Consequences Of Segregation Research Articles

Roma Children’s School Segregation As a Persistent Public Educational System Issue in Romania

School segregation of Roma has become one of the most studied disciplines in the field of education in the last 20 years. Even though research mentions its persistence, no studies have shown how it persists, this study aims to fill this gap in the specialized literature. Based on the analysis of several reports, this qualitative study aims to show how the school segregation of Roma in Romania survives in the mainstream education system. Despite the fact that in 2004 the state recognized the seriousness of the problem and introduced Ordinance 1540/2007 prohibiting all forms of school segregation, many public-school units in Romania continue to practice this form of discrimination against Roma children. School segregation is a persistent problem in Romania, and studies show that between 1998 and 2016, the proportion of segregated schools increased significantly, becoming a barrier in the Roma integration process. The recommendations of the study on solutions against the school segregation of Roma children aim to involve Roma civil society in the process of monitoring segregated schools, enrolling Roma children from residentially segregated communities in mixed schools and informing parents about the consequences of segregation on Roma children.

How Sn addition influences texture development in single-phase Fe alloys: Correlation between local chemical information, microstructure and recrystallisation

Sn addition is known to affect the recrystallisation texture development of α -Fe. To date, even though the texture effect of Sn has been experimentally verified, although indirectly, the underlying mechanism has not been studied. In the present study, we focus on the static recrystallisation behaviour of Fe-Si-Sn alloys to elucidate the texture preferences assessing for the effect of Sn solute addition. The experimental approach is based on sequential electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) texture analysis complemented with a site-specific chemical analysis of grain boundaries by atom probe tomography (APT). It is directly observed through our experiments that boundary segregation phenomena, which occur at the onset and later stages of recrystallisation, provide crucial understanding of texture development. Especially in the presence of solute, the orientation dependence of the energy stored by deformation largely determines the course of the subsequent recrystallisation. In the Fe-Si-Sn alloy, recrystallisation at the highest stored energy grains is hindered. As a consequence of segregation, {001}〈110〉 orientations recrystallise at later stages of the process, forming predominantly grains with orientations of the { h 11}〈1/ h 12〉 fibre. These grains are suggested to form following an oriented nucleation mechanism, while their growth could be interpreted with Ibe and Lücke's theory of selective growth of 26.5 〈110〉 boundaries in bcc metals. • Sn affecting recrystallization texture evolution; during short annealing times. • Local correlative study with in-situ EBSD and site-specific atom probe tomography. • Key mechanisms discussed; segregation effect on recrystallization nucleation-growth. • Gamma-fibre ({111} <uvw>) recrystallization greatly reduced due to Sn segregation. • Segregation promoting the intensity of {411}<148> recrystallization texture.

The dynamics between the food environment and residential segregation: An analysis of metropolitan areas

The benefits of a “healthy diet” are firmly established, but the ability to follow established dietary-guidelines varies significantly across the American population. While personal choices do matter, the local food environment plays a role in the ability to access the right foods.This study examines the underlying pathways by which residential segregation affects the food environment in all large metropolitan areas in the United States by specifically relating the different dimensions of residential segregation with the food environment in terms of both access and quality, variety of food available. Using variance function regression, we simultaneously model the means and variances, and therefore the net effects of residential segregation on the food environment.Results show that residential segregation impacts the relative availability of healthy food options compared to unhealthy food options. More segregated metros have relatively fewer healthy food outlets and also have larger travel distances to healthy food outlets. Increased residential segregation is also associated with less variation in the food environment, especially for segregation by income.By shedding light on the particular aspects of residential segregation that impact the food environment, this study fits into both the debate over the consequences of segregation, and the debate over effective food retail zoning and accessibility.

The effect on the mechanical response of Cr and Ni segregation on dislocation lines in bcc Fe

The understanding of irradiation-induced strengthening in ferritic-martensitic high-Cr steels remains an essential issue in the assessment of materials for fusion and next generation fission reactors. Recent advanced experimental studies revealed the importance of solute-rich clusters, containing Cr, Ni, Si, P and Mn, which often are created as a consequence of segregation at dislocation lines. In this work, Metropolis Monte Carlo (MMC) is applied to investigate segregation of Cr and Ni atoms around edge dislocation lines in bcc Fe. The content of Cr is varied between 7% and 10%, with and without 0.25% of Ni. Molecular dynamics has subsequently been applied to the enriched dislocation lines to study the critical resolved shear stress at 300 K and 600 K for different concentrations of solutes in the alloy. It is found that even small amounts of Ni significantly increase the hardening of the material.

