Connective Tissue Elements Research Articles

Local inflammatory factors in pregnant women with various methods of cervical insufficiency treatment

the reasons for the formation of cervical insufficiency are considred to be different from violation of the ratio of connective tissue elements due to its genetic characteristics to hormonal imbalance, and the predominance of pro-inflammatory factors of the immune system. A special attention is devoted to clinical situations, when cervical insufficiency was diagnosed in terms 22-24 weeks, the treatment means an alternative between emergency cerclage and obstetric pessary. The gaol of study – to compare dynamic of vaginal microbiota and local cervical immune factors by use of different cervical insufficiency treatment methods. Materials and methods. 81 pregnant with cervical insufficiency, diagnosed in term 22-24 weeks were observed, 47 pregnant treated by cerclage procedure (group A), and 34 were fitted with an obstetric pessary (group B). 30 healthy pregnant women in the period of 22 weeks formed group C. In all patients before treatment and every two weeks after it microscopy of vaginal discharges according to Hay/Ison criteria and evaluation of cervical cytokines were performed. Results. The balance by obstetric pessary use of type I and type III by Hay-Ison criteria being similar before treatment with pregnancy prolongation is changing dramatically to the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis be use of obstetric pessary – from 30,3% and 21,2% in 2 weeks to 25,0% and 41,7% in 6 weeks, by cerclage – from 43,5% and 14,9% in 2 weeks to 30,3% and 17,5% in 6 weeks. Patients with cervical insufficiency have increased concentration of IL-6 and IL-10, but by use of obstetrical pessary additionally growth of IL-8 from 42,3 pg/ml in 2 weeks to 187,6 pg/ml in 6 weeks is registered as well as decreasing of SLPI from 1,5 μg/ml to 0,6 μg/ml. Both changes show progression of inflammation and are associated with worth pregnancy outcomes. In the same time, cerclage is assocated with growth of SLPI from 1,9 μg/ml to 4,3 μμg/ml, what is a marker of adequate immune reaction by pregnancy. There is a difference between the groups of cerclage and obstetric pessary in dynamic of microbiota changes - a tendency to increasing of laboratory criteria of bacterial vaginosis frequency in group of obstetric pessary in 2 weeks becomes significant in 4 and more in 6 weeks comparing with group of cerclage. Proper to cervical insufficiency high concentration of proinflammatory IL-6 and IL-10 by use of obstetrical pessary is complicated by increasing of IL-8 and decreasing of SLPI, what means an activation of cervical inflammation, by cerclage – a increasing of SLPI is observed, what is favourable for pregnancy.

The histological and biochemical analysis of the effects of radiofrequency radiation on testis tissue of rats and the protective effect of melatonin.

Primarily due to wireless communication devices, especially mobile phones, there has been a steady rise in the intensity of nonionizing radiofrequency radiation (RFR). In recent years, increased human health problems raised concerns about whether there is a positive relationship between intense exposure to RFR and public health. The present study aims to investigate the effects of GSM-like RFR exposure on the male reproductive system and the impact of melatonin treatment (synergistic, antagonist, or additive). Thirty-six male Wistar Albino rats were used and separated into six groups: i. Control; ii. Sham; iii. RFR exposure; iv. Control-melatonin; v. Sham-melatonin; vi. Melatonin + RFR exposure. Animals were exposed to 2600 MHz RFR with electric (E) field levels of 21.74 V/m for 30 min per day, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks. All testicular tissue samples were evaluated under a light microscope for hematoxylin-eosin staining. Biochemical analyses were performed by measuring malondialdehyde, total nitric oxide, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase levels. We evaluated the combined effects of prolonged RFR exposure and melatonin treatment on ROS-mediated structural changes in testicular tissues. Results showed that reactive intermediates (malondialdehyde and total nitric oxide) increased significantly with RFR exposure, while the protective effect of melatonin effectively reduced the radical levels of the tissues. Histological evaluation revealed a decrease in cell population and connective tissue elements under RFR exposure, accompanied by marked edema in the testicular tissues. The structural and functional effects of prolonged RFR exposure might be ROS-based. Moreover, these adverse effects might be compensated with externally treated supplements. There is a need for new extensive research.

