Consequences Of Civil War Research Articles

Unraveling the Theme of Theodicy in Ahmed Saadawi's Frankenstein in Baghdad Through the Literary Devices of Allusion

This article explores the theme of theodicy in Ahmed Saadawi's Frankenstein in Baghdad through the literary devices of allusion. It claims that the author evokes theodicean emotions or associations, and engages readers' prior knowledge and cultural awareness to empower religious and cultural identity in his work throughout three kinds of allusions. Showing a unique view on the consequences of civil war and violence on both individuals and society, Saadawi's novel, winning the "Arabic Booker Prize," obviously intertwines together elements of horror, political allegory, and dark satire. The aim of this work is to examine the theodicy behind this diverse coexistence novelty implied behind these allusions that contributes to the understanding of the themes of the novel. The study revealed that Saadawi alludes to different aspects of references, which all contribute to the comprehension and presentation of religious and cultural identities that explore the evil of his national culture

Agriculture of Kuzbass Region in Early 1920s: Features of Development in Context of Agrarian Policy of RCP (b) and Consequences of Civil War

The article is devoted to the characterization of the crisis in the agriculture of the Kuzbass region in the early 1920s. Moreover, they are analyzed in the context of the consequences of the revolution and civil war. The issues of the dynamics of sown areas and animal husbandry in this territory are considered. Based on the analysis of statistical data, the volumes and structure of the peasant plow and regional herd are presented. The question is raised about the correlation of natural, climatic and socio-political factors in the conditions of the agricultural crisis of the early 1920s. The novelty of the study is that for the first time based on the processing of statistics, the state and dynamics of the main agricultural sectors in the Kuzbass region (Kuzbass) in the specified period are presented. The relevance of the study is due to its scientific and social significance. The first is determined by the fact that this kind of research, based on the analysis of statistical data, is carried out for the first time. The second is connected with the need to draw attention to the problems of sustainable socio-economic development of rural territories at present.

Sovereignty Rupture as a Central Concept in Quantitative Measures of Civil War

Empirical studies of the causes or consequences of civil war often use measures that do not correspond to theory and results are sensitive to small changes in the coding of civil wars. Civil war is an instance of “sovereignty rupture” and is inherently a polity-level phenomenon, but that understanding of civil war is not reflected in data in which civil war is coded as a dyadic conflict—the state fighting a domestic challenger. We demonstrate the consequences of conceptual ambiguity about which conflicts to code as civil war and when to code the start and end of a civil war. Using a new data set of civil wars from 1945 to 2016 that is consistent with the concept of sovereignty rupture, we replicate several studies and find that their results are often overturned or weakened when we use our data. We advocate for greater deliberateness in data selection in civil war studies, focusing on the fit between the question of interest and the concept of civil war that is underlying a given data set.

Elections and the Development of Civil War: An Empirical Study of Sri Lanka

ABSTRACTPresent empirical research on the connection between elections and civil war often treats causality as a one-way effect because it focuses exclusively on either the onset or the consequence of civil war. What is omitted in the literature is the endogenous nature of the election–conflict nexus throughout a civil war. This article dedicates itself to filling that gap. Treating administrative units in conflict as part of a rebellion network, we apply a stochastic actor-oriented model (SAOM) to the case of Sri Lanka. We find that, on the one hand, rebellion is less likely to occur in Tamil regions if national winners in presidential elections enjoy high local approval ratings (selection effect). On the other hand, regions involved in the rebellion network converge in terms of their local support for the national winner of the presidency (influence effect). Overall, our model-based simulation analysis shows that the influence effect has a larger impact on the endogenous relationship than the selection effect.

Sustaining Civil Peace: A Configurational Comparative Analysis

AbstractWhile much work has been devoted to the causes and consequences of civil war, little has been done to explore the prerequisites for civil peace. We shift the focus from the determinants of war to the preconditions to sustain peace, and address the following question: Are there necessary or sufficient conditions for stable civil peace? We use Qualitative Comparative Analysis to approach this question. We do not find necessary conditions for civil peace, but distinct potentially sufficient paths. These are (i) the presence of a fully democratic regime and (ii) the presence of a strongly autocratic regime, with the latter further requiring either a) the absence of a youth bulge and non-miserable living conditions or b) the absence of ethnic tensions. The first type of civil peace is referred to as inherent civil peace whereas the second type is largely a result of strong repression and thus denoted coerced civil peace.