MariaKrysan and KyleCrowderCycle of Segregation: Social Processes and Residential StratificationNew York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2017. 288 p. $35.00

MariaKrysan and KyleCrowderCycle of Segregation: Social Processes and Residential StratificationNew York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2017. 288 p. $35.00

Selective mobility, segregation and neighbourhood effects

Selective mobility, segregation and neighbourhood effects

Selective mobility, segregation and neighbourhood effects

Selective mobility, segregation and neighbourhood effects

Selective mobility, segregation and neighbourhood effects

Selective mobility, segregation and neighbourhood effects

Surface segregation of W doped in ZnO thin films

We observed surface segregation of W (0.05–4mol%) doped in ZnO films by annealing above 900K. The segregation coefficient was related to the crystal quality of the film, where slower segregation occurs in higher-quality crystalline films. Using low-energy He+ ion scattering spectroscopy for structure analysis, we found that the W–ZnO surface terminates with an O-layer, and W is located in a substitutional site of Zn at the second surface layer as a consequence of segregation. On the other hand, we observed no indication that W occupies certain sites in the ZnO lattice at the subsurface. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (He I) on the W-segregated ZnO surface indicates that W is hexavalent at the Zn site. The segregation of the W atom is likely accompanied by two Zn vacancies. Ion beam mixing followed by annealing of the ZnO surface deposited with W provides a surface electronic structure similar to that of W-segregated ZnO.

Recognizing Formal and Substantive Equality in the Oršuš Case

On 16 March 2010 the ECtHR, in a second-instance judgement in the case of Orsus v. Croatia (hereinafter: the Orsus case), found that the policy of Croatian elementary schools distinguishing among students based on their grasp of Croatian language resulted in discriminatory segregation of Roma students what constitutes a violation of the European Convention on Human Rights. This judgment was overwhelmingly accepted by the Roma rights activists across Europe, because it represents a continuum in the ECtHR jurisprudence that condemns the segregation of Roma through education. Namely, in advance to this judgment there was a couple of cases where the ECtHR had established violation of the prohibition of discrimination, that came as a consequence of segregation of Roma children in primary education. All those cases underline the on-going practice of segregation of Roma children in separate classes that is present in several European countries, based either explicitly on their ethnic origin and alleged mental disabilities, or - as it was the case in Croatia - on grounds of their inadequate official language skills. This article examines differing approaches to equality towards the Roma taken by the Croatian Constitutional Court, First Section of the ECtHR and the ECtHR’s Grand Chamber in the Orsus case. We argue that different approaches to equality can provide a useful framework to explain substantially different judgements in this case.

Zal de Invoering van Referentieniveaus het Niveau van het Onderwijs Verhogen?

Recently, general standards of reference ('referentieniveaus') for language and mathe-matics were introduced in the educational system in the Netherlands. The assumption is that these standards will lead to higher levels of these basic skills. Furthermore, the standards should be helpful for the identification of low quality schools. In this article, both these expectations are questioned. Using a national database on more than 500 primary schools, it is shown that levels of language and mathematics (not surprisingly) differ widely between students from different social and ethnic backgrounds. And, as a consequence of segregation along these lines, schools with different student populations, vary widely in their outcomes. It is argued that general standards can be useful on a national level, in order to monitor the outcomes of the educational system. But in order to evaluate individual schools, more differentiated methods for evaluation are required, taking differences in student population into account.

Changing Ethnic Segregation and Housing Disadvantage in Dundee

Dundee has a small black and minority ethnic (BME) population, which has been neglected by previous research, as have BME populations in small towns and cities generally. As in other British cities, the residential locations of the main BME groups are distinct from that of the white population. After briefly reviewing the history of settlement in Dundee, this paper examines the extent to which patterns of ethnic segregation have changed between 1991 and 2001. Some moves towards dispersal and suburbanisation are identified but there are important contrasts between different BME groups. The implications of segregation for housing availability are assessed through Census of Population data. The hypothesis is posed that the consequences of segregation for housing disadvantage are greater in small cities such as Dundee.

Social Isolation and Social Cohesion: The Effects of K–12 Neighborhood and School Segregation on Intergroup Orientations