Modified Cajal’s trichrome stain in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract Background: Modified Cajal’s trichrome stain (MCTS) is a good differential stain that allows one to visibly distinguish between connective tissue and epithelial elements with different tonalities of colour. Aim: Our study aims to evaluate and analyse the effectiveness of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using MCTS. Materials and Methods: A study was conducted retrospectively with 30 tissue blocks embedded in paraffin from cases of OSCC that have been confirmed by histopathology. Both standard haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and MCTS were applied to each section. Then all the sections were analysed by two observers for nucleus cytoplasmic intensity, break in the basement membrane, and advancing front of the tumour, muscle, and surrounding stroma. The efficacy of the stain was assessed and was graded as 1, poor; 2, fair; and 3, good based on the staining intensity. Statistical Analysis: The parameters were graded for H&E and modified Cajal’s stain. The results were subjected to the Chi-square test. Result: The above-mentioned parameters analysed showed a uniformly significant P value of 0.001 for comparing modified Cajal’s trichrome stain to H&E stain. Measurement of the agreement was done based on Kappa statistics between two observers, and the values for each expression show that there was good agreement between the two for all the parameters. Conclusion: MCTS can also be used as a diagnostic aid to pathologists for better distinction of cellular components and easier identification, thereby solving difficulties in diagnosis at earlier stages.

ROLE OF NF-κB TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ACTIVATION IN THE PROCESSES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPONENTS DEGRADATION IN SKELETAL MUSCLES UNDER METABOLIC SYNDROME

Connective tissue, encompassing both cellular and non-cellular elements, plays an important role in the progression of numerous pathological processes across various organs and tissues. Within skeletal muscle tissue, the extracellular matrix not only plays a structural and supporting function, but it is a complex multicomponent system that performs a number of regulatory functions. At present, the effect of activation of the transcription factor NF-κB on the quantitative and qualitative composition of the components of the extracellular matrix in skeletal muscles under metabolic syndrome development is insufficiently studied. The aim of this work is to study the effect of ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate on the concentration of glycosaminoglycans, the concentration of individual fractions of glycosaminoglycans, the content of free L-oxyproline and sialic acids in the biceps femoris muscle of rats under metabolic syndrome. The study was conducted on 24 male Wistar rats weighing 200-260 g, which were randomly divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each. The first was control; the second made up the metabolic syndrome modeling group. Metabolic syndrome was reproduced by adding a 20% fructose solution to the standard vivarium diet as the only source of drinking water. Metabolic syndrome was modelled for 60 days. The third group received ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate administration at a dose of 76 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i/p) three times a week for 60 days. The fourth group underwent combined treatment involving the administration of both ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate and metabolic syndrome modeling. In a 10% homogenate of the biceps femoris muscle, the total concentration of glycosaminoglycans, the concentration of the heparin-heparan fraction of glycosaminoglycans, the keratan-dermatan fraction of glycosaminoglycans, the chondroitin fraction of glycosaminoglycans, and the content of free L-oxyproline and sialic acids were assessed. The introduction of ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate under metabolic syndrome modelling led to a decrease in the total concentration of glycosaminoglycans by 9.2% compared to the metabolic syndrome group. Under these conditions, the concentration of the heparin-heparan fraction increased by 121.1%, the keratan-dermatan fraction decreased by 32.8%, and the concentration of the chondroitin fraction decreased by 38.7% compared to the metabolic syndrome group. The concentration of free L-oxyproline and sialic acids in the biceps femoris muscle decreased by 19.8% and 24.4%, respectively, compared to the metabolic syndrome group. Blockade of activation of the transcription factor NF-κB by intraperitoneal administration of ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate against the background of metabolic syndrome modelling leads to a decrease in the depolymerization of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, reduces the intensity of collagenolysis and leads to a redistribution of concentrations of individual fractions of glycosaminoglycans, characterized by an increase in the content of the heparin-heparan fraction and a decrease in chondroitin and keratan-dermatan fractions in the biceps femoris muscle of rats.

