Consecutive Evenings Research Articles

Airport security personnel's working hour characteristics and associations with sickness absence-a retrospective cohort study in 2016-2019.

We aimed to investigate the associations of working hour characteristics based on the international and local definitions with sickness absence (SA) among airport security personnel. The payroll-based registry data of daily working hours for 2016-2019 at one airport was limited to those with ≥30 work shifts in a year (n=377-687 employees). The conditional Poisson model for incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was used for analyses. Based on the international definitions, only a few associations were found: each one-unit increase in weekly working hours and the number of consecutive working days were associated with a lower likelihood of SA. The local definitions were more consistently associated with SA: Each one-unit increase in shift length and time between shifts, higher variation in shift length, and the number of consecutive evening and night shifts were associated with a higher likelihood of SA. To conclude, especially the local definitions of working hour characteristics seem to be important limits for short SA. Thus, high variability of shift lengths and prolonged shifts could be avoided to reduce the risk of SA. Overall, keeping the working hours within any of the recommendations among airport security personnel could support well-being and health.

Too little, too much, and "just right": Exploring the "goldilocks zone" of daily stress reactivity.

Hormetic models of stress resilience describe nonlinear relations for exposure to adversity and health outcomes, where exposure induces salutary changes up to a threshold, with changes becoming deleterious afterward. Here we apply a hormetic model of stress to reactivity to daily stressors, examining whether mental and physical health benefits arise from low-to-moderate reactivity but then decrease at higher levels. Data are from the second wave of the National Study of Daily Experiences (NSDE). Adults (N = 2,022; Mage = 58.61, SD = 12.12, age range: 35-86; 57% female) completed telephone interviews detailing their stressors and affect on eight consecutive evenings. A series of multilevel structural equation models estimated within-person associations between daily stressors and negative affect (i.e., stress reactivity), and between-person linear and quadratic effects of stress reactivity on mental and physical health outcomes (i.e., life satisfaction, psychological distress, and number of chronic conditions). Findings reveal a significant quadratic effect for each outcome, indicating a U-shaped pattern (inverse U for positively valenced life satisfaction), such that low and high levels of stress reactivity were associated with poorer health and well-being, whereas moderate levels of daily stress reactivity predicted better health outcomes. These findings suggest that individuals who display either very low- or very high-stress reactivity may benefit from interventions that target their emotion regulation skills and coping resources. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Daily exposure to stressors, daily perceived severity of stress, and mortality risk among US adults.

Prior studies of perceived stress and mortality have yielded mixed results, but most are based on one-time measurements of perceived stress. We use daily diary data from the Midlife in the United States study to measure exposure to stressors and perceived severity of stress and investigate their associations with mortality. We also explore whether the associations vary by age and assess whether the associations are stronger for extrinsic than intrinsic mortality, which is more likely to be aging-related. The analysis included 4,756 observations for 2,915 respondents aged 21-95 who participated in at least one of three waves (1996-97, 2004-09, 2017-19) of the National Study of Daily Experiences. Participants reported daily stressors and perceived severity on 8 consecutive evenings at each wave. Mortality was followed through December 31, 2021. In fully-adjusted models, daily exposure to stressors was associated with mortality, but only at younger ages (HR = 1.20 per SD at age 50, 95% CI: 1.01‒1.42). The association was slightly stronger for extrinsic (HR = 1.31 per SD at age 50, 95% CI: 1.01‒1.69) than for intrinsic mortality, which was not significant (HR = 1.24 per SD at age 50, 95% CI: 0.98‒1.56). When we used an alternative measure of daily perceived severity of stress, the demographic-adjusted association appeared to be similar in magnitude, but after careful adjustment for potential confounding with health status, the association weakened and was no longer statistically significant (HR = 1.17 per SD at age 50, 95% CI: 0.99-1.37). Perceived severity was not significantly associated with either extrinsic or intrinsic mortality even at age 50. Most Americans die at older ages, where stress exposure does not appear to be significantly associated with mortality. Nonetheless, our results suggest that stress exposure is more strongly associated with midlife mortality, which has an undue influence on overall life expectancy.

