Consensual Intercourse Research Articles

Peritonitis Leading to Sepsis Resulting from Postcoital Vaginal Laceration

Vaginal lacerations following consensual intercourse, while well described, are uncommon. Presenting symptoms are more commonly vaginal bleeding resulting in significant blood loss or hemorrhagic shock. Perforation into the abdominal cavity resulting in significant infectious etiology has been less described. We present a case of vaginal laceration following consensual intercourse resulting in peritonitis sepsis requiring prolonged hospitalization.

Sexual Assaults, Bad Hookups, and Bad Dates: Comparisons of the Contextual Features Among College Women's Hypothetical and Real-Life Sexual and Dating Experiences.

Two hundred forty-seven (N = 247) undergraduate women at a medium-sized, Southwestern university provided written descriptions of a hypothetical sexual assault (SA). Women with a prior history of SA also described their actual SA experiences; women without a SA history provided a written description of a prior bad date or hookup. The contextual features of SA scripts were compared to those of actual SA experiences. Several characteristics of a stereotypical or "blitz rape" (e.g., physical force by a stranger) were more likely to be included in SA scripts relative to women's actual SA experiences. Victimized women were also more likely to include verbal coercion, a hangout/hookup context, and previous consensual kissing in their SA experiences, in comparison to their SA scripts. The contextual features of SA experiences were also compared to the contextual features of bad dates or bad hookups. SA experiences, relative to bad dates, were more likely to include alcohol use, physical and verbal coercion by the perpetrator, and passive resistance. SA experiences, relative to bad hookups, were more likely to include physical and verbal coercion by the perpetrator, and knowing the man for less than 1 week. Victimized participants SA experiences were also found to be less likely to include previous consensual kissing and consensual intercourse in comparison to bad hookup experiences of nonvictimized women. Overall, there was considerable overlap between the contextual features present across all experiences. The lack of differentiation among these events may explain why women experience difficulty acknowledging whether they have experienced SA.

Amicus Curiae Applications in Malawi—Reflections of a South African Practitioner

Abstract Amicus curiae applications are important as they aim to raise awareness for the court around aspects of a case that might otherwise be overlooked. This is especially significant in cases dealing with the intersection of various rights of vulnerable individuals such as women and children. In this practice note, I discuss the amicus intervention of the South African non-profit organization, the Centre of Applied Legal Studies, in the Malawian Constitutional Court case of AJ and TS v State and Others. The case deals with the constitutionality of section 138(1) of the Malawian Penal Code, which makes it an offence for anyone to engage in intercourse with a female child under the age of 16. Although this section was undoubtedly aimed to protect female children from sexual violence and rape it casts the net too wide by including consensual intercourse between minor children. In this case, both minor children were under the age of 15 at the time of their arrests. They had both engaged in consensual intercourse with their female partners (also minors) at the time and both faced a prison sentence of up to 14 years. In this note I proceed to explore the importance of the amici submissions in the case, the process of applying to be admitted as an amicus curiae in Malawi, as well as the challenges associated with being a foreign amici before the Malawian Constitutional Court.

Building a Timeline for LGBTQ+ Global Cinemas (1910–2019): Movie Production Trends from a Collaborative Internet Cinema Database

Building a Timeline for LGBTQ+ Global Cinemas (1910–2019): Movie Production Trends from a Collaborative Internet Cinema Database

Acute stress anticipates and amplifies the luteinizing hormone pre-ovulatory surge in rats: Role of noradrenergic neurons

The stress experienced during rape seems to facilitate ovulation since the pregnancy rate in raped women is higher than that resulting from consensual intercourse. Adrenal progesterone, as well as central norepinephrine, is released in stressful situations. At adequate estrogenic levels, one of the main actions of progesterone is to anticipate the preovulatory LH surge through noradrenaline release. We aimed to investigate whether acute stresses that mimic those of rape (exposure to predator, restraint and cervix stimulation) applied on the proestrus morning in female rats could release progesterone, activate the noradrenergic neurons and facilitate the occurrence of the LH surge. Female rats were submitted to jugular vein cannulation immediately following acute stress: restraint (R), exposure to cat (P), uterine cervix stimulation (CS) applied individually or in association (SA). Non-stressed rats were used as control. Blood samples were collected from 11:00–18:00 h for LH, progesterone, corticosterone and estradiol measurements. Double labeling for c-Fos and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was examined in A1, A2 and A6 noradrenergic neurons after stresses. The SA group showed a greater stress-induced increase in progesterone compared to the other groups and the preovulatory LH surge was anticipated and amplified. This effect of SA seems to be related to the higher number of c-Fos/TH + neurons in the A1 and A2. The effect of anticipating the preovulatory surge of LH could in part elucidate why, in raped women, conception can occur in phases of the menstrual cycle other than the ovulatory phase facilitating the occurrence of pregnancies.