Comparative morphological and morphometric analysis of the structure of the wall of the calf venous collectors

Introduction. Development of venous pathology of the lower extremities is based on morphological changes in the vascular wall. Further structural restructuring of the vein wall in chronic venous insufficiency will depend on the initially present differences in the structure of their walls.Aim. To conduct a comparative analysis of morphological and morphometric features of the structure of the walls of the main venous collectors of the lower leg: the great saphenous vein, intramuscular veins, posterior tibia veins and poplitea vein.Materials and methods. Histological studies were carried out on autopsy material of the veins of 32 people who died from various causes aged 35 to 50 years and 10 amputated limbs. Morphological studies of the venous wall were carried out by light microscopy with digital photo processing.Results. A quantitative comparative analysis of morphological changes with the determination of the volume fraction of smooth muscle and connective tissue elements of various membranes of the venous wall, as well as measurement of the total thickness of the vascular wall and its ratio to the lumen of the veins showed statistically significant differences at a significance level of p < 0.05.Discussion. Despite the similarity of the general morphological picture of the structure of various venous collectors of the lower leg, structural differences were established, which concerned the volume fraction of the presence of both smooth muscle and connective tissue elements.Conclusion. The comparative qualitative and quantitative statistical analysis of morphological and morphometric features of the structure of the walls of the main venous collectors of the lower leg allows us to make an assumption about the unequal role of individual main venous collectors in the work of the muscular-venous pump of the lower leg as a whole.

Histological and morphological development of the prepuce from birth to prepubertal age.

To study the histological changes of the preputial tissue from birth to prepubertal age in order to define unnoticed morphological changes. Prepuce samples were obtained from 79 healthy boys who underwent routine ritual circumcision. Specimens were divided into six groups according to the boys' age: newborn, 0-1 year of age, 2-3 years of age, 4-5 years of age, 6-7 years of age, and 8-9 years of age. Histologic analysis of the specimens was performed by H&E, Masson's trichrome, Verhoeff-Von Gieson, immunohistochemical staining. Microscopic examinations showed that average epithelial thickness increased after the neonatal period (p=0.001). When collagen fiber density was evaluated, no significant differences between groups were found (p=0.083). When the elastic fibers in the dermis were evaluated, it was determined that the number and thickness of elastic fibers increased with age. Immunohistochemical examinations showed that the number of peripheral nerves marked with S100 was lower in the neonatal period than at other ages (p=0.048). When the vessels marked with CD105 antibody were counted, there was no significant difference between the groups (p=0.078). This is the first study to examine the age-related structure of connective tissue elements in the foreskin. Our results showed that the prepuce's prepubertal maturation process is continuous, and the first 2 years of life are appropriate not only in relation to the physiological effects of age but also the optimum structural changes for wound healing, such as vessel diameter, epithelium thickness, peripheral nerve count.

Histological demonstration of changes in connective tissue components in uterine tissue undergoing decidualization on days 4th, 5th, and 8th days of mouse pregnancy

This study examined the changes in connective tissue elements of the uterine undergoing decidualization on the 4th, 5th, and 8th days of pregnancy by histochemical methods. The study divided 6-8 weeks-old Balb/c mice into four groups non-pregnant estrous phase, 4th, 5th, and 8th-day pregnancy models. 5µm thick sections were taken from paraffin blocks obtained from uterine tissues. Samples were stained with Hematoxylin&Eosin, Mallory Azan, Orsein, and Periodic Acid Schiff stains. As a result of the staining, the uterine tissue in the non-pregnant estrus phase showed standard histological structure. On the 4th day of pregnancy, the amount of intensely stained collagen and elastic fiber decreased on the 5th day of gestation; On the 8th day of pregnancy, it was determined that the density of the fibers increased again. As a result, both increased collagen and elastic fibers for its placement to an elastic-solid uterine tissue and increased carbohydrates for its nutrient needs and immune privilege were demonstrated in the uterus for the 4th-day embryo. The decrease in connective tissue elements with the acceleration of decidualization on the 5th and increased collagen and elastic fibers in the myometrium and the PAS + NK cells in the endometrium on the 8th-day was noted.

