Connection Length Research Articles

Exploring changes in epibenthic food web structure after implementation of a water-sediment regulation scheme

The water-sediment regulation scheme (WSRS) in the Yellow River is a large-scale initiative to artificially regulate the flow of sediment to the sea, thereby increasing the flood-carrying capacity of the riverbed and reservoirs. Currently, systematic studies on ecological impacts of WSRS at ecosystem-level are still insufficient. This limitation hampers the pursuit of a ‘green’, healthy, ecosystem and sustainable fisheries. This study constructed the topological structure of food webs in the Yellow River Estuary (YRE) before, during, and after implementation of the WSRS, analyzing changes in food web complexity and key species based on fishery independent data collected in June, July, and August 2023. The results showed decreases from 59 to 52 in the number of trophic species, and from 539 to 395 in the number of feeding relationships after WSRS implementation. Increased node density, decreased link density, and decreased structural complexity index also indicated a simplification of the YRE food web structure after WSRS implementation. The relatively low value of the characteristic path length indicated that the YRE food web has high connectivity with short path lengths of trophic interaction. Based on the ranking of various topological indices, Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicas) and mantis shrimp (Oratosquilla oratoria) persisted as the key species. Our research revealed limited potential ecological effects that WSRS may have on the YRE food web over a short period. The effects did not persist, and omnivorous key species were identified as being critical in contributing to overall system resilience. These omnivores with high complexity, connectivity and low path lengths allowed the food web to quickly dissipate the exogenous disruption from the WSRS. This provides a theoretical basis for assessing the future ecological health and scientific management of YRE fisheries and similar large estuaries for which sediment transport mitigation is under consideration.

Salvia tainingensis, a neglected new species of Lamiaceae from Fujian Province, China

A species could not be known to the world of science if it not be discovered and described, considerable number of new species are neglected due to the plant itself and some other external restricted factors. On the basis of morphological and molecular evidences, a new species previously identified as Salvia scapiformis is now described and illustrated as Salvia tainingensis, named after Taining County in Fujian Province, where it was discovered. S. tainingensis does not closely resemble S. scapiformis, but is more similar to Salvia glabrifolia and Salvia daiguii, which were once identified as S. scapiformis, in terms of leaf shape, apex, base, corolla color, and connective length. However, it can be easily distinguished from the latter two by its thinly leathery leaves, serrate leaf margins, densely villous or glabrescent leaf abaxial, and the X-shaped arrangement of connective and filament.

Study on the influence of heave plate on energy capture performance of central pipe oscillating water column wave energy converter

This paper proposes a novel central pipe oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converter (WEC) with a heave plate and investigates the influence of heave plate on energy capture performance of the OWC WEC through numerical methods. First, dynamic equations are established for floater and water column. Then, energy capture performance of the WEC is computed by solving relative motion equations using numerical methods. Wave tank experiments are conducted to validate the proposed numerical models. Finally, the influences of heave plate opening diameter and connecting column length on energy capture performance are investigated based on the proposed numerical models. The results indicate that increasing heave plate opening diameter decreases both the maximum capture width ratio (CWR) and response period. And increasing connecting column length widens the response bandwidth. When the heave plate opening diameter decreases from 350 mm to 0, the maximum CWR increases from 30.05% to 41.68% and the response period increases from 1.28 s to 1.72 s. When the connecting column length increases from 225 mm to 600 mm, the response band extends by 0.1 s. The proposed device and the obtained analysis results are of great significance for broadband and efficient wave energy generation.

Access to an ELM-suppressed X-point radiator regime in TCV snowflake minus configurations

TCV’s operating regime with an X-point radiator (XPR) has been broadened by changing the magnetic geometry. XPRs have properties that could make them an attractive power exhaust solution for fusion reactors. These include the conversion of a high fraction of exhaust power into radiation. TCV had previously accessed the XPR regime only with difficulties, as predicted for plasmas where radiative losses are dominated by carbon impurities, that are ubiquitous in TCV. Guided by this theoretical model of the XPR, recent experiments employed TCV’s configurational versatility to demonstrate that XPR access can be facilitated by introducing a second X-point in the vicinity of the separatrix. This configuration, which has a snowflake-minus topology, features a particularly long magnetic connection length from the region just above the X-point to the outer midplane together with a wide geometrical interface with the private flux region that reaches high neutral pressure. Transitioning to this configuration in a high-power H-mode leads to a shift in the radiating region across the separatrix from the divertor to a volume above the X-point, i.e. within the last closed flux surface (LCFS). This displacement of the radiating region is co-incident with the disappearance of edge localised modes (ELMs), while retaining H-mode confinement, a behaviour only, to date, observed in devices with metallic walls. In contrast to observations in these other devices, on TCV, the primary strike points in these configurations remain attached. Detailed measurements of the plasma kinetic parameters inside and outside of the separatrix now challenge the models for access and stability of the XPR and ELMs alike.