Simulated quick returns in a laboratory context and effects on sleep and pre-sleep arousal between shifts: a crossover controlled trial

This trial presents a laboratory model investigating the effect of quick returns (QRs, <11 h time off between shifts) on sleep and pre-sleep arousal. Using a crossover design, 63 participants worked a simulated QR condition (8 h time off between consecutive evening- and day shifts) and a day-day (DD) condition (16 h time off between consecutive day shifts). Participants slept at home and sleep was measured using a sleep diary and sleep radar. Compared to the DD condition, the QR condition reduced subjective and objective total sleep time by approximately one hour (both p < .001), reduced time in light- (p < .001), deep- (p = .004), rapid eye movement (REM, p < .001), percentage of REM sleep (p = .023), and subjective sleep quality (p < .001). Remaining sleep parameters and subjective pre-sleep arousal showed no differences between conditions. Results corroborate previous field studies, validating the QR model and indicating causal effects of short rest between shifts on common sleep parameters and sleep architecture.

REVISITING POSITIVE AFFECT: THE ROLE OF AFFECT MEAN LEVELS AND VARIABILITY ON DEPRESSION IN MID AND LATER LIFE

Abstract Recent research suggests that affect dynamics (e.g., variability) combined with mean levels are important predictors of psychological and physical health outcomes. This study explores the joint effect of affect levels and variability on depression across 10 years among middle-aged and older adults. We used the data from the second and third waves of Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. During telephone interviews, daily positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) were assessed across eight consecutive evenings. Daily affect mean levels were calculated by averaging daily affect across interview days, and daily affect variability was calculated as the individual’s standard deviation (iSD). Depression status was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short form at baseline and 10-year follow-up. The final analytic sample includes 1,499 adults aged 55 years old on average (age range = 34-83; 55.7% female; 93% white). Logistic regression analysis was performed to test the interaction effect of daily affect mean levels and variability on depression. We found a significant interaction effect between PA mean levels and variability on depression status at follow-up. For individuals with high PA levels, higher PA variability was associated with higher odds of developing depression, after adjusting for depression and anxiety disorder at baseline. For NA, we only found main effects where higher NA variability was associated with higher odds of depression at follow-up. Findings suggest fragile high PA (i.e., variable high PA) may be a significant predictor of depression, highlighting the need for understanding PA as multidimensional construct.

Mobilisation in the EveNing to prevent and TreAt deLirium (MENTAL): a mixed-methods, randomised controlled feasibility trial

Delirium is common in critically ill patients and associated with longer hospital stays, increased morbidity and higher healthcare costs. Non-pharmacological interventions have been advocated for delirium management, however there is little evidence evaluating feasibility and acceptability of physical interventions administered in the evening. The aim of this study was to conduct a feasibility trial of evening mobilisation to prevent and treat delirium in patients admitted to intensive care. In this mixed-methods, randomised controlled feasibility trial we recruited participants from intensive care units at two university hospitals in the United Kingdom. Eligible participants who were able to respond to verbal stimulus (Richmond agitation and sedation scale ≥3) and expected to stay in intensive care for at least 24h were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive usual care or usual care plus evening mobilisation. The evening mobilisation was delivered between 19:00 and 21:00, for up to seven consecutive evenings or ICU discharge, whichever was sooner. All outcome assessments were completed by a team member blinded to randomisation and group allocation. Primary objective was to assess feasibility and acceptability of evening mobilisation. Primary feasibility outcomes were recruitment, consent and retention rates, and intervention fidelity. Intervention acceptability was evaluated through semi-structured interviews of participants and staff. Secondary outcomes included prevalence in incidence and duration of delirium, measured using the Confusion Assessment Method for ICU. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05401461. Between July 16th, 2022, and October 31st, 2022, 58 eligible patients (29 usual care; 29 usual care plus evening mobilisation) were enrolled. We demonstrated the feasibility and acceptability of both the trial design and evening mobilisation intervention. Consent and retention rates over three months were 88% (58/66) and 90% (52/58) respectively, with qualitative analysis demonstrating good acceptability reported by both participants and staff. Secondary outcomes for the evening intervention group compared with the control group were: delirium incidence 5/26 (19%; 95% CI: 6-39%) vs 8/28 (29%; 95% CI: 13-49%) and mean delirium duration 2 days (SD 0.7) vs 4.25 days (SD 2.0). Results of this trial will inform the development of a definitive full-scale randomised controlled trial investigating the effects of evening mobilisation to treat delirium and improve health-related outcomes. None.

