Consequences Of Crime Research Articles

Temporal Observations of the Scope and Structure of Crime

Because of updating the methodological foundations of Russian criminological science, an epistemological potential of the historical method can be revived. Within the framework of historical criminology, crime is understood not as a fixed number of crimes committed in a certain period of time, but as a social process observed during this time period. At the same time, the historical method is important not only for understanding the dynamics of crime as a whole. It can also be used to correct and clarify existing ideas about its internal characteristics. In particular, the use of the historical method to study traditional quantitative indicators of crime — scope and structure — gives researchers new opportunities. Under this approach, the actual scope of crime should be determined by the present (crimes that have been committed and identified at the moment), the past that must be remembered (latent crimes), and the past that must be forgotten (expired and decriminalized acts). The structure of crime in its historical analysis appears as a combination of independently changing «stable» and «variable» parts of crime. The point of connection of the past and the future in the scope and structure of crime represent criminogenic properties of crime social consequences, revealing themselves in the mechanism of its self-determination. At the same time, the historical cross-section of this mechanism includes a deterministic effect of consequences of past crimes and the fear of future crime. The data on the state, structure and consequences of crime, clarified through historical analysis, can not only correct the prevailing theoretical ideas about crime’s danger, but also makes a significant contribution into our ideas about the real scope of preventive and law enforcement activities.

Rights of Restitution to Child Victims Under Law No. 35 of 2014 Concerning Child Protection

Restitution is the compensation paid by a perpetrator, as determined by a court with a final legal decision, to cover the material and/or immaterial losses suffered by the victim or their heirs. In cases involving child victims, restitution becomes obligatory for the perpetrator to compensate the victim for their losses. This demonstrates the perpetrator's responsibility for actions that have harmed the victim, their family, or heirs, in accordance with Article 71 D Paragraph (2) of Law Number 35 of 2014, which amends Law number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection. Restitution, as a form of compensation for victims of crimes, aligns with the Principle of Restoration to its Original Condition (restitutio in integrum), aiming to restore victims to their state before the crime, although complete restoration may not be possible. It emphasizes a holistic recovery approach, addressing various aspects resulting from the crime's consequences. Through restitution, victims can recover their freedom, legal rights, social status, family life, citizenship, residence, employment, and assets. The research will be conducted at the Belawan Police, Medan LPSK, and Bagan Deli Belawan Village.

Features of the Prevention of Entrepreneurial Offenses in the Formation of a Legal State

Object of study: The article deals with the measures of prevention of criminal offenses in the field of business according to the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Based on the results of the survey conducted with entrepreneurs and specialists engaged in the investigation of crimes in the field of business, the author, while studying the personality of the criminal in this field, determining the causes and consequences of crime and the dynamics of its growth, proposes comprehensive measures for the prevention of business crimes. The main goal of the research is a comprehensive analysis of criminal legislation and criminological issues of crimes whose subject is an entrepreneur, as well as theoretical justification and systematic development of organizational and legal measures that provide action against the illegal behavior of this category of persons on this basis. Methodology: Based on the basics of empirical research, the researcher is increasing the relevance of the article by means of legal analysis, survey research and other critical methods. The main materials of the research are the materials of 500 criminal cases in the archive, the results of the answers received from 400 citizens in a number of regions of the country, the results of the answers received from 300 practical employees of the city and district Internal Affairs Departments, the Financial Police and Legal statistics of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Justice, the Anti-Corruption Agency and the Prosecutor General and statistical data of the information reporting committee. Main results: As a result of the study, a proposal was made to make changes to the criminal legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan to hold those who have committed criminal offenses in the field of economic activity responsible for business entities (representatives of small, medium and large businesses). Theoretical contributions: A special way to increase the effectiveness of legislation on entrepreneurship is criminal responsibility for entrepreneurial activities. Traditionally, criminal responsibility is a state coercion and the most severe punishment is always a measure of influence against the offender. According to scientists, it has been proven that as a result of the economic growth of the country, the crime rate will decrease.