Optimizing steel plate shear wall performance: influence of infill plate thickness and connection length to vertical boundary elements

The Steel Plate Shear Wall (SPSW) is widely used as a lateral force resisting system in areas prone to high seismic activity. This is because of its exceptional ductility and ability to dissipate energy. Previous studies have indicated that disconnecting the infill plate from the Vertical Boundary Element (VBE) can decrease the demands on the column. The observed outcomes lead to a decline in both the energy dissipation capability and the lateral load-bearing capacity. The primary goal of this investigation is to mitigate stress on the column while concurrently reducing both the energy dissipation and lateral force capacities. To accomplish this, a partial connection will be established between the infill plate and the Vertical Boundary Element. Thus, the overarching objective of this research is to identify the optimal connection length that minimizes the demands on the column while simultaneously curtailing the reduction in energy dissipation and lateral force capacities. Using Abaqus software, twenty models with different infill plate thicknesses and lengths of connection between the infill plate and Vertical Boundary Element were analysed. To determine the optimal length of connection between the infill plate and Vertical Boundary Element, the energy dissipation capacity, lateral load capacity, and column stresses were evaluated and compared. The maximum dissipation of energy occurs at a connection length of 75% between the infill plate and Vertical Boundary Element and an infill plate thickness of 12 mm. In contrast, the greatest lateral load capacity is achieved at connection lengths of 50% between a 25 mm infill plate thickness and a Vertical Boundary Element weight of 25%. The column stress reaches its minimum value when the infill plate measures 20 and 25 mm, and it reaches its maximum value when the infill plate measures 6 mm and 12 mm. By increasing the thickness of the infill plate and minimizing its connection to the Vertical Boundary Elements, the column stress in Vertical Boundary Elements can be decreased, while simultaneously enhancing lateral load capacity and maintaining an adequate level of energy dissipation.

Validation of prediction capability of operating space for plasma initiation in MAST-U

Abstract DYON is a plasma initiation modelling code that solves the differential equation system of the full circuit equations (plasma current, active coil currents and eddy currents in full passive structures) and 0D global energy and particle balance equations[1]. In order to test the capability of the full electromagnetic plasma initiation model to predict individual discharges in experiments and thus the operating space in the device, a dedicated experimental database was built in MAST-U by scanning the prefilled gas pressure p0 and the induced loop voltage Vloop . In the experimental operating space of p0 and Vloop the lower and the upper limits of p0 are determined by the plasma breakdown failure and the plasma burn-through failure, respectively. The lower limit of Vloop is determined by the plasma burn-through failure. By directly reading the control room data used in each discharge (i.e. currents in the solenoid, poloidal field coils, and toroidal field coils, p0 , and gas puffing rate), the full electromagnetic DYON consistently predicted the failed breakdown, failed burn-through, and successful plasma initiation discharges in the experimental database, demonstrating its capability to predict the operating space for inductive plasma initiation. The Paschen curve calculated with the effective connection length in MAST-U indicates a much higher p0 required for plasma breakdown than the experimental data, indicating that individual field line evaluation is necessary to calculate the quantitative requirements for Townsend breakdown. The demonstration in this paper shows that the full electromagnetic DYON could be a useful simulation tool to assess the feasibility of inductive plasma initiation and to optimise operating scenarios in future devices. [1] Hyun-Tae Kim 2022 Nuclear Fusion 62 126012

Comparative Analysis of the Performance and Study of the Effective Anchorage Length of Semi-Grouted and Fully-Grouted Sleeve Connection

Based on the insufficient data on bonding performance and effective anchorage length of sleeve grouting in assembled structure. Combining the existing studies, the sleeve grouting joint test for the static unidirectional tensile test was designed, and the influencing factors are reinforcement diameter and reinforcement anchorage length. Then, the failure mode, load-displacement relationship, energy consumption capacity and bearing capacity of the grouting sleeve connection are analysed, and the stress mechanism of the specimen in the one-way tensile state is expounded. This paper considers the actual damage state of the joint, according to the failure of the reinforcement outside the joint and the sleeve; referring to the reinforcement-concrete bond strength research theory, the effective anchorage length formula is proposed. When the steel bar is pulled out, the bond strength and bearing capacity mainly depend on the effective anchorage length. However, when the specimen breaks the steel bar outside the joint, it depends on the material performance of the steel bar itself. The research results of this paper can lay a theoretical foundation for the application of sleeve grouting joints.