The 3D muscle morphology and intramuscular innervation of the digital bellies of flexor digitorum profundus: Clinical implications for botulinum toxin injection sites.

Spasticity of flexor digitorum profundus is frequently managed with botulinum toxin injections. Knowledge of the 3D morphology and intramuscular innervation of the digital bellies of flexor digitorum profundus is necessary to optimize the injections. The purpose of this study was to digitize and model in 3D the contractile and connective tissue elements of flexor digitorum profundus to determine muscle morphology, model and map the intramuscular innervation and propose sites for botulinum toxin injection. Fiber bundles (FBs)/aponeuroses and intramuscular nerve branches were dissected and digitized in 12 formalin embalmed cadaveric specimens. Cartesian coordinate data were reconstructed into 3D models as insitu to visualize and compare the muscle morphology and intramuscular innervation patterns of the bellies of flexor digitorum profundus. The 3rd, 4th and 5th digital bellies were superficial to the 2nd digital belly and located adjacent to each other in all specimens. Each digital belly had distinct intramuscular innervation patterns. The 2nd digital belly received intramuscular branches from the anterior interosseus nerve (AIN). The superior half of the 3rd digital belly was innervated intramuscularly by the ulnar nerve (n = 4) or by both the anterior interosseus and ulnar nerves (n = 1). The inferior half of the belly received dual innervation from the anterior interosseus and ulnar nerves in 2 specimens, or exclusively from the AIN (n = 2) or the ulnar nerve (n = 1). The 4th digital belly was innervated by intramuscular branches of the ulnar nerve. One main branch, after coursing through the 4th digital belly, entered the lateral aspect of the 5th digital belly and arborized intramuscularly. The morphology of the FBs, aponeuroses and intramuscular innervation of the digital bellies of FDP were mapped and modelled volumetrically in 3D as insitu. Previous studies were not volumetric nor identified the course of the intramuscular nerve branches within each digital belly. Based on the intramuscular innervation of each of the digital bellies, one possible optimized botulinum toxin injection location was proposed. This injection location, at the junction of the superior and middle thirds of the forearm, would be located in dense nerve terminal zones of the anterior interosseus and ulnar nerves. Future anatomical and clinical investigations are necessary to evaluate the efficacy of these anatomical findings in the management of spasticity.

The Surgical Histopathology of the Filum Terminale: Findings from a Large Series of Patients with Tethered Cord Syndrome.

This study investigated the prevalence of embryonic and connective tissue elements in the filum terminale (FT) of patients with tethered cord syndrome (TCS), examining both typical and pathological histology. The FT specimens from 288 patients who underwent spinal cord detethering from 2013 to 2021 were analyzed. The histopathological examination involved routine hematoxylin and eosin staining and specific immunohistochemistry when needed. The patient details were extracted from electronic medical records. The study found that 97.6% of the FT specimens had peripheral nerves, and 70.8% had regular ependymal cell linings. Other findings included ependymal cysts and canals, ganglion cells, neuropil, and prominent vascular features. Notably, 41% showed fatty infiltration, and 7.6% had dystrophic calcification. Inflammatory infiltrates, an underreported finding, were observed in 3.8% of the specimens. The research highlights peripheral nerves and ganglion cells as natural components of the FT, with ependymal cell overgrowth and other tissues potentially linked to TCS. Enlarged vessels may suggest venous congestion due to altered FT mechanics. The presence of lymphocytic infiltrations and calcifications provides new insights into structural changes and mechanical stress in the FT, contributing to our understanding of TCS pathology.

Ontogenetic dynamics of the nudibranch epithelium in Onchidoris muricata (O.F. Müller, 1776)

The integumentary system is the set of organs forming the outermost layer of an animal's body. It comprises the epithelium, muscles, and elements of connective and nerve tissue. The integument acts as a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that serves to protect and maintain the body of the animal. The body of nudibranch mollusks undergo significant changes during ontogenesis, with the subepidermal space changing as the mollusk grows. As the extracellular subepidermal matrix is modified, the number of collagen fibers increases, muscles and nerves develop, and calcite spicules appear and grow. Yet, specific knowledge pertaining to the transformation of the epithelium is absent. In the present work, the ontogenetic dynamics of the surface epithelium of nudibranch mollusks are traced for the first time using Onchidoris muricata (O. F. Müller, 1776) during the postlarval stages of development. Ontogenetic changes in the epithelium of O. muricata were studied using a complex set of morphological methods. According to our data, the degree of modification to the epithelium in ontogenesis depends on individual body parts and is not consistent throughout. First x-cells were recognized as the probable precursors to sclerocytes.