The Study of Crime and Deviant Behaviour

The study of crime and deviant behaviour is a broad and complex field that encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including sociology, psychology, criminology, and criminal justice. Criminologists seek to understand the causes and consequences of crime and deviant behaviour, as well as develop effective strategies for prevention and control. One of the central goals of criminology is to identify the factors that contribute to crime. These factors can be broadly divided into two categories: individual and social. Individual factors include things like age, gender, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and personality. Social factors include things like poverty, inequality, unemployment, discrimination, and social norms. Criminologists also study the consequences of crime, both for victims and offenders. Victims of crime can experience a wide range of negative consequences, including physical injury, emotional trauma, and financial loss. Offenders can also experience negative consequences, such as imprisonment, stigma, and difficulty finding employment. In addition to understanding the causes and consequences of crime, criminologists also develop and evaluate strategies for prevention and control. Prevention strategies aim to reduce the likelihood that crime will occur in the first place. Control strategies aim to reduce the harm caused by crime when it does occur

Changing Paradigms: Criminal Responsibility in Mental Health Laws of Pakistan and UN Conventions on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

An individual is liable for his/her wrong doings against fellow members of the society. However, in certain situations he/she can be exempted from his/her actions, especially in a situation whereby he/she cannot differentiate in right and wrong due to his/her mental incapability. In the modern era, ample development has been gained in the field of mental health and an effective mechanism has been provided as to observe and implement the principles of responsibility between crime and mental illness. Schizophrenia has been commonly referred as severe cognitive and affective deficits that heavily influence empathy, understanding, reason and decision making, but also control of compulsiveness. Although there is relation between mental illness and lacks or decrease of legal accountability, their relationship is also bound by social, cultural, demographic, developmental, and clinical factors. For criminal liability both mens rea and actus reus are important ingredients. However, in case of Schizophrenia the element of mens rea is missing, which exempt the mentally ill person from the consequences of crime. A qualitative method of research is conducted to evaluate the criminal responsibility of a mentally ill patient. Upon observation, it has been discovered that laws related to mental health in Pakistan lacks compatibility with international conventions and Islamic law, so there is a dire need to revamp the existing legislation and a phenomenon of non-responsibility of a mentally ill patient should be followed as a paradigm shift.

The Impact of Measurement Error in Regression Models Using Police Recorded Crime Rates

ObjectivesAssess the extent to which measurement error in police recorded crime rates impact the estimates of regression models exploring the causes and consequences of crime.MethodsWe focus on linear models where crime rates are included either as the response or as an explanatory variable, in their original scale or log-transformed. Two measurement error mechanisms are considered, systematic errors in the form of under-recorded crime, and random errors in the form of recording inconsistencies across areas. The extent to which such measurement error mechanisms impact model parameters is demonstrated algebraically using formal notation, and graphically using simulations.ResultsThe impact of measurement error is highly variable across different settings. Depending on the crime type, the spatial resolution, but also where and how police recorded crime rates are introduced in the model, the measurement error induced biases could range from negligible to severe, affecting even estimates from explanatory variables free of measurement error. We also demonstrate how in models where crime rates are introduced as the response variable, the impact of measurement error could be eliminated using log-transformations.ConclusionsThe validity of a large share of the evidence base exploring the effects and consequences of crime is put into question. In interpreting findings from the literature relying on regression models and police recorded crime rates, we urge researchers to consider the biasing effects shown here. Future studies should also anticipate the impact in their findings and employ sensitivity analysis if the expected measurement error induced bias is non-negligible.

Revisiting the Relationship Between Racial Heterogeneity and Neighborhood Crime: Do Spatial Scale and Functional Form matter?

This study examines the relationships between racial heterogeneity and crime across blocks ( N = 103,168) located in the greater Southern California region. We estimate negative binomial regression models that test for the effects of racial heterogeneity in conjunction with different functional form and spatial scaling considerations. Racial diversity in the block has a crime-reducing effect, whereas racial diversity in the area surrounding the block generally has crime-producing capabilities, although at very high levels of diversity, the effect reverses and becomes crime-reducing. We also illustrate an interaction effect between racial heterogeneity in the block and racial heterogeneity in the surrounding area. The pattern of results provides a nuanced understanding of how the racial composition of an area has consequences for crime.

Bordering Justice: Place, Nation, and Boundary Making in Canadian Police Films

ABSTRACT This article analyzes Canadian law enforcement films that centrally depict police work in Canadian society. I analyze how these films depict the policing of cultural, territorial, and metaphorical boundaries and borders in addition to interrogating the causes and consequences of crime. I argue that borders in Canadian police films provide cultural spaces to (re)imagine relations between citizens and the state itself within a broader global order. Beginning with Hollywood films from the early 20th century that focused on the so-called colonial frontier, the analysis shifts to more recent Canadian films exploring new spaces and places in need of order and control. From the colonial West to urban centers to new virtual territories in cyberspace, Canadian police films constitute a popular criminology interrogating the causes, consequences, and just responses to crime on the borderlands of Canadian society.