Contracted functional connectivity profiles in autism

ObjectiveAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that is associated with atypical brain network organization, with prior work suggesting differential connectivity alterations with respect to functional connection length. Here, we tested whether functional connectopathy in ASD specifically relates to disruptions in long- relative to short-range functional connections. Our approach combined functional connectomics with geodesic distance mapping, and we studied associations to macroscale networks, microarchitectural patterns, as well as socio-demographic and clinical phenotypes.MethodsWe studied 211 males from three sites of the ABIDE-I dataset comprising 103 participants with an ASD diagnosis (mean ± SD age = 20.8 ± 8.1 years) and 108 neurotypical controls (NT, 19.2 ± 7.2 years). For each participant, we computed cortex-wide connectivity distance (CD) measures by combining geodesic distance mapping with resting-state functional connectivity profiling. We compared CD between ASD and NT participants using surface-based linear models, and studied associations with age, symptom severity, and intelligence scores. We contextualized CD alterations relative to canonical networks and explored spatial associations with functional and microstructural cortical gradients as well as cytoarchitectonic cortical types.ResultsCompared to NT, ASD participants presented with widespread reductions in CD, generally indicating shorter average connection length and thus suggesting reduced long-range connectivity but increased short-range connections. Peak reductions were localized in transmodal systems (i.e., heteromodal and paralimbic regions in the prefrontal, temporal, and parietal and temporo-parieto-occipital cortex), and effect sizes correlated with the sensory-transmodal gradient of brain function. ASD-related CD reductions appeared consistent across inter-individual differences in age and symptom severity, and we observed a positive correlation of CD to IQ scores.LimitationsDespite rigorous harmonization across the three different acquisition sites, heterogeneity in autism poses a potential limitation to the generalizability of our results. Additionally, we focussed male participants, warranting future studies in more balanced cohorts.ConclusionsOur study showed reductions in CD as a relatively stable imaging phenotype of ASD that preferentially impacted paralimbic and heteromodal association systems. CD reductions in ASD corroborate previous reports of ASD-related imbalance between short-range overconnectivity and long-range underconnectivity.

Flexural Behavior of Precast Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Beams with Intermediate Connection Filled with High-Performance Concrete

Precast rectangular reinforced concrete (PRRC) beams are joined on construction sites using concrete in situ to achieve the desired length. Limited research exists on the effect of intermediate connection shapes and the types of infilled concrete on the flexural performance of PRRC beams. This paper presents a comprehensive experimental and numerical investigation into the performance of PRRC beams with various intermediate connection geometries and infilled materials under flexural loading. The study examines rectangular, triangular, and semi-circular intermediate connections, along with the performance of beams infilled with normal concrete (NC), engineered cementitious composites (ECC), ultra-high-performance ECC (UHPECC), and rubberized ECC (RECC). The experimental results indicate that the rectangular intermediate connection exhibits superior performance in terms of strength and energy absorption compared to the triangular and semi-circular shapes. Beams incorporating UHPECC demonstrated the most significant improvements in strength and energy absorption, outperforming those with ECC and RECC for any shape of intermediate connection. Moreover, beams with rectangular connections and UHPECC infill exhibited the most significant increase in energy absorption and ultimate load compared to the beams with ECC and RECC. The ultimate load of the beams with UHPECC and tensile reinforcement bar diameters of 10 mm and 12 mm increased by 13% and 29%, respectively, compared to the control beam. The energy absorption of the beams with tensile reinforcement bar diameters of 10 and 12 mm was found to be 75% and 184% higher, respectively, than the control beam. In addition, an increase in tensile bar diameter was found to enhance both the energy absorption and the ultimate load capacity of the beams, regardless of the type of infill concrete. Beams incorporating UHPECC demonstrated the most significant improvements in strength and energy absorption, outperforming those with ECC and RECC. In particular, beams with rectangular connections and UHPECC infill exhibited an increase in energy absorption and ultimate load of up to 184% and 29%, respectively. UHPC was calculated to be as high as 184%, and 29%, respectively, compared to the control beams. In addition, an increase in tensile bar diameter was found to enhance both energy absorption and ultimate load capacity. Finite element modeling (FEM) was developed and validated against the experimental results to ensure accuracy. A parametric study was conducted to study the effects of various concrete types in triangular and semi-circular connections, as well as the influence of intermediate connection length on semi-circular connections under flexural loads. The findings reveal that increasing the length of intermediate connections increases the ultimate load of the beams.

