Period Of Conquest Research Articles

Fluctuations of Power: How Minting in Tenth-Century England Reflected Shifts in Royal Authority

ABSTRACT This article explores the potential that a correlation of the removal of the mint locations from the epigraphy along with the changes in royal title and shifting power dynamics in the north may have some relation to one another. A steady progression towards centralisation in minting practice took place between the late ninth-century and 930, and Edgar’s reform of the early 970s solidified the central authority of the crown for the remainder of the Pre-Norman Conquest period. However, political upheaval as well as persistent threats and losses led to a contraction of minting in the north. And the reversal of some of the policies established by Edward the Elder and Æthelstan in the first third of the tenth century saw widespread regionalisation in the coinage of the south. This loss of momentum is well illustrated by the shifts in minting during the period.

Contrasting Democratic Trajectories: A Comparative Analysis of Costa Rica and Nicaragua

The main focus of this paper is the democracy process in Central America. It is a case study focuses on Costa Rica and Nicaragua and its respective trajectories towards democracy. Despite their shared historical backgrounds, culture, similar size, and geographical location, Costa Rica has one of the most peaceful and enduring democracies, while Nicaragua has been a tumultuous country with internal conflicts that have directly impacted its democratization. The historical context of colonial exploitation, socio-economic disparities, and political unrest has significantly shaped the contemporary political landscape of the region. This research uses Costa Rica and Nicaragua as examples to highlight the diverse paths of democratic development in Central America. Since 1948, Costa Rica has been a democratic country, while Nicaragua has undergone a dual transition, one through revolution (1984) and the other through democratic elections in 1990. By emphasizing the unique historical peculiarities of the region, valuable insights into the democratization processes are provided. The study uses a historical method to analyze the democratization processes in Costa Rica and Nicaragua. It examines the impact of the conquest period, the role of key factors such as landed oligarchies and military forces, the influence of international economic crises, and the current democratic quality in both countries. The study shows that historical legacies have lasting effects on democracy.

The Mālikī School of Law in Andalusia and Its Impact on the Development of European Legal Systems

Objectives: This article explores the history of the Mālikī school of law in Andalusia and its influence on European laws. The study opens with the period of the Muslim conquest of Andalusia, aiming to highlight the various schools that existed before the emergence and spread of the Mālikī school and its impact on European laws. Methodology: This article uses a descriptive analysis, drawing on early and contemporary Islamic sources. Its goal is to trace the spread of the Mālikī school of law in Andalusia and analyse its influence on European laws. Findings: This article demonstrates how the Mālikī school of law influenced modern European laws that modified this jurisprudence and integrated it into their legal systems, such as the French Civil Code. Such was the result of a substantial interaction between Muslims and non-Muslims following the Islamic conquest of Andalusia. Consequently, the article concludes that introducing the Mālikī school of law into Andalusia substantially impacted European laws and systems. Originality: This article discusses the entry of Muslims into Andalusia during the European Dark Ages. It elucidates how the conquest of Andalusia affected the Andalusians and that Islamic civilisation and the Mālikī school of law influenced most of Europe's nations as well.

A Unique Type of Silk in the Archaeological Heritage of the Hungarian Conquest Period and Some Remarks on the Use of Silk

A Unique Type of Silk in the Archaeological Heritage of the Hungarian Conquest Period and Some Remarks on the Use of Silk

A magyarországi 10–11. századi sebészi trepanációk összehasonlító vizsgálata a validált oszteoarcheológiai adatok tükrében

Trepanations are divided into three groups in the Eastern European osteological practice: surgical, cultical and symbolic trepanations. Classical surgical interventions are conducted on living subjects, and all three layers of the cranial vault are removed. My examinations were conducted in skeletal series with skulls bearing surgical trepanations that derive from the Conquest Period and the early Árpádian Age (9–11th c. CE). I examined all cases applying a unified protocol for comparability, and I also made efforts to verify the dating and the trepanation diagnosis of each possible case. This type of work creating a cadastre of 10–11th century trepanations is unprecedented in the Hungarian osteological practice. In 51 cases, the earlier diagnosis of trepanation was verified. I examined all the available remains of each affected individuals, and also investigated 5 more individuals of the same sex and similar age-at-death in each series for comparison. Instead of the usual nosology-based palaeopathological diagnostical process, I observed types of lesion in the endocranial and ectocranial surfaces, and made statistical comparison between the trepanned and non-trepanned samples. The work hypothesis was that trepanations were conducted for real therapeutic reasons. If pathological features are more frequent among individuals with trepanations than their peers, it indirectly implies that trepanation might have been applied as a therapeutic measure in most cases and was not a ritual intervention as often hypothesized elsewhere. Beside the comparative work, we also put forward a change in nomenclature; we wish to introduce the word ‘cranioglyph’ instead of ‘symbolic trepanation’, since the latter tends to be confused with other interventions in the Western practice. In the future, we wish to carry on the comparative approach to postcranial elements and activity-related changes to further elucidate the indication of these ancient surgical techniques.