Female genital injury\u2014which findings have to be considered physiological using colposcopy with and without toluidine blue dye?

This study aimed to assess the validity and efficacy of blue dye in colposcopic assessment of genital injury in pre- and postmenopausal women with and without history of consensual sexual intercourse. Two hundred women were prospectively enrolled and examined colposcopically with and without toluidine blue dye in order to detect and categorize genital lesions (laceration, bruise and abrasion). Examination of genital trauma was accomplished in a standardized way and findings were photo documented. A wide range of influencing factors with a potential impact on prevalence and nature of genital injury was recorded beforehand using a questionnaire. The frequency of diagnostic injury differed substantially depending on the examination technique, ranging from 9% using colposcopic magnification only to 28% with the additional use of toluidine blue dye. A vertical laceration affecting the posterior fourchette was the most frequent lesion detected (17%, n = 32). Menopausal status seems to have significant impact on genital injury prevalence (p = 0.0165), as 42% (16/ 38) of postmenopausal compared to 24% (36/ 151) of premenopausal women had at least one genital lesion. Furthermore, vaginal medication (p = 0.0369), vaginal dryness (p = 0.0228), dyspareunia (p = 0.0234) and low frequency of sexual intercourse (p = 0.0022) were found to significantly correlate with the presence of genital lesions. According to our findings, standardized colposcopy in combination with toluidine blue dye facilitates accurate assessment of genital lesions. Genital trauma situated at another site than the posterior part of the vaginal introitus seems to be uncommon after consensual intercourse.

Postcoital Vaginal Perforation and Evisceration in Women with No Prior Pelvic Surgery: Laparoscopic Management and Systematic Review of the Literature.

Objective: to evaluate risk factors, causes, management and surgical therapy of postcoital vaginal perforation and evisceration in women with no prior pelvic surgery. Data sources: We used MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Embase and Web of Science for our research. Our review includes all reports from 1980 to November 2020. The research strategy adopted included different combinations of the following terms: (intercourse) AND (coitus) AND (vaginal perforation). Methods of study selection: we report a case of vaginal evisceration after consensual intercourse in a young and healthy woman. In addition, we performed a systematic review of vaginal perforations with or without evisceration in women without prior surgery or any other predisposing disease. All studies identified were listed by citation, title, authors and abstract. Duplicates were identified by an independent manual screening, performed by one researcher and then removed. For the eligibility process, two authors independently screened the title and abstracts of all non-duplicated papers and excluded those not pertinent to the topic. Tabulation, integration and results: We have followed the PRISMA guidelines. Five manuscripts were detected through the references of the works that had been identified with the research on MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Embase and Web of Science. We found 16 cases between 1980 and 2020. The young age and the virginal status represent the principal risk factors and all the lacerations occurred in the posterior vaginal fornix. The most common surgical technique was the laparotomic approach and, in the remaining cases, the laparoscopic and vaginal route was performed. Conclusions: Post-coital vaginal perforation and evisceration in women with no prior pelvic surgery is a rare condition in the clinical practice and, when it is associated with evisceration it is a surgical emergency. Usually, these injuries are not life-threatening conditions but, a delay in diagnosis, can lead to severe complications. In consideration of the high heterogeneity of the data in the literature, it is essential to define a diagnostic–therapeutic management for the patients with vaginal perforation. With our review, we try to identify the associated risk factors, the best and fastest diagnosis, and the best surgical approach. We believe that a combined vaginal and laparoscopic approach can be the best surgical treatment, useful to diagnose injuries of the abdominal organs and to improve postoperative outcome.