Background/Context The United States is becoming increasingly racially and ethnically diverse, and increasingly racially isolated across race-ethnic boundaries. Researchers have argued that both diversity and racial isolation serve to undermine the social cohesion needed to bind American citizens to one another and to society at large. Focus of Study Given the compelling and consistent findings relating desegregation to social inclusion, this research posits that the issue of declining social trust and social cohesion may be better understood as a consequence of segregation and social isolation within communities rather than as a consequence of variations in diversity across communities. Thus, this study examines the relationship between social cohesion (social distance) and social isolation (race-ethnic segregation) at the institutional level—in schools and neighborhoods. Thus, in the present study, social distance, which reflects both weak connections among ethnically diverse groups in society and limited “bridging capital,” serves as our operational indicator of social cohesion. Participants Participants in this study come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen, a national probability sample of approximately 4,000 first-time students entering selective colleges and universities in 1999. Equal numbers of African American, Latino, Asian, and White students were sampled from 28 participating institutions, which resulted in an oversampling of minority students to provide meaningful comparisons across each of the major race-ethnic groups. Research Design This study examines the effects of early racial isolation in schools and neighborhoods on social cohesion (i.e., preference for same-race neighbors, preference for children to have same-race schoolmates, and social distance); as such, the measures of social cohesion are drawn from the baseline survey (Wave 1) conducted at the beginning of the first year, before college context and experiences could reasonably impact these outcomes. The models in this study are estimated by race-ethnic group using ordinary least squares regression. The social cohesion outcomes (i.e., preference for same-race neighbors, preference for children to have same race-schoolmates, and social distance) are estimated separately for each race-ethnic group as a function of early racial isolation in neighborhoods, early racial isolation in schools, high school type and context, and student demographics. Findings/Results Results suggest that social isolation in schools plays a more significant role than neighborhood isolation in diminishing social cohesion among young adults, although both matter. Our overall findings relating social isolation in K–12 schooling and young adults’ feelings of social distance, as well as preference for same race-neighbors, offer further support for perpetuation theory, which suggests that early school segregation leads to segregation across the life course and across institutional contexts. The findings also point to school segregation's intergenerational consequences and are consistent with the results of Crain's classic research using Office of Civil Rights data, which laid the foundation for later studies on the long-term effects of desegregation.

Revisiting Tiebout's Model: A Classroom Exercise

In this paper we use a classroom exercise to reveal the main efficiency and equity aspects of the Tiebout hypothesis. We conduct and extend the exercise developed by Brouhle et al (2005) by including a second phase in which students have the opportunity to evaluate the implications of the Tiebout model when both individual incomes and preferences are heterogeneous. By doing this, we are able to illustrate and discuss the consequences of segregation: first, in terms of efficiency, since segregation by preferences increases overall welfare and; second, in terms of equity, since segregation by income increases inequality between groups and poses a threat to equality of opportunities. Furthermore, we complement the classroom exercise with a brief questionnaire designed to gather information about the student’s rating of this sort of experience. From this, we obtain that students indeed appreciate the use of more participative means of teaching and learning, rating highly the goodness of the exercise.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SELECTION ON SEX VERSUS RECOMBINATION IN RED QUEEN MODELS WITH DIPLOID HOSTS

The Red Queen hypothesis argues that parasites generate selection for genetic mixing (sex and recombination) in their hosts. A number of recent papers have examined this hypothesis using models with haploid hosts. In these haploid models, sex and recombination are selectively equivalent. However, sex and recombination are not equivalent in diploids because selection on sex depends on the consequences of segregation as well as recombination. Here I compare how parasites select on modifiers of sexual reproduction and modifiers of recombination rate. Across a wide set of parameters, parasites tend to select against both sex and recombination, though recombination is favored more often than is sex. There is little correspondence between the conditions favoring sex and those favoring recombination, indicating that the direction of selection on sex is often determined by the effects of segregation, not recombination. Moreover, when sex was favored it is usually due to a long-term advantage whereas short-term effects are often responsible for selection favoring recombination. These results strongly indicate that Red Queen models focusing exclusively on the effects of recombination cannot be used to infer the type of selection on sex that is generated by parasites on diploid hosts.

Linkage to a self-sterility locus. Consequences for segregation and selection

A model is investigated where the locus for gametophytic self-sterility, S, is closely linked to a locus A with two alleles A and a. Without selection at the A locus an equilibrium is rapidly reached where all S alleles have the same frequency. The segregation of aa is then fixed and determined by the proportion of S alleles which are linked to a. Even with complete selection against aa it is impossible to eliminate the a allele, as long as A and a are linked to different S alleles. Also in this case an equilibrium is rapidly approached, and after that, selection is ineffective. The important parameter for the segregation of aa is the number of S alleles which occur linked to the different alleles in the A locus. A relaxation of selection will restore the situation in the unselected population in a few generations. When heterogeneous combinations occur, where the same S allele is linked to A as well as a, the frequencies of the S1 A and S1 a haplotypes will not be changed if there is no selection at the A locus. With selection against aa the S1 a haplotype will be eliminated. The only effective way to reduce th segregation of aa is to increase the number of S alleles which are linked to A.