Problems of attribution of plate armor from the collection of the Alava Museum of Arms, Spain (on the question of scaly shells in the west of the medieval Ecumene, X–XIII centuries)

In the article the scale armour from Museode Armeríade Álava collection is explored. Among the specialists it is considered to be the earliest Medieval European scale armour of 10-13 centuries. After the comparison of the scale armor fragments in Europe, on the Balkans (the fragments there belong to Byzantine armory circle) and Middle East the author puts into question its background and dating. To wide the search circle the explorer pays attention on two ceremonial armour sets. One from Museode lEjército of Toledo and the second from The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The breast plates of both sets have the same construction and decoration to the breast plate from Museo de Armeríade Álava. At the same time the set from Museo del Ejército of Toledo attribution that is given at the official museum site as the armour of Mexican Indian chief of the Conquest period is considered to be absolutely incorrect by the author of the article. Because iron as the material for local metallurgical industry of the period was simple unknown and unavailable for metalwork. The attribution of the second set from The Metropolitan Museum of Art that is given at the official museum site seams much more probable. The American specialists attribute it as Chinese and date 18tht c. Based on it the author comes to the conclusion that the breast plate from Museo de Armería de Álava has nothing to European Medieval period and can be attributed as Chinese ceremonial armour set of 18th c.

The architectural complex of Shah Fazil in legends and writings about the period of the Arab conquest of Ferghana

The historical and architectural complex of Shah Fazil is one of the holiest places for Muslims and a historical monument, and the relevance of its study is related to its religious, historical and cultural importance. The purpose of the study is to investigate the establishment of the Shah Fazil architectural complex and determine the connection between the legends about the foundation of the Shah Fazil mausoleum during the Arab conquest of Ferghana and real historical facts. The study used general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, as well as historical-critical, comparative and dialectical methods. As a result, it was established that the Shah Fazil architectural complex is a unique object of cultural heritage. It includes several architectural monuments, the most significant of which is the 11th century mausoleum. Of particular value is the interior of the mausoleum, decorated with carved carvings and religious inscriptions. According to legend, the founder of the complex, the great-grandson of the prophet Muhammed, Shah Fazil, who conquered the Ferghana Valley in the 7th century, is buried in the mausoleum. Here, according to legend, is the burial place of 2,700 Arab soldiers, companions of Shah Jarir, father of Shah Fazil, who died at the hands of local pagans. The soldiers were buried by the maid Safid-Bulan, after whom the village where the complex is located is named. The figures appearing in the legend of the individual are the fruit of folklore, but the story itself has a historical basis and serves as an echo of real events that took place at the beginning of the conquest of the Ferghana Valley by the Arabs. The practical value of the study is determined by the fact that its materials can be used in further research of the historical and architectural complex of Shah Fazil, and is also a source for the use of elements of ancient architecture in the design of modern buildings

Ploughing up the battlefield; Inca warfare, conquest and resilience

Inca warfare has been the subject of scholarly interest since the period of the Spanish conquest. Not only were the land and its peoples exotically different from the Spanish interlopers but so were the many aspects of indigenous warfare. Though the indigenous population proved quick to adapt their methods and strategies to resist these foreign invaders, many of the underlying fundamentals took some time to adjust. This paper seeks to uncover both, some of the ideological framework which harnessed indigenous Andean strategies and tactics but also to present some of the more practical considerations with respect to territorial expansion, including how native strategy, tactics and beliefs first developed and then adapted to the Spanish presence in the first few decades of the conquest.

High Coverage Mitogenomes and Y-Chromosomal Typing Reveal Ancient Lineages in the Modern-Day Székely Population in Romania.

Here we present 115 whole mitogenomes and 92 Y-chromosomal Short Tandem Repeat (STR) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) profiles from a Hungarian ethnic group, the Székelys (in Romanian: Secuii, in German: Sekler), living in southeast Transylvania (Romania). The Székelys can be traced back to the 12th century in the region, and numerous scientific theories exist as to their origin. We carefully selected sample providers that had local ancestors inhabiting small villages in the area of Odorheiu Secuiesc/Székelyudvarhely in Romania. The results of our research and the reported data signify a qualitative leap compared to previous studies since it presents the first complete mitochondrial DNA sequences and Y-chromosomal profiles of 23 STRs from the region. We evaluated the results with population genetic and phylogenetic methods in the context of the modern and ancient populations that are either geographically or historically related to the Székelys. Our results demonstrate a predominantly local uniparental make-up of the population that also indicates limited admixture with neighboring populations. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the presumed eastern origin of certain maternal (A, C, D) and paternal (Q, R1a) lineages, and, in some cases, they could also be linked to ancient DNA data from the Migration Period (5th-9th centuries AD) and Hungarian Conquest Period (10th century AD) populations.

