved and effective adolescent health programs. The purpose of this study is to determine the causes of child marriage and its consequences on the reproductive and maternal health of child brides in Bangladesh. Data for the study came from a cross-sectional sample survey and the ultimate sampling units were selected by using a three-stage cluster sampling technique. The results of the study suggest that the dominant driving factors for child marriage are: poverty, lack of education, social and cultural norms, ensuring daughters’ financial security, protection of daughters from sexual harassment and unwelcome sexual advances. There are serious consequences of child marriage on adolescents’ health. It truncates a girl’s childhood, gives rise to severe physical and psychological risks on health, and takes her from internationally accepted human rights. The difference between mean years of marriage and first birth interval indicates that Bangladeshi adolescents hurry to initiate childbearing. They are at high risk of reproductive health. Most of them suffered from various maternal health problems such as gynecological problems before pregnancy, complications during pregnancy, at the time of delivery, and after delivery due to the absence of proper maturity. Child marriage enlarges boundary of vulnerability to adolescents that leads to poor fertility control and fertility-related outcomes, and poor maternal health care issues.

Adverse shocks, household expenditure and child marriage: evidence from India and Vietnam

Child marriage is associated with negative outcomes in regard to education, health and economic empowerment in later life. While the consequences of child marriage have been studied extensively, there has been limited discussion on the drivers of child marriage. This paper examines the impact of adverse shocks on child marriage. We use a sample of 886 girls between 12 and 18 years of age from India and Vietnam involved in the Young Lives project. The potential endogeneity problem is addressed by using rainfall deviation as the instrument. We find that in Vietnam, where bride price payment is a common practice in the event of expenditure reduction resulting from adverse shocks, a household may consider marrying off their daughter as a possible coping strategy. In contrast, in India where dowry payments are common, shocks may reduce the probability of child marriage, possibly, because a girl’s family is unable to meet the dowry requirements. These findings are robust to alternative ways of measuring child marriage, expenditure and rainfall deviation. We recommend that policies designed to reduce child marriage are considered in the context of cultural and social norms.

Causes and Effects of Child Marriage in Bangladesh: A Case Study at Halishahar, Chattogram, Bangladesh

Child marriage is one of the social diseases in Bangladesh which is an obstacle to overall progress of the country. It is still remaining a strong social custom in Bangladesh which causes high population growth rate of the country. It is a social phenomenon in Bangladesh that might be defined in many ways such as a legal problem, social problem, health problem, population problem and gender discrimination problem. Child marriage is the violation of child rights and an apparatus of discrimination against women. A considerable portion of the population of the country is children and in order to convert them into productive human resources of the country the problem of child marriage has to be addressed properly and steps should be taken immediately. This paper attempts to highlight the socio-economic causes and consequences of child marriage in Bangladesh. This paper also suggests some procedure to eliminate child marriage in Bangladesh. This research is conducted on the basis of primary and secondary data. For primary data a survey is conducted from September, 2018 to December, 2018 among 150 women aged 25 to 45 who got married before 18 years and live in slum at Santibag Area, Halishahar, Chattogram, Bangladesh. Secondary data are collected from various journals, books, reports and news paper writings.

