Consensual Hypothesis Research Articles

What is the Pisa Syndrome? A review

IntroductionPisa syndrome (PS) is a type of dystonia of rare occurrence, first described in 1972 as an adverse effect of neuroleptic agents. It is used to describe a postural abnormality that includes trunk flexion in the coronal plane and axial rotation, which improves in the supine position.ObjectivesIn this work, we aim to conduct a brief review of Pisa Syndrome aetiology, pathophysiology and treatment.MethodsA non-systematic search was conducted through the PubMed database for “pisa syndrome”. Articles were screened for relevant information on PS aetiology, pathophysiology and treatment.ResultsPisa syndrome has been associated as an adverse effect of multiple drugs from different classes, mainly antipsychotics, dopaminergic agents and cholinesterase inhibitors. The underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Nevertheless, one of the most consensual hypothesis considers PS as a consequence of a cholinergic-dopaminergic imbalance that can be caused by antipsychotic treatment. Some factors have been associated with increased risk for developing PS such as old age and polypharmacy. PS appears to be better treated with the reduction or interruption of the agent(s) associated with its onset.ConclusionsDespite its low incidence, Pisa syndrome can occur as a side effect of a number of different medications and the identification of the trigger-drug is fundamental so it can be reduced or interrupted in order to treat this condition.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Reavaliando a etimologia de abacaxi a partir de novos dados histórico-filológicos

A hipótese etimológica consensual para abacaxi é que esta unidade lexical se origina do tupi, pela junção dos elementos yvá “fruta” e katĩ “que recende”, “que exala cheiro”. No presente artigo, essa hipótese é reavaliada a partir de dados de atestações anteriores desta unidade lexical. Inicialmente, apresentam-se dados lexicográficos com descrições etimológicas (seção 2); em seguida, avaliam-se as transformações fonético-fonológicas implicadas pela hipótese consensual, que levam à conclusão de que se trata de hipótese controversa (seção 3). Na seção 4, apresentam-se dados histórico-filológicos que mostram que a unidade lexical abacaxi designou um povo indígena, um rio e uma missão jesuítica, no mínimo um século antes de passar a designar uma fruta. Dessa forma, torna-se incoerente supor que uma unidade lexical que se referia a um povo pudesse ter como étimo “fruta que recende”. Por fim, conclui-se que a hipótese etimológica consensual deve ser tratada como controversa e que uma nova hipótese etimológica deve ser buscada não para o nome de uma fruta, mas sim para o nome de um povo indígena.

Are small additions solved by direct retrieval from memory or automated counting procedures? A rejoinder to Chen and Campbell (2018)

Contrary to the longstanding and consensual hypothesis that adults mainly solve small single-digit additions by directly retrieving their answer from long-term memory, it has been recently argued that adults could solve small additions through fast automated counting procedures. In a recent article, Chen and Campbell (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 739–753, 2018) reviewed the main empirical evidence on which this alternative hypothesis is based, and concluded that there is no reason to jettison the retrieval hypothesis. In the present paper, we pinpoint the fact that Chen and Campbell reached some of their conclusions by excluding some of the problems that need to be considered for a proper argumentation against the automated counting procedure theory. We also explain why, contrary to Chen and Campbell’s assumption, the network interference model proposed by Campbell (Mathematical Cognition, 1, 121–164, 1995) cannot account for our data. Finally, we clarify a theoretical point of our model.

Variation of fetuin-A in maternal and fetal serum during human parturition

Backgroundparturition involves multiple signalling pathways and most advances in research underline the importance of fetal development and maturation in the timing of labour, especially the fetal pituitary-adrenal axis. But, there is currently no consensual hypothesis on all the physiological processes responsible for human parturition. Methodssixty low-risk pregnant women were enrolled in a prospective cohort. Maternal blood was sampled regularly during consultations each week in last trimester, at delivery and at postnatal consultation. Cord blood was collected at delivery. We used proteomic analysis to identify maternal blood biomarkers of potential interest, focusing on serum proteins from 39 W G in pregnancies to delivery and postpartum. Resultsamong 56 peaks we identified variation in the N-terminal part of fetuin-A in maternal serum. Fetuin-A is a natural antagonist of TGF-beta and is able to bind calcium. We found a significant decrease in maternal serum fetuin-A in the days preceding delivery, independently of the mode of delivery. Also, there does not appear to be significant influence of the different fetal parameters (sex, Z-score) on maternal serum variations at delivery. Conclusionfetuin-A is described by the literature as a potential biomarker for organ dysfunction and metabolic syndrome disorders. The protein mineral homeostasis would be an interesting pathway to explore during pregnancy and particularly parturition.