The politics of modern Central America: civil war, democratization, and underdevelopment

This book analyzes the origins and consequences of civil war in Central America. Fabrice Lehoucq argues that the inability of autocracies to reform themselves led to protest and rebellion throughout the twentieth century and that civil war triggered unexpected transitions to non-military rule by the 1990s. He explains how armed conflict led to economic stagnation and why weak states limit democratization - outcomes that unaccountable party systems have done little to change. This book also uses comparisons among Central American cases - both between them and other parts of the developing world - to shed light on core debates in comparative politics and comparative political economy. This book suggests that the most progress has been made in understanding the persistence of inequality and the nature of political market failures, while drawing lessons from the Central American cases to improve explanations of regime change and the outbreak of civil war.

The Economic Legacy of Civil War

This article positions itself among the very rare microeconomic analyses on the consequences of civil war. Up to now, most analyses on this topic are based on household surveys. The originality of the present study is that it investigates for the first time the likely predominant route by which civil conflict affects the economy, specifically through firms. The context of the study is Sierra Leone, a country that was ravaged by violent conflict from 1991 to 2002. The approach is to use geographical variations in the intensity of conflict to estimate the impact of violence on firms, on which we have data from the World Bank 2007 Employers’ Survey. The proposed theory is that during conflict, violence affects production through a form of technical regress and demand through a reduction in income. The persistent post-conflict effects are less obvious. We assume that war forces a prolonged contraction in output skills, which slows the pace of recovery. We termed this phenomenon “forgetting by not doing”. The results confirm our theory: the size of firms in 2006 is negatively affected by the intensity of the war in the area it operates. The analysis of training needs clearly corroborates the long-lasting lack of skills experienced as a result of the war in areas where the conflict was more intense. Yet, the analysis cannot identify robust recovery patterns.

The Economic Legacy of Civil War: Firm Level Evidence from Sierra Leone

This paper positions itself among the very rare microeconomic analyses on the consequences of civil war. Up to now, most analyses on this topic are based upon household surveys. The originality of the present study is that it investigates for the first time the likely predominant route by which civil conflict affects the economy, namely through firms. The context of the study is Sierra Leone, a country that was ravaged by a violent conflict from 1991 to 2002. The approach is to use geographical variations in the intensity of conflict to estimate the impact of violence on firms, on which we have data from the World Bank 2007 Employers Survey. The proposed theory is that during the conflict, violence affects production through a form of technical regress and demand through a reduction in income. The persistent post-conflict effects are yet less obvious. We assume that war forces a prolonged contraction in output skills, which slows the pace of recovery. We termed this phenomenon 'forgetting by not doing'. The results confirm our theory. Civil war negatively impacts the existence of firms and employment, but there is no distinction between regions. However, the size of firms in 2006 is negatively affected by the intensity of the war in the area it operates. Yet, firms tend to grow twice faster in more affected areas, strikingly matching the macroeconomic rate of recovery post-conflict environments (Collier and Hoeffler, 2004). The analysis of training patterns clearly confirms the long lasting lack of skills experienced as a result of the war in areas where the conflict was more intense.

The Political Economy of War and Peace

This survey explores some of the institutional and political factors that set the underlying conditions for the emergence of conflict. The political economy perspective offered here differs from other important surveys and analyses of the same topic, which have focused on the ethnic dimensions of war (Horowitz 1985), the general causes and consequences of civil war and civil conflict (Sambanis 2002; Collier and Hoeffler, 2007; Blattman and Miguel 2010), and more general aspects of defense economics (Sandler and Hartley 2007).

Violence and exploitation of children in Tajikistan

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union Tajikistan has faced the immense challenge of building a democratic republic and transitioning from a state-controlled to a free market economy. This transition has been complicated by consequences of civil war that had significant financial and social costs including a sharp drop in government expenditures on health social welfare and educational services. The reduction in expenditures resulted in the closure of many health social welfare and educational services and programmes that were previously financed and supported by the government as well as deterioration of social infrastructures such as roads transportation hospitals schools and public welfare institutions. In Tajikistan the impact of civil war and economic and social restructuring has been immense including: an unemployment rate of over 30 per cent; low wages that do not even cover basic household necessities (the average monthly salary is less than US$7 per month); extremely high levels of inflation that have severely diminished or eliminated the savings of most families causing those at the lowest income levels to sink more deeply into debt; price instability that has created great economic pressures; and the migration of many men to Russia and other countries in search of work. As a result many individuals and families now suffer from a pervasive sense of financial insecurity economic pressure and poverty. (excerpt)

Reflexiones sobre el concepto de guerra civil

This article shows the phenomenon of war as the highest intensity point in an armed conflict. The work looks over his juridical typification, the special dialectical relation established between situations of war and peace, and the ethiology, characteristics and consequences of civil war as a big scale political conflict whose aim is the preservation or conquest of state power.