Proportionality of response to criminally illegal behavior of minors

Modern international standards indicate that the basis of criminal law policy to prevent juvenile delinquency should be a child-friendly juvenile justice system. This system focuses on the application of alternative and non-criminal sanctions (warning, reprimand, restitution and compensation).
 Based on international standards of juvenile justice, we can note their focus on ensuring the best interests of the child, the predominance of sanctions and measures that may have an educational impact, compensation for damages, creating conditions for reconciliation of victims and offenders and eliminating the consequences of crime, ensuring a meaningful life of a teenager in society.
 Juvenile sentencing is more loyal approach and shown in comparison with adults with regard to property penalties (if the minor has income or property) (parts 1, 3 of Article 99 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), reduced limits of punishment (parts 1, 2 of Article 100, 101, part 1 Article 102 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), restriction of using of imprisonment depending on the gravity of the crime and the characteristics of the juvenile.
 It is established that in addition to ensuring the best interests of the child and the use of as many non-punitive measures as possible against juvenile, it is also necessary to pay attention to other circumstances of the case. In particular, a balance must be struck between the best interests of the juvenile and a proportionate response to his or her behavior. In particular, it is necessary to take into account the repeated commission of criminal offenses, as well as the one-time application of incentive rules to juvenile. And pay attention to alternatives to imprisonment that may be more effective. In particular, mediation and rehabilitation practices can be more effective.

Statute of limitations under the penal law of Bulgaria

Ukraine carries out intensive judicial cooperation in criminal matters with other European countries. A typical impediment to granting Ukrainian requests for such cooperation (e.g. extradition from another country, taking over Ukrainian criminal proceedings by the requested foreign country, recognition and enforcement of Ukrainian criminal judgments abroad) is the expiry of the time limitation period [lapse of time] not only under the Ukrainian law but also under the law of the foreign country that Ukraine requests for cooperation. The problem is that the criminal statute of limitations of most European countries is significantly different from the Ukrainian one. In view thereof, Ukrainian criminal lawyers are interested in having some general knowledge of the statute of limitations of other European countries, esp. such as Bulgaria. On the one hand, this foreign country has always been a steady partner of Ukraine in international judicial cooperation. On the other hand, the Bulgarian statute of limitations constitutes a good example of the different type of legal framework for lapse of time that requesting Ukrainian authorities shall necessarily consider. All penal laws of the contemporary Bulgarian state contained some statute of limitations. These laws are the 1896 Penal Law (repealed), the 1951 Penal Law upgraded to the 1956 Penal Code, after the full codification of this branch of law in Bulgaria (also repealed), and the existing Penal Code of 1968. The criminal statute of limitations outlines periods when competent state authorities have been inactive. The expiry of these periods (the lapse of time under law) extinguishes the immediate legal consequences of crimes or the punishments imposed by the court for them. In Bulgaria, the statute of limitations consists of substantive penal law provisions. This is a legislative recognition of its substantive nature. The concept that the criminal statute of limitation is a procedural legal institution has been overcome in Bulgarian theory, law and judicial practice. The statute of limitations produces procedural consequences also but they derive from its direct substantive law results as secondary effects. As in most other countries, the penal law of Bulgaria prescribes two types of limitation periods. The first one runs after the commission of the offence. It is also called 'limitation of the offence'; its expiry entails the extinction of the offender’s criminal liability preventing both the imposition of punishment on him/her and his/her conviction status as well. The second type of limitation period occurs after the imposition of an executable punishment. It is also called 'limitation of the punishment'; its expiry entails the extinction of the punishment imposed only. It does not eliminate the fact that the offender has been convicted. Under the Bulgarian Penal Code, each of the two types of statute of limitations includes not only general time limitations but also absolute ones as well. The former is applicable when the competent state authorities have not undertaken required activities whereas the latter applies only if the competent state authorities have failed to achieve a required result, namely: the imposition of punishment on the offender or the execution of his/her punishment.

(Re)conceptualizing Neighborhood Ecology in Social Disorganization Theory: From a Variable-Centered Approach to a Neighborhood-Centered Approach

Shaw and McKay advanced social disorganization theory in the 1930s, kick-starting a large body of research on communities and crime. Studies emphasize individual impacts of poverty, residential instability, and racial/ethnic heterogeneity by examining their independent effects on crime, adopting a variable-centered approach. We use a “neighborhood-centered” approach that considers how structural forces combine into unique constellations that vary across communities, with consequences for crime. Examining neighborhoods in Southern California we: (1) identify neighborhood typologies based on levels of poverty, instability, and heterogeneity; (2) explore how these typologies fit within a disorganization framework and are spatially distributed across the region; and (3) examine how these typologies are differentially associated with crime. Results reveal nine neighborhood types with varying relationships to crime.