KEBERHASILAN OPERASI TRABEKULEKTOMI PADA GLAUKOMA SUDUT TERBUKA PRIMER PERIODE 2019-2021

Introduction: Glaucoma represents a group of diseases defined by a characteristic optic neuropathy that is consistent with remodeling of the connective tissue elements of the optic nerve head and with loss of neural tissue associated with the eventual development of distinctive patterns of visual dysfunction. The most common surgery for glaucoma treatment is trabeculectomy, which in principle is done by creating a new channel that drains the aqueous humor, and return the intraocular pressure to normal levels. Objective: This study aimed to know the success rate of trabeculectomy in primary open-angle glaucoma. Methods: This study used a retrospective descriptive research method and was conducted in the Medical Records Center of the Cicendo National Eye Hospital, Bandung City with a data collection period of 21 July 2022 – 6 September 2022. The data collection process was carried out by looking at secondary data from medical records of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma for the period January 2019 – December 2021. Results: Mean IOP decreased from 32.6±12.9 before surgery, to 19.8±10 one week after surgery, and 18.8±7.3 one month after surgery. The overall success rate reaches 82.1%. Conclusions: The success rate for open-angle glaucoma treated with trabeculectomy at Cicendo National Eye hospital is considered good with a total success rate of 82.1% with or without anti-glaucoma medication to control IOP after surgery.

KEBERHASILAN OPERASI TRABEKULEKTOMI PADA GLAUKOMA SUDUT TERBUKA PRIMER PERIODE 2019-2021

Introduction: Glaucoma represents a group of diseases defined by a characteristic optic neuropathy that is consistent with remodeling of the connective tissue elements of the optic nerve head and with loss of neural tissue associated with the eventual development of distinctive patterns of visual dysfunction. The most common surgery for glaucoma treatment is trabeculectomy, which in principle is done by creating a new channel that drains the aqueous humor, and return the intraocular pressure to normal levels. Objective: This study aimed to know the success rate of trabeculectomy in primary open-angle glaucoma. Methods: This study used a retrospective descriptive research method and was conducted in the Medical Records Center of the Cicendo National Eye Hospital, Bandung City with a data collection period of 21 July 2022 – 6 September 2022. The data collection process was carried out by looking at secondary data from medical records of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma for the period January 2019 – December 2021. Results: Mean IOP decreased from 32.6±12.9 before surgery, to 19.8±10 one week after surgery, and 18.8±7.3 one month after surgery. The overall success rate reaches 82.1%. Conclusions: The success rate for open-angle glaucoma treated with trabeculectomy at Cicendo National Eye hospital is considered good with a total success rate of 82.1% with or without anti-glaucoma medication to control IOP after surgery.

Ethyl gallate isolated from phenol-enriched fraction of Caesalpinia mimosoides Lam. Promotes cutaneous wound healing: a scientific validation through bioassay-guided fractionation.