Child marriage in Ghana: evidence from a multi-method study

BackgroundChild marriage remains a challenge in Ghana. Over the years, government and development partners have made various commitments and efforts to curb the phenomenon of child marriage. However, there is little empirical evidence on the predictors, norms and practices surrounding the practice to support their efforts, a gap this study sought to fill.MethodsThe study employed a multiple-method approach to achieve the set objectives. Data from the women’s file of the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) was used to examine the predictors of child marriage using frequencies and logistic regression methods. Data from Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) collected in Central and Northern regions of Ghana were used to examine norms and practices surrounding child marriage using thematic analysis.ResultsTwo in ten (20.68%) girls in the quantitative sample married as children. The results revealed that girls who had never attended school compared to those who had ever attended school were more likely to marry as children (OR, 3.01). Compared with girls in the lowest wealth quintile, girls in the middle (OR, 0.59), fourth (OR, 0.37) and highest (OR, 0.32) wealth quintiles were less likely to marry as children. From the qualitative data, the study identified poverty, teenage pregnancy, and cultural norms such as betrothal marriage, exchange of girls for marriage and pressure from significant others as the drivers of child marriage.ConclusionsThe findings show that various socio-economic and cultural factors such as education, teenage pregnancy and poverty influence child marriage. Hence, efforts to curb child marriage should be geared towards retention of girls in school, curbing teenage pregnancy, empowering girls economically, enforcing laws on child marriage in Ghana, as well as designing tailored advocacy programs to educate key stakeholders and adolescent girls on the consequences of child marriage. Additionally, there is the need to address socio-cultural norms/practices to help end child marriage.

In-depth examination of issues surrounding the reasons for child marriage in Kelantan, Malaysia: a qualitative study

ObjectiveTo examine individual, familial, community and societal issues surrounding the reasons for child marriage in Kelantan, Malaysia.DesignQualitative study by means of semistructured interviews with women and key informants, using social-ecological...

Multi-Country Analysis of Effects and Consequences of Child Marriage in Africa

This paper is drawn from the findings and recommendations of the UN Women East and Southern Africa led Multi-Country Analytical Study of Legislation, Policies, Interventions and Cultural Practices on Child Marriage in Africa undertaken in 2018. The study focused on Africa as a continent but with a deeper lens on 10 study countries (Niger, Mali, Nigeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, DRC and Morocco) that are among those with the highest prevalence of child marriage on the continent despite their high-level national commitments to end child marriage. This paper focuses on the findings of the study as they relate to the effects and consequences of child marriage in Africa and in the study countries in particular. Child marriage affects the involved children’s (mostly girls) quality of life in diverse, severe and lasting ways. These effects range from biological (health), to social and economic, all of which impact their lives permanently, especially their reproductive health, human rights and life chances as human beings. From a human rights perspective, child marriage is a violation of the rights of an individual, rooted in gender inequality and an impediment to girls’ social and economic development. In the study countries, the societies where this practice is common, exhibited a low value placed on girls and women, thereby perpetuating this as a norm and continually binding them in a vicious cycle affecting both present and subsequent generations. There is a strong correlation between child marriages, unequal opportunities for women, and low social economic development in those countries with countries that have a high prevalence of the practice. It follows therefore that developing countries have the highest levels of child marriages and that child marriages are most common among the proportion of the population living below the poverty line. The study noted that besides the inherent health risks associated with the practice, child marriages also put the girls at risks of maternal mortality, infection with venereal diseases and HIV as well as affecting their education and wellbeing. Child marriages also subject girls to rape throughout their marriage and increase other forms of gender-based violence such as domestic violence, child labour, loss of freedom isolation for the victims, school drop-out and illiteracy. Keywords: Child marriage, Child bride, prevalence, survivors, hotspots, UN Women, effects and consequences, women and girls, children, culture, religion, society, families, Africa, Niger, Mali, Nigeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, DRC and Morocco DOI : 10.7176/JCSD/50-05 Publication date :July 31 st 2019

Supporting Factors and Consequences of Child Marriage

This study aims to give an overview of the causes and consequences of child marriage by qualitative research using in-depth interview techniques. Participants were eight girls who married during their childhood and live in Java, Indonesia. Interviews were analyzed by using content analysis techniques. The results show that underlying factors causing child marriage, include the following: (1) unwanted pregnancy; (2) the influence of parents and the surrounding environment for fear of slander and unwanted things; (3) education; and (4) economy. The consequences of child marriage include: (1) dicontinuation of education; (2) economic instability; (3) violation of law, age falsification, unregistered marriage, difficulties in obtaining birth certificates; (4) deprivation of children's liberty and autonomy; (5) psychological problems; (6) violence; and (7) health problems especially in girls.