Editorial Introduction

Editorial Introduction

Attempts to dispel the efforts of the Arab Islamic conquest of Andalusia between conspiracy and deception "92-95 AH" a critical analytical study

Praise be to God, the Lord of the worlds, the owner of the clear cause, who inspired us and enabled us to search in the folds of the great Andalusian history that is familiar with the events that have always been and will be an important source from which every student of knowledge draws until we found ourselves in front of a sea full of information in the field of our specialization that prompted us to search, investigate and link ideas in the format of historical research scientifically systematic.
 Andalusia, from the conquest until the Arabs left it, was part of the important Islamic history, and this is what made us shed light on an important period, which is the period of the Arab conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 91-95 AH. (1) and Tariq bin Ziyad (2).
 This research presents an accurate picture of the course of the conquest from several points of view represented by the emergence of the leadership personality in addition to the fame in the field of leadership thought, and this is what prompted the leaders of the conquest to use these points in the Andalusian lands, in addition to that the crowding of the opposite fears of Musa and the caliphate, each of them had a special vision It was invested by the leaders Tariq and Mughith (3) and the two caliphs, Al-Walid and Suleiman, sons of Abd al-Malik later. The research presents these crises, but in detail.

Caliphs and Merchants: Cities and Economies of Power in the Near East (700–950)

Caliphs and Merchants: Cities and Economies of Power in the Near East (700–950)

The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians

Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians were migration-period nomadic tribal confederations that arrived in three successive waves in the Carpathian Basin between the 5th and 9th centuries. Based on the historical data, each of these groups are thought to have arrived from Asia, although their exact origin and relation to other ancient and modern populations have been debated. Recently, hundreds of ancient genomes were analyzed from Central Asia, Mongolia, and China, from which we aimed to identify putative source populations for the above-mentioned groups. In this study, we have sequenced 9 Hun, 143 Avar, and 113 Hungarian conquest period samples and identified three core populations, representing immigrants from each period with no recent European ancestry. Our results reveal that this "immigrant core" of both Huns and Avars likely originated in present day Mongolia, and their origin can be traced back to Xiongnus (Asian Huns), as suggested by several historians. On the other hand, the "immigrant core" of the conquering Hungarians derived from an earlier admixture of Mansis, early Sarmatians, and descendants of late Xiongnus. We have also shown that a common "proto-Ugric" gene pool appeared in the Bronze Age from the admixture of Mezhovskaya and Nganasan people, supporting genetic and linguistic data. In addition, we detected shared Hun-related ancestry in numerous Avar and Hungarian conquest period genetic outliers, indicating a genetic link between these successive nomadic groups. Aside from the immigrant core groups, we identified that the majority of the individuals from each period were local residents harboring "native European" ancestry.

Ottoman Raiders (Akıncıs) as a Driving Force of Early Ottoman Conquest of the Balkans and the Slavery-Based Economy

Abstract The paper examines the akıncıs’ actions and hence the motivation for their raids as essential constituents within the process of Ottoman conquest of the Balkans in the late Middle Ages. Focusing on the raiders and their plundering activities, it asserts that the akıncıs played a crucial key role in the early Ottoman slave economy, as slave hunting was arguably the main economic driving force behind the Ottoman conquest. It hence argues that an analysis of the akıncıs allows for new insights into the nature of the early Ottoman Empire, but also advances the idea that their actions fall within a particular phase of the conquest period. To that end, the authors re-periodize the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans into the akıncı phase, which spanned eight to thirteen decades, depending on the region, and was characterized by continuous slave hunting and destruction of economic infrastructure, and the phase of administrative integration into the Ottoman Empire, which latter process was pursued by other actors, namely imperial elites from the center, and is usually characterized by at least partial repopulation of demographically weakened areas.

ЛЕЧЕБНЫЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯ ГОРОДА ТУРКЕСТАНА И ОКАЗАНИЕ МЕДИЦИНСКИХ УСЛУГ В КОНЦЕ ХІХ – В НАЧАЛЕ ХХ ВЕКА

In the article the general state of medicine, the questions of activity of medical institutions on rendering services to the population of Turkestan city in late XIX-early XX centuries, from the period of the city conquest by the Russian Empire in 1864 to 1917, in the context of traditions and modernizations are considered. Separately the activity of infirmaries, outpatient clinics of the city, their financial position and main problems of their activity, the attitude of local population to Russian medics-doctors, the issues of using folk medicine are analyzed. The methodological basis of the study of medical and sanitary organization and the provision of medical care to the population was the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematic approach, for the collection of statistical data - a comparative-historical method.

The Syro-Anatolian City-States: An Iron Age Culture

The Syro-Anatolian City-States: An Iron Age Culture

The use of horses in The History by Georgios Akropolites: a comparison with Historia Romana by Nikephoros Gregoras

The short historiographical text by Georgios Akropolites (1217-1282 CE) covers the period of the Latin conquest of the Byzantine Empire. Due to the important position the author held, and his participation in some of the events narrated, his History is a valuable source. This paper concerns the information Akropolites provides about horses, and compares his work with the part of the historiographical text Historia Romana by Nikephoros Gregoras (c. 1292/1295–1358/1361 CE) that describes the same period. Most of the equestrian references consist of details of the kinds of horses used by various people during wars. Akropolites provides more information about the empire of Nicaea, and delivers further interesting details and descriptions concerning horses.

Persinggungan Filsafat dengan Bahasa Arab

This article was a study of the intersection of philosophy with Arabic. Philosophy is essentially an attempt to understand or understand reality in terms of its meanings and values. Reality is something that symbolizes language. Therefore, language is a vital tool in philosophizing, as a tool to communicate the results of thoughts. The intersection of philosophy with Arabic began in the Umayyad period, preceded by a period of conquest when Arabs took over areas previously under Roman rules, such as Egypt and Syria in the 7th century. The intersection of these Greek thoughts with Arabic occurred when the caliph Abdul Malik bin Marwan carried out Arabization reforms massively. During the Abbasid dynasty, translation activities dominated. The progress of the translation activity was fully supported by the authorities with the establishment of an institution called Bayt al-h}ikmah. This translation activity was one of the drivers of the rebirth of philosophical studies. We can say that without the contribution of translation in the golden age of Islam, Europe would never have emerged from the dark ages.

Persinggungan Filsafat dengan Bahasa Arab

This article was a study of the intersection of philosophy with Arabic. Philosophy is essentially an attempt to understand or understand reality in terms of its meanings and values. Reality is something that symbolizes language. Therefore, language is a vital tool in philosophizing, as a tool to communicate the results of thoughts. The intersection of philosophy with Arabic began in the Umayyad period, preceded by a period of conquest when Arabs took over areas previously under Roman rules, such as Egypt and Syria in the 7th century. The intersection of these Greek thoughts with Arabic occurred when the caliph Abdul Malik bin Marwan carried out Arabization reforms massively. During the Abbasid dynasty, translation activities dominated. The progress of the translation activity was fully supported by the authorities with the establishment of an institution called Bayt al-h}ikmah. This translation activity was one of the drivers of the rebirth of philosophical studies. We can say that without the contribution of translation in the golden age of Islam, Europe would never have emerged from the dark ages.

Riding for a fall: Bone fractures among mounted archers from the Hungarian Conquest period (10th century CE)

AbstractHorse riding, a determinant activity in the history of human cultural evolution, remains unreliably identifiable from the analysis of human skeletal remains due to various sample and methodological limitations. Through a comparison between well‐documented series of presumed riders and non‐riders, this study aimed to investigate the link between skeletal fractures and that practice in past populations. We relied on a Hungarian Conquest period population (Sárrétudvari‐Hízóföld, Hungary, 10th century CE) known to be composed of mounted archers. We recorded the presence of acute fractures on the main bones of the upper and lower skeleton to analyze their distribution and perform comparisons between the individuals with or without riding‐related deposits in their grave and with an out‐sample group of presumed non‐riders from the documented Luís Lopes Skeletal Collection (Lisbon). We observed more fractures in the Hungarian series and especially higher rates concerning the upper limb, while the distribution of traumas was more homogenous in the documented collection. There were also significantly more clavicle fractures in the Hungarian group with riding deposit than in the non‐riders from Lisbon, whose type can be related to a fall from a height. Our results coincide with sports medicine data on equestrians, whose injuries mostly concern the upper limbs. Such traumas, and especially clavicle fractures, are often caused, indeed, by a fall from a horse. Through the use of pertinent anthropological series, this study provides the most reliable association between the presence of skeletal traumas and the practice of horse riding in a past population.