The tender shoots of Caesalpinia mimosoides Lam. are used ethnomedically by the traditional healers of Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka (India) for the treatment of wounds. The current study was aimed at exploring phenol-enriched fraction (PEF) of crude ethanol extract of tender shoots to isolate and characterize the most active bio-constituent through bioassay-guided fractionation procedure. The successive fractionation and sub-fractionation of PEF, followed by in vitro scratch wound, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities, yielded a highly active natural antioxidant compound ethyl gallate (EG). In vitro wound healing potentiality of EG was evidenced by a significantly higher percentage of cell migration in L929 fibroblast cells (97.98 ± 0.46% at 3.81μg/ml concentration) compared to a positive control group (98.44 ± 0.36%) at the 48th hour of incubation. A significantly higher rate of wound contraction (98.72 ± 0.41%), an elevated tensile strength of the incised wound (1,154.60 ± 1.42g/mm2), and increased quantity of connective tissue elements were observed in the granulation tissues of the 1% EG ointment treated animal group on the 15th post-wounding day. The accelerated wound healing activity of 1% EG was also exhibited by histopathological examinations through Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson's trichome, and Toluidine blue-stained sections. Significant up-regulation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant contents (reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) and down-regulation of oxidative stress marker (lipid peroxidation) clearly indicates the effective granular antioxidant activity of 1% EG in preventing oxidative damage to the skin tissues. Further, in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of EG supports the positive correlation with its enhanced wound-healing activity. Moreover, molecular docking and dynamics for 100ns revealed the stable binding of EG with cyclooxygenase-2 (-6.2kcal/mol) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (-4.6kcal/mol) and unstable binding with tumor necrosis factor-α (-7.2kcal/mol), suggesting the potential applicability of EG in inflammation and wound treatment.

Towards a Unified Approach in Autoimmune Fibrotic Signalling Pathways.

Autoimmunity is a chronic process resulting in inflammation, tissue damage, and subsequent tissue remodelling and organ fibrosis. In contrast to acute inflammatory reactions, pathogenic fibrosis typically results from the chronic inflammatory reactions characterizing autoimmune diseases. Despite having obvious aetiological and clinical outcome distinctions, most chronic autoimmune fibrotic disorders have in common a persistent and sustained production of growth factors, proteolytic enzymes, angiogenic factors, and fibrogenic cytokines, which together stimulate the deposition of connective tissue elements or epithelial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT) that progressively remodels and destroys normal tissue architecture leading to organ failure. Despite its enormous impact on human health, there are currently no approved treatments that directly target the molecular mechanisms of fibrosis. The primary goal of this review is to discuss the most recent identified mechanisms of chronic autoimmune diseases characterized by a fibrotic evolution with the aim to identify possible common and unique mechanisms of fibrogenesis that might be exploited in the development of effective antifibrotic therapies.

Dissection, digitization, and three-dimensional modelling: a high-fidelity anatomical visualization and imaging technology.

Technological advances have enabled the development of a novel technique of dissection, digitization and three-dimensional modelling of skeletal muscle and other tissues including neurovascular structures as in situ over the last 25years. Meticulous serial dissection followed by digitization is used to collect Cartesian coordinate data of the contractile and connective tissue elements throughout the entire muscle volume. The Cartesian coordinate can then be used to construct high-fidelity three-dimensional models that capture the spatial arrangement of the contractile and connective tissue elements as in situ enabling detailed studies of the arrangement of the fiber bundles and their attachment sites to aponeuroses, tendon, and bone. In the laboratory, we have concurrently developed a computational methodology to quantify architectural parameters, including fiber bundle length, pennation angle, volume, physiological cross-sectional area in three-dimensional space. In this paper, a flexor digitorum superficialis specimen will be used to demonstrate the high-fidelity outcomes of dissection, digitization, and three-dimensional modelling. This three-step methodology provides a unique opportunity to study muscle architecture in three dimensions, as in situ. Knowledge translation from the anatomy laboratory to the clinical setting has been highly successful.

Amyloid inflammatory myopathy: report of two cases and literature review (P9-8.009)