A Reading of Charles Dickens' Hard Times (1854) As a Crime Novel

This study explores how Charles Dickens presents a panoramic picture of social and moral crimes, criminals, victims and the causes as well as consequences of criminality in his novel Hard Times (1854). By employing Collins' Dickens and Crime (1964), the article provides a reading of Dickens' Hard Times as a crime novel, arguing that this novel is not only a social commentary on England in the Victorian era for the purpose of achieving social reform at the time. It is also a crime novel, portraying different types of crimes with various motives and criminals from different backgrounds and classes. Gradgrind, a follower of the utilitarian philosophy, manipulates his daughter Louisa into marrying the capitalist Bounderby for social and economic benefit, which, as a result, gets her to be exploited by Harthouse. In addition, Gradgrind's philosophy has affected his son Tom who has turned into an idle and selfish person, stealing the bank and indicting Stephen and indirectly causing the latter's death. Stephen is also a victim of the capitalist society and the Divorce Law, as only the rich have been entitled to divorce. By investigating Dickens' Hard Times as a crime novel, the study attempts to provide new insights into reading Dickens' novels at the present time, arguing that they can be reread as crime novels that intriguingly portray crimes, criminals, motives and the dire consequences of crime.

Money Laundering and Deprivation of Illegally Obtained Assets in Brazil: An Overview of the Current National Legislation

AbstractThe present paper aims to provide a comprehensive yet critical overview of current Brazilian legislation on money-laundering prevention and control. Given that stripping criminals of their illegal profits has for a long time been considered one of the most important measures in the fight against international and organized crime, a part of this paper explores the legal mechanisms that allow for this to take place as a consequence of crime and, especially, in connection with money laundering in the context of the Brazilian criminal justice system.

Measuring the Built Environment with Google Street View and Machine Learning: Consequences for Crime on Street Segments

ObjectivesDespite theoretical interest in how dimensions of the built environment can help explain the location of crime in micro−geographic units, measuring this is difficult.MethodsThis study adopts a strategy that first scrapes images from Google Street View every 20 meters in every street segment in the city of Santa Ana, CA, and then uses machine learning to detect features of the environment. We capture eleven different features across four main dimensions, and demonstrate that their relative presence across street segments considerably increases the explanatory power of models of five different Part 1 crimes.ResultsThe presence of more persons in the environment is associated with higher levels of crime. The auto−oriented measures—vehicles and pavement—were positively associated with crime rates. For the defensible space measures, the presence of walls has a slowing negative relationship with most crime types, whereas fences did not. And for our two greenspace measures, although terrain was positively associated with crime rates, vegetation exhibited an inverted−U relationship with two crime types.ConclusionsThe results demonstrate the efficacy of this approach for measuring the built environment.

Both Sides of the Street: Introducing Measures of Physical and Social Boundaries Based on Differences Across Sides of the Street, and Consequences for Crime

Although previous studies have theorized the importance of physical and social boundaries (edges) in understanding crime in place, the relationship between edges and the level of crime has been less studied empirically. The current study examines the effects of physical and social boundaries on crime in street segments. To empirically measure boundaries, we introduce an approach of looking at the differences of land use (physical boundary), socioeconomic status, or racial composition (social boundaries) on both sides of a street segment. We estimated a series of negative binomial regression models in which measures of the physical and social boundaries are included while controlling for the effects of structural characteristic and the conventional physical boundary measures of highways, parks, and rivers. We observed that there are positive relationships between all three of these boundary measures and violent and property crimes. The results indicated that physical and social boundaries are important to consider in understanding the spatial patterns of crime. Moreover, the current study confirmed the moderating effects between social and physical boundaries. Our results indicate that although much empirical research focuses solely on physical boundaries, our measures of social and physical boundaries have important consequences for the spatial location of crime, and therefore are worthy of further research.

