Consequence Of Polarization Research Articles

An exact closed-form solution of three-dimensional transient Green's functions in a constrained transversely isotropic half-space

In this paper, we derive an exact closed-form solution of three-dimensional transient Green's functions (GFs) at the free surface of a constrained transversely isotropic (TI) half-space due to an arbitrarily oriented surface point force of Heaviside time variation. The solution clearly delineates the distinct features of body waves (P-, SV- and SH- waves) as well as Rayleigh surface wave in displacement components and demonstrates the travel time of each wave amplitude in terms of inequalities among elastic coefficients. It is further shown that owing to material anisotropy, the radial and angular displacements due to horizontal point force may contain a special disturbance, which attenuates proportionally to the inverse square of epicentral distance from the source whilst varies linearly with time. This novel feature is attributed to the peculiarities of shear wave splitting, a consequence of polarization, with different velocities, of the SV- and SH- waves in TI materials, and as such, does not exist in isotropic materials. It is also worthwhile to mention that for this constrained anisotropy, the Rayleigh wave function is degenerated into a new elegant formulation whose real root specifies the Rayleigh wave velocity in terms of elastic coefficients. Moreover, the transient GFs are computed for the entire range of the elastic coefficients including also the case when the Rayleigh function has complex conjugate roots. For validation, the new GFs derived in this paper are suitably degenerated into the corresponding solutions for the isotropic (Poisson's) material and are compared with the existing solutions. The effect of Poisson's ratio on the isotropic response functions is graphically illustrated and so is the effect of material anisotropy for different synthetic TI materials.

When Revolutionary Coalitions Break Down: Polarization, Protest, and the Tunisian Political Crisis of August 2013

Revolutionary coalitions often break down in the aftermath of revolution, leading to the collapse of transitional governments. Fragmentation among revolutionary elites has been extensively theorized, but few works consider the origins and consequences of polarization among non-elite protesters in the revolutionary coalition. This paper examines the case of Tunisia to unpack how polarization among former revolutionaries may drive secondary waves of mobilization that imperil governing coalitions, even when elites are cooperating. Unique protest surveys of pro- and anti-government demonstrations during the Tunisian political crisis of 2013 – which catalyzed the resignation of the country’s first elected assembly – show that polarization within this coalition occurred along ideological lines concerning the role of Islam in governance but not along class lines, as some theories of transition would predict. Revolutionaries are re-mobilized in part through divergent narratives concerning which social groups participated most in the revolutionary struggle, and which groups suffered and profited most under the old regime. This paper counters the elite-centrism of predominant “transitology” approaches by highlighting how protest politics may shape institutional transitions.

The Dynamics of the Demobilization of the Protest Campaign in Assam

ABSTRACTThis study highlights the role that critical events play in the demobilization of protest campaigns. Social movement scholars suggest that protest campaigns demobilize as a consequence of polarization within the campaign or the cooptation of the campaign leaders. I offer critical events as an alternative causal mechanism and argue that protest campaigns in ethnically divided societies are particularly combustible, as they have the potential to trigger unintended or unorchestrated communal violence. When such violence occurs, elite strategies change, mass support declines, and the campaign demobilizes. An empirical investigation of the dynamics of the demobilization phase of the anti-foreigner protest campaign in Assam, India, between 1979 and 1985 confirms this argument. A single group analysis is conducted to compare the dynamics of the campaign before and after the communal violence by using time series event data collected from The Indian Express, a national newspaper. The study has wider implications for the literature on collective action, as it illuminates the dynamic and complex nature of protest campaigns.

ПОЛЯРИЗАЦІЯ МІЖПАРТІЙНОЇ БОРОТЬБИ В США В КОНТЕКСТІ ПРЕЗИДЕНТСЬКИХ ВИБОРІВ 2016 РОКУ

The article analyzes features of inter-party struggle in the United States and its manifestation during 2016 presidential elections. Special attention in this article is paid to history of origin, formation and development of American bipartisanship. Unwritten principles of bipartisanship according to V. Sogrin were also considered in this article. Current conditions and features of inter­party struggle, their ideologization in the twentieth century and consequences of polarization in society were described. We also considered eight groups that now exist in American society, their basic values and involvement in political process.