Racial Residential Segregation and Crime

AbstractRacial residential segregation is a pervasive and persistent feature of life in urban America. The consequences of segregation are numerous and are generally deleterious for minority populations. One consequence of segregation is inflated rates of crime in segregated areas. However, the study of segregation and crime is limited to a handful of studies and many questions remain unanswered. These include: (i) Does the criminogenic effect of segregation remain when research employs a unit of analysis other than cities (e.g., neighborhoods, regions)? (ii) What is the primary theoretical mechanism by which racial segregation produces crime? (iii) What types of mediating processes can attenuate the criminogenic effect of segregation? The current article will summarize the interdisciplinary literature on segregation and crime and discuss avenues for future research.

Research in Ethnic Segregation II: Measurements, Categories and Meanings

The issue of spatial segregation, especially inasmuch as it involves ethnic and racial groups, has generated a tremendous amount of controversy. It has also spurred numerous studies across many social science disciplines. Geographers have long been involved in both measuring and explaining segregation. This makes sense considering that segregation is a primarily spatial phenomenon that often examines how specifically defined groups come to occupy distinct places. Non-geographers have also examined segregation, with many of them asking essentially geographic questions. For these reasons, we feel that it is appropriate to survey the status of current research in the field of segregation. This progress report is the second of three dealing with segregation research in geography and related disciplines. We separate our overview into three broad sectors: (1) the factors that produce segregation, discussed in Kaplan and Woodhouse (2004); (2) the measurement, categorization, and meanings of segregation, outlined in this current progress report; (3) and the consequences of segregation, which will be discussed in the third and last report next year. While these themes can and do overlap, we feel this is the best way to organize the current literature. What emerges most out of the current set of readings is the extent to which segregation is a contingent phenomenon. The meaning of segregation is dictated by the types of individuals, the political and social milieu, and the history of the region. Each country carries its own freight in regard to race, ethnicity, nationalism, and social status. All of these define how segregation is categorized, measured, and evaluated. We attempt to accomplish a few things in structuring this progress report. Our first goal is to observe how segregation is measured. Many years ago, Duncan and Duncan (1955) derived an index of dissimilarity as a way to empirically measure segregation, rather than relying on naive conceptions. Since then, the tools of measurement have become more sophisticated and many segregation studies now report on a variety of measures. Geographic Information Systems have furthered our ability to understand segregation patterns and render possible analyses that would have been extraordinarily labor intensive just a few years ago. Our second goal is to examine how segregation can be categorized, according to the groups involved as well as the patterns and processes of

Research in Ethnic Segregation I: Causal Factors

As a topic of study, segregation is both controversial and complex. Segregation is often seen to mark a failure of assimilation and a process that spatially victimizes certain minority groups. Eliminating segregation is a normative goal in many societies hoping to end the division of their urban areas on the basis of race and ethnicity. Research is often marshaled to uncover how segregation develops and how it may be mitigated. A second area of controversy involves the construction of the categories upon which segregation is measured. Current social scientific research articulates how racial and ethnic categories are formed and how these categorizations are then reified. The classification of some groups as “racial” and others as “ethnic” affirms the power of categorizations and the ascription of difference to groups of people (Boal, 2000). The basis by which we measure segregation often depends on categories delineated by official statistical agencies (see Berry and Henderson, 2002; Forest, 2002). The U.S. Census defines “racial categories,” ethnic categories based on Hispanic status, and categories based on ancestry data. Other countries officially designate groups on the basis of religion or nationality or choose not to distinguish some groups at all. Any study of segregation involves a group in a context. Most research focuses on one group/context dyad but some studies are more comparative. Groups vary considerably, not only in their cultural makeup but also in the financial, human, and other resources they possess. Context generally refers to a place and accordingly accounts for a wide variety of factors relating to history, culture, economic opportunity, and the political state. In any event, the group-context relationship ensures that the potential for variation is enormous. This progress report is the first of three dealing with segregation research in geography. We have decided to divide our overview of segregation into the factors that produce it, the varied meanings ascribed to it, and the manifold consequences of group separation. In this first report, we examine research related to the causes of segregation. The second report will focus more explicitly on the multiple meanings ascribed to segregation and the relationship between segregation and ethnic identity. The third report will look at the consequences of segregation.

Quantification and control of the sulfur c(2 × 2) superstructure on {100}〈100〉 Ni for optimization of YSZ, CeO2, and SrTiO3 seed layer texture

We investigated the influence of a chemisorbed S template with c(2 × 2) structure on the epitaxial growth of different oxide buffer layers on {100}〈100〉 Ni. The sulfur superstructure spontaneously forms on the Ni surface during the texturing anneal as a consequence of segregation. However, depending on the initial S bulk concentration and/or specific annealing conditions, the S layer can cover less than the entire substrate's surface. We show that an incomplete c(2 × 2) coverage causes degradation of the seed buffer layer texture as compared to the substrate texture. A simple step consisting of an H2S predeposition anneal can be used to control the superstructure coverage and optimize the seed layer texture.