0315 Phase shifting in response to light flash sequences during sleep

Abstract Introduction The human circadian clock is synchronized to the outside world through regular ocular light exposure. Light does not need to be continuous to be an effective time cue. Light administered as a sequence of light flashes can be more effective than continuous light of the same illuminance. Exposure to a sequence of light flashes while awake is annoying, but such exposure can occur during sleep, without disrupting sleep, when the circadian system is most sensitive to light. As such, the purpose of this experiment was to determine the magnitude of circadian phase shift that could be obtained when exposing individuals to light flash sequences during sleep. Methods Healthy young individuals (n=10) participated in a crossover study of two separate 16-d protocols, the order of which was randomized. The first 14 d were an at-home circadian phase/amplitude optimization period, followed by a 37-h in-laboratory stay during which participants had constant routines (CR) on two consecutive evenings. The onset of salivary melatonin determined during the CRs was used as a marker of circadian phase. Light was dim (&amp;lt; 5 lux) or dark between CRs, except for the light flashes (2-ms flashes, ~1500 lux, every 15 s for 1 h) that were administered via custom goggles while participants slept (starting 30 m after habitual bedtime). During the placebo condition, the goggles provided no light. The impact of the light on circadian phase (pre-post) and polysomnographically-measured sleep were assessed. Results As compared to the control condition (12±20 minutes), exposure to the flashes engendered substantial shifts (1.13±1.27 h, p&amp;lt; 0.01; d=1.02). There was considerable variability in response to the stimulus, with two individuals not displaying any phase changes, three having a modest phase change (&amp;lt; 1 hour), two having a moderate phase change (1-2 hours) and two having a large phase shift (&amp;gt;2 hours), one of whom shifted more than 6 hours. There were no significant differences in sleep on placebo or flash exposure nights. Conclusion Exposure to a sequence of light flashes during sleep has the capacity to engender large changes in circadian timing without necessitating behavior changes during wake to receive phototherapy. Support (if any) Department of Defense (W81XWH-16-1-0223)

Drifting toward Revolution: Kurt Scharf and the dah shab in Tehran

Poetry readings are an intimate affair; they are not suitable for mobilizing the masses. But poems can capture moods and trigger emotions. They can create closeness and community, send messages and demand change. Indeed, in the case of Iran, a series of poetry reading sessions can be considered a milestone event on the country's path toward revolution.2 During ten nights of poetry reading, known as the dah shab, in October 1977 in Tehran, the country's most prominent poets and writers took advantage of a short window of opportunity that opened up for them when the Shah loosened somewhat the reins of dictatorship. Beginning on October 10, 1977, they presented their poems to thousands of listeners on ten consecutive evenings on the premises of the German-Iranian Cultural Association on Pahlavī Avenue. Poets of all political persuasions were present, united above all in their common interest of demanding an end to censorship and standing up for freedom of speech. The impressive list of participants includes such well-known names as Behazin, Simin Behbehani, Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, Houshang Golshiri, Saeed Soltanpour, and Siavosh Kasrai, along with many more.3

P079 A new lens on preschool sleep: Using wearable cameras to capture pre-bedtime activities

Abstract Introduction While bedtime routines are often recommended to address behavioural sleep problems in young children, these recommendations are based on parental subjective assessment of behaviours which may not be accurate. The aim of this study was to establish the feasibility of using wearable cameras to objectively measure bedtime routines and pre-bedtime screen use in preschool-aged children. Methods Sixteen children aged 3-4 years wore a GoPro video camera for two hours prior to bedtime on three consecutive evenings. Subsequent sleep parameters were monitored for seven nights by actigraphy. Standardised questionnaires and a sleep diary provided traditional measures of child sleep behaviours. Feasibility was determined by adherence to protocol and ability to develop a reliable behavioural coding scheme from the video data. Acceptability was determined through feedback questionnaires and exit interviews. Results Participant families found the cameras acceptable, with the majority of parents agreeing the cameras were easy to use (94%) and keep on their child (81%). Parents felt that wearing the camera did not change how they parented their child (88%), or their child’s behaviours (81%). A behavioural coding scheme incorporating self-care activities, nutrition, reading, physical contact and screen use (time, device type, media content) was successfully developed with interrater reliability established by two independent coders (kappa &amp;gt;0.8). Conclusions Wearable cameras provide a feasible and acceptable method to measure bedtime routines and screen use in preschool-aged children. This appears to be is the first study to use wearable cameras to objectively measure pre-bedtime activities in this age-group.