Discriminating between consensual intercourse and sexual assault: Genital-anal injury pattern in females

BackgroundAssessment of genital-anal (GA) injuries following sexual assault promotes health and assists prosecutors to build a case. The pattern of injuries may help differentiate between consensual and non-consensual intercourse, bolster the survivors' credibility, and increase prosecutions in sexual assault cases. ObjectivesTo identify the constellation of G-A injury-related characteristics that most effectively discriminated between consensual sexual intercourse and sexual assault in females when controlling for intercourse-related variables. MethodsWe employed a comparative study with two groups: a prospective cohort group with consensual participants and a group derived from an existing sexual assault registry. In the prospective cohort, we performed a sexual assault forensic examination at baseline and following consensual sexual intercourse with females ≥21 years. We compared their injury patterns to the injury records of females ≥21 years who were sexual assaulted. ResultsWe enrolled a sample of 834 females: 528 consensual (63.3%) participants and 306 non-consensual (36.7%) registry cases. After controlling for race/ethnicity, age, and time between intercourse and examination, logistic regression analyses showed that the presence of an external genital tear increased the odds of non-consensual intercourse more than two times (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.70, 95% CI = 1.28–5.56). Logistic regression analyses also showed that the odds of non-consensual sexual intercourse were significantly greater with a lower prevalence and frequency of external and internal genital redness, lack of condom use and lubrication, and presence of anal penetration. Latent class analysis identified high and low G-A injury prevalence subgroups among both consensual and non-consensual samples. One subset of results emerged that may be indicative of non-consensual as compared to consensual intercourse: a higher prevalence of external genital and anal tears. ConclusionExternal genital tears occurred more frequently in the non-consensual sample and increased the odds of non-consensual intercourse more than two times. Anal tears, swelling, and ecchymosis and anal penetration were markers for non-consensual intercourse and should increase suspicion for lack of consent.

False Rape Allegation and Regret: A Theoretical Model Based on Cognitive Dissonance.

The aim of this paper is to provide a model illustrating how regretful consensual intercourse may lead to false rape allegations (FRA). An intrapersonal perspective of regret based on cognitive dissonance is added to the interpersonal factors already mentioned in the literature. The intrapersonal perspective is discussed in terms of the reduction of a state of cognitive dissonance induced by the gap between social norms and the shamefully perceived behavior. First, we start with the review of the different motives that may lead to a FRA, insisting on regret caused by cognitive dissonance. We then develop the emergence of regret from a state of cognitive dissonance. Second, we describe the means used to build the model: a literature review, an extraction of the factors at play in regret-based FRA, a chronological structure of the various factors, as some are necessarily the source of others. We then build the model. Third, we illustrate how the model could encompass many possible and usual scenarios. Thirteen plausible scenarios were developed to show the relevance of the model. Finally, we comment and discuss the model for future research and prevention.

Vaginal Injuries Following Consensual Sexual Intercourse and Trauma- A Case Series

Vaginal injuries following consensual intercourse are commonly encountered in clinical practice. They cause significant morbidity among sexually active women. Consensual vaginal intercourse may lead to minor hymenal or vaginal tears to rectovaginal fistula and in some cases severe haemorrhage shock can occur. It commonly results due to inadequate foreplay prior to penetration. Hereby, authors present four cases of vaginal lacerations of different age groups. The first patient bled profusely from the laceration and was haemodynamically stable; the second patient bled profusely and went into shock; the third patient presented with rectovaginal fistula who was newly married; and fourth patient was 13-year-old girl with third degree tear following trauma. The various risk factors for vaginal injury following consensual sexual intercourse are lack of foreplay, rigid perineum, vaginal atrophy and hindrance from partner. This case series highlights need of clinicians for proper and prompt diagnosis of condition and early surgical intervention in the management of the injuries and giving proper sexual education for the women.

Cognitive dissonance and false rape allegations: A case study

Summary Aims Studies showed that consensual sex can be regretted, and may lead to a false allegation of rape. However, none of the previous researches concerning regret as a false allegation of rape described the psychological process as to why the alleged victim might experience regret. Method We report a case of false rape allegation motivated by regret of a young woman who had consensual intercourse with an elderly man. Results None of the causes of regret mentioned in the literature until then could explain the deceitful report (e.g. misunderstanding, blurred line of consent, or relabelling). In this case, the alleged victim stated that she has experienced regret following inconsistency between her freely consensual intercourse and her religious attitudes and other facts and perceptions regarding this act. Conclusion We propose the mental state of cognitive dissonance as a source of her regret. Dissonance reduction strategies were identified, as the victim denied her responsibility and changed the nature of the consensual act (from a consensual sexual intercourse to a rape), and filed a deceitful complaint stating that she was actually raped.