High performance power handling in the absence of an H-mode edge in negative triangularity DIII-D plasmas

Experiments performed during strongly-shaped high-power diverted negative triangularity (NT) experiments in DIII-D achieved detached divertor conditions and a transient-free edge, showcasing the potential for application of NT to a core-edge integrated reactor-like scenario and providing the first characterization of the parametric dependencies for detachment onset. Detached divertor conditions will be required in future devices to mitigate divertor heat fluxes. Access to dissipative divertor conditions was investigated via an increase in upstream density. Detachment onset at the outer strike point was achieved with H-mode level confinement H98−y2∼1 and reactor-relevant normalized pressures βN∼2 . Confinement degradation was observed with deeper detachment, associated with the loss of an electron temperature pedestal. Differences in geometry, radial transport, impact of cross field drifts are discussed to explain differences in access to detachment in NT discharges. Higher normalized densities, with respect to equivalent discharges in positive triangularity, were necessary to achieve detachment, partially explained by the shorter parallel connection length to the targets. The effect of cross-field particle drifts (E×B, B ×∇ B) on access to detachment was demonstrated by the lower upstream density needed to access detachment with ion B ×∇ B drift directed outside of the active divertor (Greenwald fraction fGw∼ 0.9–1.0 vs fGw∼ 1.3). The upstream density at detachment onset was observed to increase linearly with plasma current with ion B ×∇ B drift into the divertor, consistent with the observed narrowing of the scrape-off layer heat flux width λ q . Edge fluid simulations capture separatrix densities needed to achieve detachment in NT plasma and their dependence on drift direction. The ability to reproduce detachment dynamics in NT plasma increases the confidence in future design studies for NT divertors.

Nucleation phenomena and extreme vulnerability of spatial k-core systems

K-core percolation is a fundamental dynamical process in complex networks with applications that span numerous real-world systems. Earlier studies focus primarily on random networks without spatial constraints and reveal intriguing mixed-order transitions. However, real-world systems, ranging from transportation and communication networks to complex brain networks, are not random but are spatially embedded. Here, we study k-core percolation on two-dimensional spatially embedded networks and show that, in contrast to regular percolation, the length of connections can control the transition type, leading to four different types of phase transitions associated with interesting phenomena and a rich phase diagram. A key finding is the existence of a metastable phase where microscopic localized damage, independent of system size, can cause a macroscopic phase transition, a result which cannot be achieved in traditional percolation. In this case, local failures spontaneously propagate the damage radially until the system collapses, a phenomenon analogous to the nucleation process.

Band-Stop Frequency-Selective Surface (FSS) with Elliptic Response Designed by the Extracted Pole Technique.

This paper describes and validates an advanced synthesis design process of Frequency-Selective Surfaces (FSSs) with elliptic band-stop responses. A systematic procedure based on the Generalized Chebyshev Function and the extracted pole technique enables control of the position of the transmission zeros and the attenuation level to obtain an equiripple rejection response. A systematic process is followed to obtain the lumped LC values of the resonator circuits extracted as poles and the impedance inverters. Then, equivalent dipoles and transmission lines are obtained to carry out the electromagnetic design at normal incidence for a linearly polarized field. The impact of the higher-order modes of the periodic structure on the electrical response of the FSS, which can be relevant due to the stringent selected specifications, has been also analyzed. A fourth-order band-stop filter with a 3 GHz bandwidth centered at 30 GHz and its attenuation at 50 dB has been designed considering three different implementations: two filters using a vacuum as a transmission line with different connection lengths and a third one using a dielectric substrate to enable its manufacturing. In order to verify the design procedure using experimental results, the third filter with printed dipoles in the dielectric substrate has been manufactured and measured, thus validating the developed process.