Everyday discrimination, daily affect, and physical symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abundant evidence has linked everyday discrimination with health risks. Because the COVID-19 pandemic has increased exposure to discrimination (e.g., based on age and race), it is important to understand the day-to-day implications of discrimination experiences for well-being. Furthermore, daily positive events were examined as a moderator due to their potential for mitigating the associations between everyday discrimination and well-being. From March to August 2020, 1,212 participants aged 18-91 in the United States and Canada (84% women, 75% White) completed surveys for seven consecutive evenings about everyday discrimination, positive events, physical health symptoms, and positive and negative affect. Data were analyzed using multilevel models and controlled for sociodemographic factors. Everyday discrimination was reported on 9.3% of days when in-person or remote social interactions occurred. Within-persons, positive affect was lower and negative affect and physical symptoms were higher on days when discrimination occurred versus on days without discrimination. Positive events mitigated the within-person association between everyday discrimination and same-day negative affect, but not for positive affect or physical symptoms. Discrimination perceived to be due to age was associated with higher negative affect and lower positive affect within-persons. Positive events did not moderate the associations between age-based discrimination and same-day outcomes. Everyday discrimination was related to lower daily positive affect and higher negative affect and physical symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study provides initial evidence that daily positive events partially offset the increased negative affect associated with same-day discrimination. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

PEth 16:0/18:1 and 16:0/18:2 after consumption of low doses of alcohol-A contribution to cutoff discussion.

Phosphatidylethanol in blood has gained recognition as a direct alcohol biomarker. Although different cutoffs have been suggested, there is no consensus for differentiating abstinence from alcohol consumption. In this study, 75 participants (72% female) consumed 20 g of ethanol on three consecutive evenings. Blood was sampled on each following day and PEth 16:0/18:1 and 16:0/18:2 were determined. PEth 16:0/18:1 ranged from 8.9-21.5, 8.7-19.3, and 8.8-42.3 ng/ml and PEth 16:0/18:2 from 8.7-31.7, 9.0-39.3, and 9.4-43.0 ng/ml after the respective days of ethanol consumption. PEth 16:0/18:1 yielded a sensitivity of 25%, 45%, and 49% and PEth 16:0/18:2 of 40%, 61%, and 68% for the consumption days, respectively (cutoff 10 ng/ml). PEth 16:0/18:1 reached >20 ng/ml in five samples overall. Sensitivity of PEth 16:0/18:2 > 20 ng/ml was better with 35% after the three drinking days. Overall, PEth 16:0/18:1 was >35 ng/ml in one sample and PEth 16:0/18:2 in three samples. Significantly, more women had PEth 16:0/18:1 > 10 ng/ml after the third day of consuming 20 g of alcohol (p= 0.02) and PEth 16:0/18:2 > 10 ng/ml after the second (p= 0.023) and the third (p= 0.002) consumption, which can be led back to the higher blood alcohol concentration women reach after consuming the same alcohol amount as men. Although the response rates of PEth to alcohol uptake are subject to strong interindividual differences, results suggest that PEth cutoff should be lowered for better detection of consumption of low to medium amounts of alcohol. Furthermore, it is advantageous to analyze both PEth 16:0/18:2 and 16:0/18:1.

One large beer, please! – Synthesis of Phosphatidylethanol 16:0/18:1 and 16:0/18:2 after consumption of low amounts of alcohol