Vaginal postcoital injuries requiring surgical intervention: a case series and literature review.

This case series describes clinical features and management of women who required surgical repair of vaginal injuries following consensual intercourse in our institution during the last decade. As a secondary aim, we reviewed the literature on the topic. We searched our institution's database for procedures coded as "Suture of Vagina," excluding trauma not related to consensual sexual activity: between January 2008 and December 2017, 20 women underwent hemostatic suturing for vaginal injuries following intercourse. Mean age was 27.6 ± 12.5 (range, 16-63) years, 5 (25%) women were parous, 13 (65%) women used no contraception, and 1 (5%) used birth control pills. Three patients (15%) were postmenopausal. Eight injuries (40%) occurred following first-time intercourse, two (10%) occurred after intercourse with a new partner. Median time from bleeding onset to admission was 12 (range, 2-24) h. One patient (5%) was hemodynamically unstable and required treatment with packed cells. Median time from admission to surgery was 56 (range, 15-540) min. The laceration site was identified at the vaginal fornix in nine (45%) patients, at mid-vagina in four (20%), at the hymenal ring, or the posterior fourchette in six (30%). Tear of a longitudinal vaginal septum was identified in one patient (5%). To conclude, vaginal postcoital injuries are a rare occurrence, nevertheless they may involve significant blood loss and therefore require prompt evaluation and treatment. Once the patient is hemodynamically stable, psychosexual assessment and support should be offered to the patient and her partner.

1956 Never Assume, Always Ask: Beyond Infectious and Inflammatory Proctocolitis

INTRODUCTION: Chemical colitis can occur as a result of accidental or intentional exposure to various chemicals including alcohol. Ethanol enemas, practiced either to avoid hangovers and upper gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms or as klismaphilia appears to be dangerous practice. We report a rare case of alcohol-induced proctocolitis in association with sexual fetish. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: 38-year-old female with depression, bipolar disorder, polysubstance abuse, presented with lower abdominal and rectal pain, hematochezia, and tenesmus upon waking up. On questioning, she said that night prior to presentation, she was intoxicated (vodka, methamphetamine), participated in consensual intercourse when her partner “spit” vodka into rectum. She was mildly tachycardic. Examination revealed a distressed, tearful, dehydrated female with lower abdominal tenderness. Labs revealed leukocytosis, metabolic acidosis and hyperchloremia. Urine toxicology was positive for amphetamines, benzodiazepines, opiates, cannabinoids. Blood alcohol level was zero. CT demonstrated diffuse wall thickening of rectum and distal sigmoid colon. She was admitted for hydration, analgesia, systemic antibiotics and was placed nil per oral. Colonoscopy revealed longitudinal ulcers predominantly in the rectum with erythema and erosions extending up to 20 cms above the anus. Biopsies showed mild nonspecific inflammation. Hydrocortisone enemas, stool softeners and oral diet were commenced. Follow-up sigmoidoscopy in six weeks was advised, patient did not attend. DISCUSSION: Intentional administration of alcohol enemas has been implicated in sexual practices, suicidal attempts, bowel cleansing, hemorrhoidal pain relief. Symptoms of abdominal pain, diarrhea, hematochezia, tenesmus develop within 24 hours. Endoscopic evaluation reveals edema, friable, hemorrhagic or necrotic mucosa with ulcerations. Histologic features include mild erythema, extensive mucosal sloughing, necrosis. Diagnosis can be challenging if pertinent history is not obtained, given the non-specific nature of clinical, endoscopic and histological findings. Ischemic colitis, perforation and peritonitis, respiratory depression and CO2 narcosis causing noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and death are potential complications. Severity depends on the amount and speed of administration. GI symptoms usually resolve within 7–10 days. Careful history taking, particularly sexual practices, is crucial when evaluating young healthy individuals with lower abdominal pain and colitis of unclear etiology.

Management of penile fracture.