A Novel Connection Element Method for Multiscale Numerical Simulation of Two-Phase Flow in Fractured Reservoirs

Summary This paper presents a novel approach to the numerical simulation of fractured reservoirs, called the connection element method (CEM), which differs from traditional grid-based methods. The reservoir computational domain is discretized into a series of nodes, and a system of connection elements is constructed based on the given connection lengths and angles. The pressure diffusion term is approximated using generalized finite difference theory. Meanwhile, the transmissibility and volume of the connection elements are determined, and pressure equations are solved discretely to obtain pressure at nodes to approximate the upstream flux along connection elements. Then, we solve the transport equation to obtain oil saturation profiles with low numerical diffusion, utilizing the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method. Moreover, the flow path tracking algorithm is introduced to quantify the flow allocation factors between wells. In all, the pressure equation can be solved at a global coarse-scale point cloud and the saturation equation is calculated at a local fine-scale connection element. In other words, CEM is of multiscale characteristics relatively. Finally, several numerical examples are implemented to demonstrate that CEM can achieve a relatively better balance between computational accuracy and efficiency compared with embedded discrete fracture modeling (EDFM). Furthermore, CEM adopts flexible meshless nodes instead of grids with strong topology, making it more practical to handle complex reservoir geometry such as fractured reservoirs.

An explainable machine learning approach to the prediction of pipe failure using minimum night flow

ABSTRACT Both minimum night flow (MNF) and pipe failures are common ways of understanding leakage within water distribution networks (WDNs). This article takes a data-driven approach and applies linear models, random forests, and neural networks to MNF and pipe failure prediction. First, models are trained to estimate the historic average MNF for over 800 real-world DMAs from the UK. Features for this problem are constructed from pipe records which detail the length, diameter, volume, age, material, and number of customer connections of each pipe. The results show that 65% of the variation in historic average MNF can be explained using these factors alone. Second, a novel method is proposed to deconstruct the models' predictions into a leakage contribution score (LCS), estimating how each individual pipe in a DMA has contributed to the MNF. In order to validate this novel approach, the LCS values are used to classify pipes based on historic pipe failure and are compared against models directly trained for this. The results show that the LCS performs well at this task, achieving an AUC of 0.71. In addition, it is shown that both LCS and directly trained models agree in many cases on an example real-world DMA.

Non-uniformity of fluctuation characteristics inside an edge magnetic island in Heliotron J

Non-uniform fluctuation characteristics are observed within an edge magnetic island in Heliotron J. The island possesses a long connection length comparable to the confined region. These fluctuations are measured using a Langmuir probe. The island’s presence is confirmed through the plasma response, observed in the modulation amplitude of electron temperature and its phase delay relative to the heat source in a heat modulation experiment. Within the island, the electron density is notably high, accompanied by distinct profiles of electron temperature and electric field, likely attributable to the magnetic island. Contrary to expectations, density fluctuations within the edge magnetic island are not locally minimized, despite the reduced gradient of the profile within the island. Statistical analysis shows a suppression of intermittent transport inside the island, while intermittent fluctuations increase towards the exterior. A further analysis to segregate turbulence-driving and spreading factors reveals that both turbulence-driven and spreading contributions are comparably significant inside the island. Additionally, the non-uniform turbulence results in a spatially structured fluctuation-driven particle flux. Overall, the experimental findings indicate that fluctuation characteristics exhibit notable non-uniformity both inside and near the island. This non-uniformity potentially complicates heat transport and may lead to three-dimensional, asymmetric transport within and at the periphery of the islands.

Experimental and finite element investigation on bolted connection in monolithic 3-dimensional cuff with pultruded box section

This article presents a concise and practical research study on the application of pultruded GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer) hollow sections in structural engineering. Experimental and computational investigations are conducted on the utilization of GFRP cuff components for joining tubular pultruded fiber-reinforced polymer (PFRP) beams and columns. Both adhesive bonding and bolted connections are explored for connecting PFRP box sections of beam-column interfaces. The study investigates twelve series of beam-to-column connections under monotonic loading conditions, varying cuff geometry. A finite element model is developed to represent the pultruded fiber-reinforced polymer box sections, columns, and cuff sections. The model’s accuracy in depicting frame stiffness and cuff damage patterns, considering different thicknesses and lengths of GFRP cuff connections, is validated against experimental test frame behavior. This research fills a gap in scientific inquiry regarding GFRP hollow profiles, providing valuable insights for structural engineering applications.