<h3>Objective:</h3> Our review of the literature revealed a few reported cases of amyloid myopathy (AM) associated with mild to moderate infiltration of inflammatory cells. <h3>Background:</h3> AM is a clinically and etiologically heterogenous group of myopathies. It is rarely associated with myositis, although there have been occasional reports of AM masquerading idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) such as polymyositis and inclusion body myositis. Pathologically, AM is characterized by amyloid deposits in the intramuscular blood vessels or connective tissue elements, and reportedly not in myofibers. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> We present two cases of AM with inflammatory myopathy (IM) features. <h3>Results:</h3> <h3>Case 1:</h3> 62-year-old male with a 1-year history of dilated cardiomyopathy presented with significant proximal muscle weakness. His serum creatine kinase (CK) levels were moderately elevated. A right deltoid muscle biopsy demonstrated myopathic changes with necrotic fibers, many CD68+ macrophages, occasional CD8+ T-cells, MHC-1 sarcolemmal/sarcoplasmic positivity, and amyloid deposits in the intramuscular blood vessels. A subsequent bone marrow biopsy revealed the IGH-CCND1 rearrangement with malignant 25% lambda light-chain restricted plasma cells. <h3>Case 2:</h3> 58-year-old female presented with generalized weakness, lower extremity edema, decreased exercise tolerance and lethargy over 4 weeks. She was recently diagnosed with kappa light-chain multiple myeloma by a bone marrow biopsy showing 80% kappa light-chain restricted plasma cells. Despite normal CK while receiving dexamethasone, the thigh muscle magnetic resonance imaging and clinical features were consistent with IM. A left thigh muscle biopsy demonstrated myopathic changes including necrotic fibers and amyloid deposits in the necrotic fibers, endomysial/perimysial tissue, and blood vessels. It also revealed abundant inflammatory cell infiltrates including CD68+ macrophages, CD8+ T-cells, and CD20+ B-cells with MHC-1 sarcolemmal/sarcoplasmic positivity. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Our cases and literature review suggest that AM may present with IM features including unusual features such as B-cell inflammatory foci. IM associated with AM (amyloid IM) may be secondary or a subtype of IIMs. <b>Disclosure:</b> Dr. Gupta has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bhavsar has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Pfizer. Dr. Bhavsar has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Abbvie. Dr. Bhavsar has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for UCB. Dr. Bhavsar has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Novartis. Dr. Fareez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tarnopolsky has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Sanofi-Genzyme. Dr. Tarnopolsky has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Reneo. Dr. Tarnopolsky has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Alexion. Dr. Tarnopolsky has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Reneo . Dr. Tarnopolsky has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Sanofi-Genzyme. Dr. Tarnopolsky has stock in Synaptive Medical. Dr. Tarnopolsky has stock in CloudDx. The institution of Dr. Tarnopolsky has received research support from Canadian Institute for Health Research. Dr. Tarnopolsky has received intellectual property interests from a discovery or technology relating to health care. Dr. Lu has nothing to disclose.

Microscopic and histochemical changes in the liver of adult rats with hyperhomocysteinemia

Violation of amino acids metabolism in the human body is the cause of changes in the structure and functions of almost all vital organs and systems. During the last tens of years, significant efforts of scientists have been directed to the in-depth study of such compound as homocysteine (Hcys), which is a thiol-containing amino acid and is produced endogenously during the exchange of methionine and cysteine. Under the conditions of its normal concentration (5-15 μmol/l), it does not pose a threat to the life and health of living organisms. However, in a number of pathological conditions, a pronounced increase of Hcys in blood plasma and inside cells is registered, which leads to the appearance or progression of diseases, including damage of liver tissue. The aim of the research is to study the microscopic and histochemical changes in the liver of adult rats with hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcys). The experiment was conducted on 22 white non-linear adult male rats aged 6-8 months. During the study, the animals were divided into two groups – control and experimental. Chronic resistance to HHcys was modeled by administering thiolactone Hcys in a dose of 200 mg/kg of body weight intragastrically for 60 days to the rats of the experimental group. Histological preparations were studied using a SEO SСAN light microscope and photo-documented using a Vision CCD Camera with a system of image output from histological preparations. Succinate dehydrogenase was detected histochemically according to the Nakhlas method. These studies were carried out on sections made in a cryostat microtome from unfixed tissue using nitro blue tetrazole. To study the specifics of glycogen accumulation in hepatocytes, sections were stained using Schiff’s reagent, after preliminary treatment with iodic acid (PAS reaction) in the Shabadash modification. It was established that the administration of thiolactone Hcys to young rats at a dose of 200 mg/kg led to an increase in the volume of connective tissue elements around the lobules and in the portal tracts of the liver. Thus, it was established that in the liver of adult rats with HHcys, there is a noticeable thickening of the fibrous connective tissue around the lobules and in the portal tracts, trabeculae dissociation, and the appearance of foci of necrosis of the parenchyma of the organ. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of smooth myocytes in the middle layer and fibrosis of the outer layer of the wall of interlobular arteries, leukocyte infiltration in the portal tracts are observed. A significant decrease in succinate dehydrogenase activity was established histochemically.