Desolventizing organic solvent-soybean oil miscella using ultrafiltration ceramic membranes

This work reports the use of ceramic membranes with different cut-offs (5, 10 and 20kDa) for the separation of synthetic mixtures simulating soybean oil industrial miscellas in organic solvents (n-hexane, ethanol and isopropanol). The mass ratios oil/solvent investigated in this work were 1:4, 1:3 and 1:1 (w/w) for the feed pressures of 0.5–4bar depending on the miscella. It is shown that n-butanol was the best solvent for the proper conditioning of 20kDa membrane, since it increased permeate flux of n-hexane, up to 314L/m2h at 1bar of transmembrane pressure. The desolventizing of oil/solvent mixtures was strongly affected by solvent nature, and on the solute–solvent–membrane affinity. The highest retentions were observed for oil/ethanol mixtures, with values usually close to 100%, as a consequence of polarity as well as low solvation power. Crude oil mixture with n-hexane (industrial mixture) yielded greater retention and lower flux than those obtained with refined oil, due to the polarized layer formed by gums and phospholipids. Results reported in this work indicate the potential applicability of this technology in vegetable oil processing and biodiesel industries in the solvent recovery step.

Overcoming the polarization catastrophe in the rocksalt oxides MgO and CaO

Interfaces between dissimilar polar materials may provide a pathway to new device functionality, including high carrier mobility layers at the interface. The development of these materials has proven challenging, in part because of the high energy cost of forming polar surfaces. Our density functional theory calculations explore the mechanisms by which a real material satisfies the electrostatic criteria for stability imposed by a polar surface. The consequences of polarity are studied by comparing the formation energies, charge distribution, and electronic structure of a number of low-index surfaces of rocksalt MgO and CaO. These surfaces are explored both in their bare, undecorated form as well as with surface reconstructions and adsorbed foreign species. Our ground-state surface energies are extended to relevant environmental conditions by use of ab initio thermodynamics. We find that the high energy of bare polar surfaces is the result of the significant charge redistribution that arises to compensate the polarity and pushes electronic states into the forbidden band gap. Other mechanisms of polarity compensation (reconstruction or foreign species adsorption) are therefore seen more frequently. We explain the experimental observations of surface roughness during growth in the [111] direction. In typical epitaxial growth conditions, there is preferential formation of an octopolar reconstruction of the {111} surface, which exposes {001}-type nanofacets. The low energy of the {001} surface likely causes these facets to grow, leading to a rough surface morphology. Our results indicate that when water vapor is present during growth, a smooth, polar surface can be stabilized by the formation of a hydroxyl layer.

Review Article: Putting Polarization in Perspective

Scholarly research has demonstrated rather conclusively that American political elites have undergone a marked partisan polarization over the past thirty years. There is less agreement, however, as to whether the American electorate is polarized. This review article evaluates the evidence, causes and consequences of polarization on both the elite and mass levels. A marked difference between the two is found. Elites are polarized by almost any definition, although this state of affairs is quite common historically. In contrast, mass attitudes are now better sorted by party, but generally not polarized. While it is unclear whether this potentially troubling disconnect between centrist mass attitudes and extreme elite preferences has negative policy consequences, it appears that the super-majoritarian nature of the US Senate serves as a bulwark against policy outcomes that are more ideologically extreme than the public would prefer. Moreover, a public more centrist than those who represent it has also at times exerted a moderating influence on recent policies.

Wie global ist die Weltstadthypothese?

Abstract This paper is an empirical examination of the process of social polarization in global cities. Drawing on evidence from New York, London and Tokyo, Sassen claims that the processes of economic change linked to globalization are leading to a growing polarization of occupational and income structure whereby there is a growth of both the low-income and high-income strata paralleled by a decline of the middle class. Furthermore, Sassen states that the restructuring of the social urban and economic structure of global cities results in new sociospatial configurations, among them, gentrification and spatially concentrated poverty and physical decay. Using data from Zurich, Switzerland, it is argued that while Zurich exhibits social polarization as predicted by the global cities hypothesis, the extent of both the social as well as the spatial consequences of polarization in Zurich are not comparable to those described by Sassen. This paper highlights the distinctive effects in mediating the impact of gl...

Storage capacity of holo-interferograms.

The practical storage capacity of a holographic medium can be found by finely comparing reconstructions from independent holograms of an information-dense object wave. With the help of two orthogonally polarized reference waves, a pair of volume holograms is recorded simultaneously at imprint densities as high as 4.1 x 10(10) bits/cm3. As a consequence of polarization, the holograms are not mutually coherent, and the twin encodings of the object wave can be reconstructed separately. These are brought into fine registration interferometrically and then scanned by a CCD camera. Experiments on glass-mounted Agfa 8E56, a fine-grained silver halide emulsion designed for holography, are reported. When the object wave was moderately dense in information, grain noise was the main cause of the reconstruction errors. Emulsional plasticity was the more significant factor both when the object wave was optically sparse and when it was extremely dense. Plasticity noise limited the information that could be retrieved to 2.7 x 10(10) bits/cm3, which is 2 orders of magnitude below the capacity suggested by the emulsion's bandwidth and grain-noise figures alone.