Die Wut über den verlorenen Stift

Abstract The chapter presents an application of Scenic-Narrative Microanalysis (SNMA) to a videotaped conflict situation in a Berlin primary school. The analysis is limited to the presented video material, not involving any additional information. SNMA uses the video spectators’ reactions as a tool to identify significant moments (Now Moments or Moments of Meeting as defined by Daniel Stern) in the video and to find a consensual hypothesis on the presumed group dynamics of class and teacher that can be linked to the field of attention research in school pedagogy. Necessary adaptations of the SNMA method to documentary video material are discussed.

Prolactina e metabolismo – uma perspetiva diferente de uma hormona multifuncional

IntroductionProlactin presents unique molecular and physiological characteristics that allow it to perform numerous functions. In addition to its role in lactation and in the regulation of reproductive function, this hormone affects multiple aspects of human homeostasis. Recently has been attracting attention for its properties in energetic metabolism. ObjectivesTo describe prolactin effects in glucose metabolism and adipose tissue function. MethodsSystematic search in PubMed database of the original articles or systematic reviews published until May 2013. The search terms used were:: «prolactin», «metabolism», «adipose tissue», «obesity», «diabetes mellitus» and «dopaminergic tone», ConclusionsProlactin affects several key aspects of energy homeostasis. This hormone influences β cell mass, insulin sensitivity and adipocytes structure and function through autocrine, paracrine and endocrine mechanisms. Under pathological conditions, especially in the presence of prolactinomas, hyperprolactinemia seems to contribute to the development of pathologies as diabetes mellitus and obesity. The reduction of the dopaminergic tone, resulting from maintained hyperprolactinemia, represents the most consensual hypothesis to integrate many of the metabolic abnormalities observed in patients with prolactinomas. In these patients, treatment with dopaminergic agonists conditions significant metabolic parameters improvement, namely a reduction in insulin resistance, improvement in glycemic control and weight loss. Thus, this review highlights the importance of an accurate evaluation of the metabolic profile of patients with prolactinomas allowing it to be considered in therapeutic decisions.

Le syndrome de l’intestin irritable : nouvelles pistes physiopathologiques et conséquences pratiques

In 2015, besides the fact that it still fills the gastroenterologists’ offices and impairs patient's quality of life, the irritable bowel syndrome has considerably evolved on several points. The pathophysiology is now organized around a consensual hypothesis called the “brain-gut axis”, which gather all the influences of peripheral factors as gut microbiota or local serotonin secretion, on the central pain perception, contributing to visceral hypersensitivity and transit modifications. About the diagnosis, the key message is “avoid over-prescription” of additional tests, and reminds that a positive clinical diagnosis based on Rome III criteria is possible after the elimination of simple clinical warning signs. Finally, the food component, a neglected and historical claim of patients, finally finds a strong scientific rational, with a diet low in fermentable sugar and polyols, that gives positive and reproducible results.

CONCENTRAÇÕES ANÔMALAS DE FLÚOR EM ÁGUAS SUBTERRÂNEAS

It is believed that concentrations up to 1.5 mg/L of fluorine in the waters are beneficial to human health in the prevention of dental caries in children. But higher values would be harmful and cause stains on teeth, dental fluorosis, and deformed bones. Through the literature review, it was noted that anomalous values of this element occur in crystalline, porous and karstic aquifers. The aim of this paper was to present an evolution of knowledge regarding fluoride anomalous concentrations, performing a case study on the Guarani Aquifer System/GAS. Locally the groundwater has high fluoride concentration in many Brazilian states above standards for human consumption. Many hypotheses were seeking to clarify the origin of these concentrations. However, there is still no consensus among researchers. There is a good relationship with sodic waters character, sulfated and/or chlorinated. Recent studies suggest an association with more saline, thermal waters in confined areas, associating the origin of fluoride to pre–SGA formations, carriers of salts and sulfated minerals. The most consensual hypothesis suggests the existence of mixtures with saline deep waters, indicating that there are areas where vertical flows predominate in relation to the horizontal at the GAS associated this natural process with the ion exchange capacity of the clay minerals.

The causee in the faire-Inf construction of European Portuguese

One of the most interesting aspects of the faire-Inf construction in the Romance languages concerns the properties and the structural position of the causee. In the relevant literature, the most consensual hypothesis is that, in these languages, the causee is the grammatical subject of the embedded domain, although it occurs in a post-verbal position and is introduced by a preposition whenever it is dependent on a transitive verb (see Kayne, 1975; Raposo, 1981; Burzio, 1986; Villalba, 1992; Guasti, 1993, 1997, among others). The aim of this paper is to present some evidence against the idea that the causee, in European Portuguese, is the subject of the embedded domain. I will claim that this domain is the projection of a null affix that incausativizes the embedded verb, suspending the assignment of the external θ -role of this verb. In consequence, the causee is merged in the positions classically associated to objects.