Phosphatidylethanol has gained recognition as a direct alcohol biomarker in the past years. It has been shown to be beneficial alone or in combination with other alcohol biomarkers in different settings and patient collectives. While different cut-offs have been suggested and applied, there is no consensus on cut-off concentrations of PEth for differentiating between abstinence and alcohol consumption. After staying abstinent for at least three weeks 75 participants consumed 20 g of ethanol (500 mL 5 Vol% beer) within 30 min on three consecutive evenings. Blood was sampled on each following day from the fingertip, using a safety lancet and a 20 μL micropipette. Dried blood spots were directly generated and later analyzed for PEth 16:0/18:1 and 16:0/18:2 via LC-MS/MS. Limit of detection for both analyzed homologues was 3.9 ng/mL. Limit of quantification (LOQ) was 8.6 ng/mL for PEth 16:0/18:1 and 6.2 ng/mL for PEth 16:0/18:2. A control group ( n = 22) consumed one liter of alcohol-free beer within one hour on three consecutive evenings. Starting concentrations for the drinking phase were < 7 ng/mL for both homologues in all participants. When applying a cut-off of 10 ng/mL it were 25% of the participants that were positive after the first consumption for PEth 16:0/18:1. After the second and third consumption it were 45% and 49%, respectively. PEth 16:0/18:2 was positive in 40%, 61% and 71% after the first, second and third consumption of alcohol, respectively. A PEth 16:0/18:1 concentration of > 20 ng/mL was only quantified in one sample after the first consumption and in five samples after the third consumption. PEth 16:0/18:2 was > 20 ng/mL in 7%, 24% and 35% on the days after the first, second and third consumption, respectively. Overall, 35 ng/mL was exceeded by PEth 16:0/18:1 in one sample and PEth 16:0/18:2 in three samples. If including the samples with concentration > 8.6 ng/mL into calculation, PEth ranged from 8.9–21.5 ng/mL [mean: 11.6 ng/mL, standard deviation (sd): 2.9] after the first consumption, 8.8–19.3 (mean 13.1 ng/mL, sd: 2.9) after the second consumption and 8.8–42.3 ng/mL (mean: 14.3 ng/mL, sd: 6.2) after the third consumption. n = 52 of the participants were female (72%). The ratio of samples > 10 ng/mL PEth 16:0/18:1 was significantly higher in women after the third consumption of alcohol than in men ( P = 0.02). For PEth 16:0/18:2 the ratio was significantly higher in women than in men after the second ( P = 0.023) and the third ( P = 0.002) consumption. Consumption of one liter of ‘alcohol-free’ beer on three consecutive days did not impact PEth concentrations in any participant on any study day ( n = 22). The high ranges of PEth concentrations among the participants highlights the interindividual dose response of PEth to ethanol, as some participants did not show any change in PEth concentrations while others reached > 20 ng/mL after initially being < LOQ. For consumption of small amounts of alcohol, the cut-off of 10 ng/mL was by far more sensitive than 20 or 35 ng/mL. It needs to be kept in mind that due to the long half-life of PEth a low concentration can also result from a consumption leading to higher PEth that lies further back. Still, in settings in which consumption of small amounts of alcohol needs to be detected it could be recommended to apply 10 ng/mL as cut-off. The quantification of the two homologues PEth 16:0/18:1 and 16:0/18:2 together increases sensitivity in opposite to only analyzing the first.

Caregivers' everyday moral reasoning predicts young children's aggressive, prosocial, and moral development: Evidence from ambulatory assessment.

Developmental theories have proposed caregiver reactions, in particular caregivers' moral reasoning with their children, as crucial factors in children's developing morality. Yet, empirical evidence is scarce and mainly restricted to laboratory contexts. Here, we used the ambulatory assessment method to investigate how caregiver responses to moral transgressions longitudinally relate to children's emerging moral agency. On the first measurement point, mothers (N=220) reported on nine consecutive evenings on a moral transgression of their 5- to 46-month-olds', their emotional and verbal reactions, and how in turn their child reacted. Five months later, mothers reported on their child's aggressive and prosocial (helping, sharing, comforting) behavior. Our results demonstrated that (1) caregiver reasoning supported children's sharing and comforting behavior and was related to lower levels of children's aggressive behavior half a year later, that (2) caregiver reasoning reactions supported children's negative evaluations of their own transgressions while compliance-based caregiver reactions (e.g., physical interventions, reprimands) were predictive of children's subsequent emotional distress and anger, and that (3) caregiver social conformity and reflective functioning abilities emerged as determinants of caregiver negative moral emotions. Thus, this study uses an innovative methodological approach to uncover key characteristics of caregiver moral reactions supporting the development of morality.

The Relational Wear and Tear of Everyday Racism Among African American Couples

The wear and tear of adapting to chronic stressors such as racism and discrimination can have detrimental effects on mental and physical health. Here, we investigated the wider implications of everyday racism for relationship quality in an adult sample of 98 heterosexual African American couples. Participants reported on their experiences of racial discrimination and positive and negative affect for 21 consecutive evenings. Using dyadic analyses, we found that independently of age, gender, marital status, income, racial-discrimination frequency, neuroticism, and mean levels of affect, participants’ relationship quality was inversely associated with their partner’s negative affective reactivity to racial discrimination. Associations did not vary by gender, suggesting that the effects of affective reactivity were similar for men and women. These findings highlight the importance of a dyadic approach and call for further research examining the role of everyday racism as a key source of stress in the lives of African American couples.