The University in Ruins?

Just before his untimely death, Bill Readings finished writing a book that will be a center of discussion and an object of critical dialogic exchange for some time to come. The University in Ruins contains an argument that should be considered carefully by academics, administrators, and the general public.' This argument demonstrates that, while the culture wars may not be as heated as they were only a short time ago, the issues they raised are in no sense a thing of the past. Indeed the consequences of polarization and rhetorical overkill are still with us, as is the tendency of extreme ideological positions to meet in curious and unsettling ways. I would begin by noting that, in my own judgment, the contemporary academy is based on a systemic, schizoid division between a market model and a model of corporate solidarity and collegial responsibility. (Often one or the other model is invoked in ways that best serve the selfinterest of the commentator.) The market model is employed in the prevalent idea that undergraduates subsidize research and graduate education and that they are not getting their money's worth, notably at a time when tuition is very high and has been outpacing the general rate of inflation. The market model has also played a significant role in the establishment of criteria for teaching and reward in departments and in the setting of salaries and perquisites for individuals. The idea here is that a department, to be competitive nationally, must conform to national criteria, for example, with respect to faculty that it is trying to recruit. And

Microlensing and polarization

The discovery of the microlensing effect has found out the new population — dark bodies having mass of the order of 0.1M⊙ which form the halo of our Galaxy. There are two main criteria which identify a light curve as the reveal of the microlensing effect. They are symmetry of the light curve and equal amplification in different colors. We consider polarization of the light beam arising in microlensing effect and find that additional test is possible — polarization of light in the case of a finite star disk. Consequences of polarization are also considered.

Polar analogues of two theorems by Minkowski

Since Minkowski's time, much progress has been made in the geometry of numbers, even as far as the geometry of numbers of convex bodies is concerned. But, surprisingly, one rather obvious interpretation of classical theorems in this theory has so far escaped notice.Minkowski's basic theorem establishes an upper estimate for the smallest positive value of a convex distance function F(x) on the lattice of all points x with integral coordinates. By contrast, we shall establish a lower estimate for F(x) at all the real points X on a suitable hyperplanewith integral coefficients u1, …, un not all zero. We arrive at this estimate by means of applying to Minkowski's Theorem the classical concept of polarity relative to the unit hypersphereThis concept of polarity allows generally to associate with known theorems on point lattices analogous theorems on what we call hyperplane lattices. These new theorems, although implicit in the old ones, seem to have some interest and perhaps further work on hyperplane lattices may lead to useful results.In the first sections of this note a number of notations and results from the classical theory will be collected. The later sections deal then with the consequences of polarity.

DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FOOD MANUFACTURING AND DISTRIBUTIVE INDUSTRIES

This paper, in reviewing developments in food manufacturing and distribution, discusses trends in the overall demand for food, particularly the increase in demand for convenience foods. Along with this has gone an increased concentration of power in both the food manufacturing and distributive industries. The economic performance of these industries and the role of price competition is considered together with the possible consequences of polarisation of power between food manufacturers and distributors.

Effect of Polarization on the Albedo

THE short-wave or optical albedo has been determined for a great variety of terrestrial surfaces by many observers. In the case of snow, and also for water, the albedo is known to depend on solar elevation and on the presence or absence of a cloud cover1,2. Little thought seems to have been given to the mechanism underlying that dependence. I wish to show here that a substantial part of it is a consequence of polarization which occurs when radiation is reflected and scattered by a terrestrial surface, and that this effect is particularly significant for surfaces with structures which have undergone orientation by the wind.

Polarization Studies in Tissue Models.

It is known that the electric resistance of animal tissues, contrary to that of solutions, is not determined by the law of Ohm alone.1 This has been explained as consequence of polarization caused by semipermeable cell membranes at cell interfaces. The degree of polarization and, therefore, of the permeability can be measured by the capacitance or inductance needed to obtain a sharp minimum on the Wheatstone bridge. As further manifestation of polarization, the resistance of tissues decreases with the increasing frequency of the alternating current. While other authors worked mostly with methods based on the first phenomena, we used the difference in conductivity at high and low frequencies as measure of membrane polarization and permeability. In order to elucidate to some degree the chemical and colloid-chemical conditions underlying the polarization and permeability phenomena, different artificial membranes with various constituents were used.A Wheatstone bridge was employed. Alternating currents of var...