The most common form of penile trauma is penile fracture, which results in rupture of the cavernosal tunica albuginea. Up to 77% of cases occur during consensual intercourse and most commonly occur in the rear entry (“doggy style”) position.1,2 It can occur during any position, most commonly associated when the erect penis comes out of the vagina and does not go back in properly, buckling as the pelvis moves forward. Alternative causes include masturbation, rolling over in bed, and “taqandaan,” a Middle Eastern practice involving the forcible bending of the penis to cause detumescence. In some Middle Eastern trials, taqandaan was responsible for the majority of penile fractures.3

Do we miss half of the injuries sustained during rape because we cannot see them? An overview of the use of toluidine blue tissue stain in the medical assessment of rape cases

The prosecution of rape cases is difficult due to the absence of eyewitnesses. McCauley found that the detection of vaginal lacerations increased from one in 24 to 14 in 24 in reported adult rape cases when toluidine blue was used. Proof of injuries consistent with sexual penetration adds significantly to the evidentiary value of the medico-legal testimony. Although rape is not a clinical diagnosis and there are no diagnostic criteria to confirm rape, the possibility of genital injury during rape far exceeds the possibility of injury with consensual intercourse. If a complete examination, including the use of toluidine blue, is not used a rapist may walk away to rape again, while the victims remain with the stigma that they may have made a false allegation. Toluidine blue is a basic thiazine metachromatic dye. It has a high affinity for acidic tissue components, thereby staining tissues rich in DNA and RNA. The epithelium of the external genitalia does not have nucleated cells and prevents contact of stain with nuclei. Where the epithelium is damaged and the underlying nucleated cells are exposed, the nuclei stain blue. Injuries sustained during genital penetration show a distinctive distribution.Toluidine blue stain is easy and safe to use, available, inexpensive and does not interfere with other medico-legal evidence, therefore it is recommended to be used in the examination of all cases of alleged rape.

Childhood maltreatment and adolescent sexual risk behaviors: Unique, cumulative and interactive effects

Child maltreatment has been associated with sexual risk behaviors. Previous investigators have typically studied only one form of maltreatment, preventing them from exploring interrelations between forms of maltreatment and their impact on sexual risk behaviors. Thus, this study aims to examine the unique, cumulative, and interactive effects of four maltreatment forms (sexual abuse, physical abuse, neglect, and witnessing interparental violence) on sexual risk behaviors. The sample comprised 1940 sexually active adolescents (Mage=15.6; 60.8% girls) attending Quebec (Canada) high schools. Regression results showed that all maltreatment forms were associated with having a higher number of sexual partners, casual sexual behavior, and a younger age at first consensual intercourse. Physical abuse and witnessing interparental violence were associated with inconsistent condom use, and physical abuse was associated with sexually transmitted infections. After controlling for all forms of maltreatment (unique effects), analyses showed that sexual abuse, physical abuse, neglect or witnessing interparental violence remained statistically associated depending on the sexual risk behavior. A greater number of forms of maltreatment was associated with more sexual risk behaviors (cumulative effect). When sexual abuse was not experienced, neglect was associated with a higher number of sexual partners (interactive effects). In general, associations between maltreatment and sexual risk behaviors were similar for both genders. The magnitude of the relationship between a specific form of child maltreatment and sexual risk behaviors may be inaccurately estimated when not controlling for other forms of maltreatment.

Urine specimen collection following consensual intercourse – A forensic evidence collection method for Y-DNA and spermatozoa

The purpose of the prospective research was to evaluate the benefit of urine specimen as a collection technique for biological forensic evidence in adult volunteers following consensual intercourse. For detecting Y-chromosomal material Buccal Swab Spin Protocol® was used in DNA extraction and purification and samples were analysed with Quantifiler Y Human Male DNA Quantification Kit®. The time frame for positive Y-DNA was evaluated. Immediate microscopy for detection of spermatozoa was performed.Y-DNA was detected in 173/205 (84.4%) urine samples. Of the 86 first post-coital void urine samples available, Y-DNA was detected in 83 (96.5%) specimens. Of the 119 urine samples from volunteers with post-coital activities Y-DNA was still measurable in 70 (58.8%) urine specimens. The male DNA amount was below 0.023 ng/μl in 28/153 (18.3%) urine samples.Of the 22 urine samples obtained after 24 post-coital hours, 9 (40.9%) were still Y-DNA positive.No associations were found between coital durance, coital frequency during the past two weeks prior to the study intercourse, post-coital activities, and the urine sample Y-DNA positivity.Of the 111 urine samples where the immediate microscopy was performed, in 66 (59.5%) samples spermatozoa were verified and one sample even contained motile spermatozoa. Microscopy detected 66 (67.3%) and failed to detect spermatozoa in 32 (32.7%) of Y-DNA positive samples.In addition to conventional invasive swab techniques, urine samples seem to be an effective biological trace collection method for Y-DNA and spermatozoa within 24 h following penile-vaginal penetration. Furthermore, it may be considered as a non-invasive collection method in suspected acute child sexual abuse cases to diminish time delay in forensic evidence collection and to improve patients' positive attitudes towards evidence collection.