Influence of esports on Sleep and Stress

Abstract. Recreative sleep and a low stress level are important health- and performance-enhancing factors in daily life. The present investigation examines the influence of esports on sleep and stress. In a counterbalanced within-subjects design, 44 participants (37 males, 7 females, 25.2 ± 4.6 years old) completed both a gaming and a nongaming session on two consecutive evenings. We assessed individual sleep duration and individual stress parameters via a Garmin® smartwatch in addition to a short subjective scale. The results show that, in the gaming condition, total sleep time was significantly lower than in the nongaming condition ( p = .003). The participants’ stress level was significantly increased after gaming compared to nongaming ( p = .005). Future research should not only examine the long-term effects of esports on health longitudinally, but also establish suitable sleep interventions and stress coping strategies.

Interpersonal Interactions and Affect in Daily Life Among Midlife and Older Adults

Theories of age and emotional wellbeing posit that older age is associated with better affective well-being through avoidance or minimization of distressing experiences and prioritizing positive experiences and emotions. To test these theories, researchers have examined change in affect (i.e., reactivity) associated with negative interpersonal experiences in daily diary studies, given the compromising effects these interpersonal stressors exert on daily affect. In contrast, age differences in the potential affect-enhancing effects of positive interpersonal experiences have been comparatively neglected. Using the second wave of the National Study of Daily Experiences, we evaluated age differences in the frequency of daily negative and positive interpersonal interactions, as well as the affective responses to these interpersonal interactions. Positive and negative affect, as well as negative and positive interpersonal interactions were assessed on eight consecutive evenings. Analyses included 818 participants (Mage=53.3, SD=11.8, Range=34-83; 60% female) who experienced both negative and positive interpersonal interactions during the 8-day protocol. Preliminary results revealed increased frequency of negative interpersonal interactions and decreased frequency of positive interpersonal interactions with age (ps<.01). Further, negative interpersonal interactions were associated with increases in negative affect and decreases in positive affect (ps<.01), while positive interpersonal interactions were associated only with increased positive affect (p<.01). Finally, modest evidence of age-related reductions in the affective impact of negative, but not positive, interpersonal interactions emerged (p=.03). Discussion will focus on how studies of interpersonal interactions in daily life can inform theories of aging and promote emotional wellbeing throughout adulthood and later life.

Age Discrimination During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Associations With Daily Well-Being

During the COVID-19 pandemic, ageist attitudes have been pervasive in public discourse, interpersonal relationships, and medical decision-making. For example, older adults have been portrayed as vulnerable while younger adults have been portrayed as reckless. The current study examined age discrimination during COVID-19 and associations with daily affect and physical symptoms. Positive events and age were examined as moderators. From March to August 2020, 1493 participants aged 18-91 (mean=40) in the U.S. and Canada completed surveys for seven consecutive evenings about discrimination, positive events, affect, and physical symptoms. Multilevel models controlled for age, race, income, education, sample (university students vs. community), and country of residence. Results indicated that individuals who reported more age discrimination had higher negative affect (b=36.44, SE=3.97), lower positive affect (b=-19.07, SE=4.10), and increased physical symptoms (b=3.85, SE=0.49; p<0.001 for all), compared to those with fewer reports of age discrimination. Within-persons, days with age discrimination were associated with higher negative affect (b=3.66, SE=1.36, p=0.008), lower positive affect (b=-2.60, SE=1.23, p=0.037), and increased physical symptoms (b=0.26, SE=0.11, p=0.02), compared to days on which age discrimination was not reported. Positive events moderated the between-person association of age discrimination with physical symptoms such that individuals with more age discrimination and more frequent positive events reported fewer daily physical symptoms than those with more age discrimination and less frequent positive events. Age did not moderate the associations. Age discrimination was associated with poorer daily well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic and may have long-term impacts on intergenerational solidarity and attitudes toward aging.

Does dietary fat cause a dose dependent glycemic response in youth with type 1 diabetes?