Comparative analysis of oral epithelial malignancies using routine stain and modified Cajal’s trichrome stain: An histopathological study

Diagnosis of initial epithelial pathology maybe difficult in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC), early invasive squamous cell carcinoma and other atypical epithelial malignancies, under routine Haematoxylin and Eosin (H and E) stain. In this context, an appropriate differential stain capable of distinguishing epithelial cells in the connective tissue may well prove to be a valuable aid. In the present study, we endeavor to use Modified Cajal's trichrome stain for making diagnosis easier without resorting to expensive diagnostic aids. Aim of present study is to assess both the epithelial and connective tissue elements in early invasive carcinoma, verrucous carcinoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma in tissue sections stained with modified Cajal's trichrome stain (MCTS) and to compare it with H and E-stained sections. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of early invasive SCC (n = 10) Verrucous carcinoma (n = 10) OSCC (n = 10) were stained with MCTS and H&amp;E. The sections were compared based on set histopathological criteria. In SCC cases stained with MCTS, invasion into connective tissue and keratin pearls were strikingly evident. Depth of invasion could be more accurately determined. Thus, CTS is a good differential stain, clearly delineating the epithelial elements from the connective tissue elements visually.

Glycemic disorders in acute pancreatitis: significance of microstructural changes of pancreatic parenchyma

Objective. To study the character and peculiarities of pathohistological changes of pancreatic tissues on the autopsy material, including its endocrine apparatus in acute necrotic pancreatitis and to determine connection between established changes and occurrence of glycemia.&#x0D; Materials and methods. Pathohistological investigation of 48 preparation of pancreatic gland was performed on the autopsy material in 11 dead patients with an acute necrotic pancreatitis, using method of the light microscopy.&#x0D; Results. There was established the presence of microstructural disorder of pancreatic acinar apparatus with various degree of spread and depth of the organ parenchyma necrosis, as well as parapancreatic cellular tissue. With beginning of the false pancreatic cysts formation there was demonstrated occurrence of the connective tissue elements, as well as focal and diffuse sclerosing, while the structure of islets of Langerhans remained unchanged.&#x0D; Conclusion. The signs of hyperglycemia in the disease course may be do not connected with destruction of the organ endocrine apparatus.

Intramuscular aponeuroses and fiber bundle morphology of the five bellies of flexor digitorum superficialis: A three-dimensional modeling study.

Restoring balanced function of the five bellies of flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) following injury requires knowledge of the muscle architectureand the arrangement of the contractile and connective tissue elements. No three-dimensional (3D) studies of FDS architecture were found in the literature. The purpose was to (1) digitize/model in 3D the contractile/connective tissue elements of FDS, (2) quantify/compare architectural parameters of the bellies and (3) assess functional implications. The fiber bundles (FBs)/aponeuroses of the bellies of FDS were dissected and digitized (MicroScribe® Digitizer) in 10 embalmed specimens. Data were used to construct 3D models of FDS to determine/compare the morphology of each digital belly and quantify architectural parameters to assess functional implications. FDS consists of five morphologically and architecturally distinct bellies, a proximal belly, and four digital bellies. FBs of each belly have unique attachment sites to one or more of the three aponeuroses (proximal/distal/median). The proximal belly is connected through the median aponeurosis to the bellies of the second and fifth digits. The third belly exhibited the longest mean FB length (72.84 ± 16.26 mm) and the proximal belly the shortest (30.49 ± 6.45 mm). The third belly also had the greatest mean physiological cross-sectional area, followed by proximal/second/fourth/fifth. Each belly was found to have distinct excursion and force-generating capabilities based on their 3D morphology and architectural parameters. Results of this study provide the basis for the development of in vivo ultrasound protocols to study activation patterns of FDS during functional activities in normal and pathologic states.