Criminal policy forming as a scince of criminal legal cycle

The article is devoted to the consideration of the problems of the formation of criminal policy as «a science of the criminal legal cycle». Because of this, the author analyzed various approaches in the context of the historical development of the category of "criminal policy". The article demonstrates certain changes in the understanding of criminal policy, as well as identifies its types, which are already considered as separate categories, institutions or sections in «the sciences of the criminal legal cycle». It can be argued that such approaches allowed them to develop sufficiently. The author emphasizes that their development was not carried out simultaneously and with different goals, which leads to a certain imbalance and the need for changes in approaches in defining criminal policy.Criminal policy as a science formed within «the sciences of the criminal law cycle», allows to explore a separate area of scientific knowledge about the causes and consequences of crime, which are aimed at strategic counteraction to crime by means of state and public influence through systematic reform of criminal justice in the distant perspective. The influence of criminal policy is already so significant that it allows to point out the already formed policies and strategies within the framework of criminal law, criminal executive law, criminal procedural law, criminology, criminalistics and forensic sciences. Moreover, these policies and strategies can be referred to as its types and, in their unity, significantly influence the lawmaking and law enforcement processes both in Ukraine and in other states

Community-Based Crime Reduction in Tulsa: An Application of Petersilia’s Multi-Stakeholder Collaborative Approach to Improve Policy Relevance and Reduce Crime Risk

The most fitting way to celebrate Joan Petersilia’s numerous advancements within the field of criminal justice is to deliberately practice the two most important lessons that perhaps best define her legacy. First, embedded research should drive collaborative partnerships to foster real-world change based on science. Second, such real-world change should reduce the consequences of crime as well as the social costs of heavy-handed criminal justice sanctions within distressed communities to transform criminal justice policy and practice. In this paper, we outline future directions for policing practice and research as a result of the embedded, collaborative partnerships that led to the Tulsa Community-Based Crime Reduction (CBCR) initiative. The Tulsa CBCR initiative and subsequent evaluation shows that police-driven, collaborative stakeholder partnerships (including business owners, resident steering committees, local government, police, and researchers) significantly reduced crime within targeted areas, allayed many citizens’ perceptions of risk, and improved residents’ attitudes about the Tulsa Police Department.

ЩОДО ПЕРСПЕКТИВНИХ НАПРЯМІВ РОЗВИТКУ КРИМІНОЛОГІЧНОЇ НАУКИ

Як не прикро, але кримінологічна категорія «наслідків злочинності» продовжує залишатися малодослідженою темою, попри її теоретичну й практичну значущість. Відсутні комплексні, системні напрацювання зазначеної проблематики, а наявні обмежені рамками кримінологічної характеристики тієї чи іншої групи/підгрупи злочинів. Тому звернення Ігоря Медицького до пізнання теоретичних і прикладних аспектів наслідків злочинності як одного із важливих її кількісних параметрів, не викликає жодних сумнівів та заслуговує на підтримку. Тема, обрана дослідником як предмет наукового пошуку, перебуває в руслі потреб сучасної кримінологічної політики, заразом яскраво демонструючи свій міждисциплінарний характер.

ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ОРГАНІВ КРИМІНАЛЬНОЇ ЮСТИЦІЇ В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ: «СОБІВАРТІСТЬ» ДЛЯ ДЕРЖАВИ І СУСПІЛЬСТВА

У статті розглянуто питання діяльності органів кримінальної юстиції в сучасних умовах, бюджетні асигнування на які підтримано віднести до непрямих (опосередкованих) наслідків злочинності. Виділені негативні моменти, супутні процесу державного фінансування органів кримінальної юстиції (необґрунтована диспропорція фінансового забезпечення підрозділів, невідповідність фінансування окремих органів кримінальної юстиції ефективності їх діяльності, порушення принципу економічної доцільності та помилки в пріоритетах). Здійснено комплексний аналіз порушень та зловживань із боку уповноважених суб’єктів правоохоронної діяльності. У статті розглянуто питання діяльності органів кримінальної юстиції в сучасних умовах, бюджетні асигнування на які підтримано віднести до непрямих (опосередкованих) наслідків злочинності. Виділені негативні моменти, супутні процесу державного фінансування органів кримінальної юстиції (необґрунтована диспропорція фінансового забезпечення підрозділів, невідповідність фінансування окремих органів кримінальної юстиції ефективності їх діяльності, порушення принципу економічної доцільності та помилки в пріоритетах). Здійснено комплексний аналіз порушень та зловживань із боку уповноважених суб’єктів правоохоронної діяльності.

Review of I. B. Meditsky's monograph "Consequences of crime in Ukraine: theoretical and applied aspects" (Ivano-Frankivsk, 2020)

Review of I. B. Meditsky's monograph "Consequences of crime in Ukraine: theoretical and applied aspects" (Ivano-Frankivsk, 2020)