Child Maltreatment and Sexual Risk Behavior: Maltreatment Types and Gender Differences.

To compare sexual risk behaviors in maltreated male and female sexually active adolescents with a comparison population and examine whether specific maltreatment experiences were associated with sexual risk behaviors and teen pregnancy. Data came from the fourth assessment (M = 7.2 years after baseline) of an ongoing longitudinal study with case-control design. The sample was restricted to only the sexually active adolescents, leaving a sample of 251 (n = 82 comparison, n = 169 maltreated, mean age = 18.49 years, SD = 1.46). Maltreatment type was coded from case records, and sexual behaviors were assessed via computerized questionnaire. Maltreated youth were significantly younger at first consensual intercourse than comparison youth, and males were younger than females. Maltreated males reported significantly higher number of lifetime sexual partners than maltreated females. Neglected, sexually abused, and physically abused youth were more likely to have had a one-night stand than comparison youth. Sexually abused females were at higher risk of having sex under the influence than other maltreated females. Neglected females were more likely to have ever been pregnant than females with other maltreatment types or comparison females. A higher number of maltreatment victimizations predicted a younger age at first pregnancy involvement for both sexes. Many maltreated youth continue to be at high risk for engaging in behaviors that may initiate a trajectory of problematic sexual behaviors. The findings highlight maltreated males and neglected females as vulnerable groups that should be targeted in prevention efforts to curtail sexual risk behaviors and prevent teenage pregnancy.

Consensual Victim–Perpetrator Intercourse after Nonconsensual Sex: The Impact of Prior Relationship

Some female victims of nonconsensual sex subsequently have consensual sexual intercourse with the perpetrator and are more likely to do so if intercourse occurred during the nonconsensual sex than if it did not. Some evolutionary psychologists have postulated that there is something significant about nonconsensual intercourse that causes women to subsequently have a sexual relationship with the perpetrator (e.g., risk of pregnancy). In this study, we investigated a parsimonious explanation that has previously been overlooked: Intercourse is more likely during nonconsensual sex when the victim and perpetrator have previously had a sexual relationship; thus, subsequent consensual intercourse may simply be a continuation of that prior relationship. A sample of 945 women completed an Internet-based survey, of whom 41% had experienced nonconsensual sex since age 14. As expected, victims who had intercourse with perpetrators prior to the nonconsensual sex event were significantly more likely than other victims to experience nonconsensual intercourse and to engage in subsequent consensual intercourse with the perpetrator. When considering only the small subsample of victims who never had a prior romantic or sexual relationship with the perpetrator, the odds of subsequent consensual intercourse were still significantly greater following nonconsensual sex with intercourse versus without intercourse.

Clinical forensic sample collection techniques following consensual intercourse in volunteers – Cervical canal brush compared to conventional swabs

The purpose of the research was to evaluate gynecological evidence collection techniques; the benefit of cervical canal brush sample compared to vaginal fornix and cervical swab samples and the time frame for detecting Y-chromosomal material QiAmp DNA Mini Kit® and Quantifiler Y Human Male DNA Quantification Kit® in adult volunteers following consensual intercourse.Eighty-four adult female volunteers following consensual intercourse were recruited for the study. By combining all sample collecting techniques, 81.0% of the volunteers were Y-DNA positive. Up to 60 h the conventional swab sampling techniques detected more Y-DNA positive samples when compared to the brush technique. However, after 60 h, the cervical canal brush sample technique showed its benefit by detecting 27.3% (6/22) of Y-DNA positive samples, which were Y-DNA negative in both conventional swab sampling techniques. By combining swab and brush techniques, 75% of the volunteers were still Y-DNA positive in 72–144 post-coital hours. The rate of measurable Y-DNA decreased approximately 3% per hour. Despite reported consensual intercourse, 6.8% (3/44) of volunteers were Y-DNA negative within 48 h. Y-DNA was not detected after 144 post-coital hours (6 days).In conclusion, the brush as a forensic evidence collection method may provide additional biological trace evidence from the cervical canal, although the best biological trace evidence collection can be obtained by combining all three sampling techniques. The time frame for gynecological forensic evidence sample collection should be considered to be at least a week if sexual violence is suspected.