A unifying framework for functional organization in early and higher ventral visual cortex

A key feature of cortical systems is functional organization: the arrangement of functionally distinct neurons in characteristic spatial patterns. However, the principles underlying the emergence of functional organization in the cortex are poorly understood. Here, we develop the topographic deep artificial neural network (TDANN), the first model to predict several aspects of the functional organization of multiple cortical areas in the primate visual system. We analyze the factors driving the TDANN's success and find that it balances two objectives: learning a task-general sensory representation and maximizing the spatial smoothness of responses according to a metric that scales with cortical surface area. In turn, the representations learned by the TDANN are more brain-like than in spatially unconstrained models. Finally, we provide evidence that the TDANN's functional organization balances performance with between-area connection length. Our results offer a unified principle for understanding the functional organization of the primate ventral visual system.

Thermo-hydraulic performance evaluation of heat transfer tubes with different configuration forms

Fluid mixing induced by changes in tube direction is an effective method to enhance the heat transfer performance of heat transfer tubes. This study proposes three types of configuration forms for heat transfer tubes that improve their thermo-hydraulic performance, named cases 1, 2, and 3. Case 1 is distributed on the same plane and has the following configuration form: horizontal to vertical upward to horizontal to vertical downward to horizontal. Cases 2 and 3 transform the front and rear tubes into two parallel planes through the middle horizontal tube, with a 180° difference at the outlet direction. The thermo-hydraulic performance of heat transfer tubes with different configuration forms is evaluated by quantitative comparison of the Nusselt number (Nu), friction coefficient (f), and performance evaluation criterion (PEC), within a Reynolds number range of 5000–40 000. The distribution results of velocity, streamline, turbulent kinetic energy, skin friction coefficient, and so on are analyzed to reveal the underlying mechanisms of difference in the thermo-hydraulic performance of heat transfer tubes with different configurations. The results show that the thermo-hydraulic performance of heat transfer tubes with different configurations is better than that of a straight tube due to induced fluid mixing within the tube. In addition, case 1 rather than cases 2 and 3 has a more significant influence on the thermo-hydraulic performance of heat transfer tubes, especially at high Reynolds numbers, and the maximum PEC of case 1 exceeds cases 2 and 3 by 6% and 8.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the decrease in connection length of case 1 improves the heat transfer performance, which is more pronounced at high Reynolds numbers. These research findings serve as a valuable reference for designing heat transfer tube configurations to enhance heat transfer efficiency.

Nonlinear Modeling and Control Strategy Based on Type-II T-S Fuzzy in Bi-Directional DC-AC Converter

Bi-directional DC-AC converters are widely used in the field of electric vehicle-to-grid. However, the inductance of the grid-side interface filter is affected by the length of the grid connection and the power level, which presents nonlinear characteristics. This poses challenges for high-performance grid waveform control. In this paper, a modeling method for bi-directional DC-AC grid-connected converters based on type-II T-S fuzzy models is proposed, and the corresponding type-II T-S fuzzy control strategy is designed to address the parameter uncertainty and non-linearity issues. Simulation results show that type-II T-S fuzzy control offers superior control performance and better current waveform quality compared to type-I T-S fuzzy control under uncertainty parameter conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is further validated through a 1 kW prototype of a bi-directional DC-AC converter.

Comparison of detachment in Ohmic plasmas with positive and negative triangularity

In recent years, negative triangularity (NT) has emerged as a potential high-confinement L-mode reactor solution. In this work, detachment is investigated using core density ramps in lower single null Ohmic L-mode plasmas across a wide range of upper, lower, and average triangularity (the mean of upper and lower triangularity: δ) in the TCV tokamak. It is universally found that detachment is more difficult to access for NT shaping. The outer divertor leg of discharges with δ≈−0.3 could not be cooled to below 5 eV through core density ramps alone. The behavior of the upstream plasma and geometrical divertor effects (e.g. a reduced connection length with negative lower triangularity) do not fully explain the challenges in detaching NT plasmas. Langmuir probe measurements of the target heat flux widths (λ q ) were constant to within 30% across an upper triangularity scan, while the spreading factor S was lower by up to 50% for NT, indicating a generally lower integral scrape-off layer width, λ int. The line-averaged core density was typically higher for NT discharges for a given fuelling rate, possibly linked to higher particle confinement in NT. Conversely, the divertor neutral pressure and integrated particle fluxes to the targets were typically lower for the same line-averaged density, indicating that NT configurations may be closer to the sheath-limited regime than their PT counterparts, which may explain why NT is more challenging to detach.