To determine the glycemic impact of dietary fat alone consumed without prandial insulin in individuals with T1D. Thirty participants with T1D (aged 8-18 years) consumed a test drink with either 20 g glucose or 1, 13, 26, 39, 51 g of fat with negligible carbohydrate/protein on 6 consecutive evenings, in a randomized order without insulin. Continuous glucose monitoring was used to measure glucose levels for 8h postprandially. Primary outcome was mean glycemic excursion at each 30min interval for each test condition. Generalized linear mixed models with a random effect for people with diabetes were used to test for an increase in blood glucose excursion with increasing quantity of fat. Glycemic excursions after 20 g glucose were higher than after fat drinks over the first 2 h (p< 0.05). Glycemic excursion for the fat drinks demonstrated a dose response, statistically significant from 4 h (p=0.026), such that increasing loads of fat caused a proportionally larger increase in glycemic excursion, remaining statistically significant until 8 h (p < 0.05). Overall, for every 10g fat added to the drink, glucose concentrations rose by a mean of 0.28 mmol L-1 from 330 min (95% CI 0.15 to 0.39, p < 0.001). Fat ingested without other macronutrients increases glucose excursions from 4 to 8 h after ingestion, in a dose dependent manner. These observations may impact on insulin dosing for high-fat foods in individuals with T1D.

Daily Stressor Exposure and Daily Well-Being Among Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Adults in the United States: Results from the National Study of Daily Experiences (NSDE).

Daily stress plays a significant role in mental and physical health. Negative mood (e.g., hopelessness) and physical symptoms (e.g., headaches) are responses often associated with daily stressors. It is theorized that some people or populations are more vulnerable or reactive to daily stressors. We propose sexual orientation as one factor that is associated with daily stress exposure and reactivity. To understand whether sexual minorities (SMs) differ from heterosexuals in their exposure and reactivity to general, non-sexual minority-specific stressors (e.g., arguments/disagreements, job concerns). We used daily diary data (n = 3,323 heterosexuals [52% identified as female and 85% identified as White]; n = 98 SMs [50% identified as female and 93% identified as White]) from the National Study of Daily Experiences (NSDE). Participants completed eight consecutive evening daily diary interviews (n days = 24,773; mean days completed = 7.24) and reported daily stress exposure and daily well-being. We used multilevel modeling as an approach to examine whether sexual orientation interacted with daily stressors to predict daily negative affect and physical health. SMs tended to experience more daily stressors compared to heterosexuals; specifically, SMs reported at least one stressor on nearly half (48%) of the study days they completed, and heterosexuals reported at least one stressor on about two-fifths (41%) of the study days they completed. SMs also tended to experience more negative mood when they experienced a daily stressor compared to heterosexuals when they experienced a daily stressor. We emphasize the importance of SMs' exposure and reactivity to general daily stressors and the implications of our results for the day-to-day lives and health of SMs.

The Sleep Impact on Activity Diary (SIAD): A Novel Assessment of Daytime Functioning in Insomnia.

Daytime impairments feature in the diagnostic criteria for insomnia disorder yet are rarely assessed comprehensively in clinical practice and tend to focus on mood and subjective assessment of cognitive competence. In order to gain more information about the engagement in daily activities we developed the Sleep Impact on Activity Diary (SIAD). This initial investigation included 22 insomnia patients (15 females, aged 49.9 years, SD = 17.6) and 19 normal sleeper controls (13 females, aged 30.9 years, SD = 8.9). For 14 consecutive evenings, participants rated how their prior night-time sleep impacted their participation in 12 common daytime activities (e.g., work, self-care, leisure). They also rated how much effort each activity required (Range: 0–4). Overall, insomnia patients participated in only one fewer activity type per day (M = 7.48, SD = 1.34) than controls (M = 8.39, SD = 1.43) (p = 0.041, d = 0.66). More noteworthy, they reported that sleep negatively affected their participation more than controls (M = 1.56, SD = 0.92 versus M = 0.23, SD = 0.35; p = < 0.001, d = 1.90), and that activities required more effort (M = 1.58, SD = 0.64 versus M = 0.81, SD = 0.76; p = 0.001, d = 1.10). This pilot study with the SIAD suggests that, compared to good sleepers, insomnia patients participate in somewhat fewer activities but that their activities require considerably more effort and are adversely affected by their sleep. The SIAD tool promises to provide a more comprehensive picture of the everyday impact of insomnia. It remains to be validated on a much larger sample in a clinical treatment study.