Distribution Network Connection Research Articles

Efficient Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia Based on DNA-Templated Copper Nanoclusters

In alkaline solutions, the electrocatalytic conversion of nitrates to ammonia (NH3) (NO3RR) is hindered by the sluggish hydrogenation step due to the lack of protons on the electrode surface, making it a grand challenge to synthesize NH3 at a high rate and selectivity. Herein, single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA)-templated copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) were synthesized for the electrocatalytic production of NH3. Because ssDNA was involved in the optimization of the interfacial water distribution and H-bond network connectivity, the water-electrolysis-induced proton generation was enhanced on the electrode surface, which facilitated the NO3RR kinetics. The activation energy (Ea) and in situ spectroscopy studies adequately demonstrated that the NO3RR was exothermic until NH3 desorption, indicating that, in alkaline media, the NO3RR catalyzed by ssDNA-templated CuNCs followed the same reaction path as the NO3RR in acidic media. Electrocatalytic tests further verified the efficiency of ssDNA-templated CuNCs, which achieved a high NH3 yield rate of 2.62 mg h-1 cm-2 and a Faraday efficiency of 96.8% at -0.6 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode. The results of this study lay the foundation for engineering catalyst surface ligands for the electrocatalytic NO3RR.

Probabilistic operational costs assessment of combined PV–PEV connections in LV distribution networks

Decarbonization stimulates the increased penetration of photovoltaic (PV) systems and plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) in low-voltage (LV) distribution networks. However, the individual or combined PV and PEV massive connections may incur significant economic costs for distribution utilities due to technical issues caused by these connections. This paper proposes a probabilistic approach for operational costs assessment of combined PV–PEV penetration in LV distribution networks catering to the uncertainties associated with PV, PEV and households. In addition, to identify the relationships between the technical issues with each other and the increased combined PV and PEV penetration levels, a correlation analysis is developed to help utility engineers to estimate the operational costs of combined PV and PEV connections. The proposed methodology is applied to a real Brazilian LV distribution network showing that the costs of real power losses decrease in reduced penetration levels of combined PV–PEV. However, they increase under high combined penetration levels representing financial losses to utilities. Also, operational costs related to steady-state voltage level compliance indicators increase with PV connection, and the combined PV–PEV connections have beneficial results, reducing these costs. Further, the proposed methodology can be used by utility engineers responsible for studies of LV distribution network reinforcement actions. • Proposed methodology converts technical parameters into operational costs. • Operational costs in utility’s point-of-view due to combined PV–PEV connection. • Proposed approach considering stochastic uncertainties of PV, PEV and households. • Identifies high-risk consumer units, allowing LV network reinforcements. • Proposed methodology uses technical correlation analysis and Monte Carlo Simulation.

Stability Analysis and Control of DC Distribution System with Electric Vehicles

The DC distribution network system equipped with a large number of power electronic equipment exhibits weak damping characteristics and is prone to low-frequency and high-frequency unstable oscillations. The current interpretation of the oscillation mechanism has not been unified. Firstly, this paper established the complete state-space model of the distribution system consisting of a large number of electric vehicles, characteristic equation of the distribution network system is derived by establishing a state-space model, and simplified reduced-order equations describing the low-frequency oscillation and the high-frequency oscillation are obtained. Secondly, based on eigenvalue analysis, the oscillation modes and the influence of the key system parameters on the oscillation mode are studied. Besides, impacts of key factors, such as distribution network connection topology and number of dynamic loads, have been discussed to suppress oscillatory instability caused by inappropriate design or dynamic interactions. Finally, using the DC distribution example system, through model calculation and time-domain simulation analysis, the correctness of the aforementioned analysis is verified.

Analysis of power quality problems in DC distribution network

With the application and popularization of distributed power supply and power electronic equipment in power grid, AC distribution is faced with problems such as low efficiency and low power quality. At the same time, due to the advantages of large power supply capacity, long power supply radius, high efficiency, good controllability and adaptability to renewable energy access, DC power distribution has become a crucial development direction of the future distribution system. Reasonable and systematic analysis of power quality problems of DC distribution network plays an important role in its construction and application. Firstly, this paper introduces the background, significance and status of the research on DC distribution network and its power quality. Then introduces the three main topology of DC distribution network structure and connection mode. After selecting pseudo bipolar structure to build the simulation circuit, the power quality phenomena such as voltage sag are simulated and analyzed by PSCAD. The results obtained are consistent with theoretical analysis.

Two‐stage voltage control strategy in distribution networks with coordinated multimode operation of PV inverters

To solve the problems of voltage violation and fast voltage fluctuation caused by photovoltaic (PV) grid connections in distribution networks, a two-stage coordinated voltage control strategy for PV inverters with multimode coordinated operation in distribution networks (DNs) is proposed. It is based on the characteristics of PV inverters that can be regulated rapidly and continuously. First, the voltage control process is divided into two control stages according to the voltage change rate, and the corresponding voltage control models are established. Then, the operating modes of PV inverters are classified into three modes: economic prevention, economic control, and efficient control. Different operating modes are used to adapt to the two-stage voltage control. Finally, a voltage fast control solution algorithm is proposed, which considers adaptive time delays and combines local measurement, prediction, and communication information to update control commands. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed voltage control strategy were demonstrated through simulation tests on a real 10-kV line with a high PV penetration rate in the Anhui province of China. The results show that the proposed strategy can prevent voltage violation and sudden changes and can smooth out voltage fluctuation.

Update of Mitochondrial Network Analysis by Imaging: Proof of Technique in Schizophrenia.

Mitochondria, similar to living cells and organelles, have a negative membrane potential, which ranges between (-108) and (150) mV as compared to (-70) and (-90) mV of the plasma membrane. Therefore, permeable lipophilic cations tend to accumulate in the mitochondria. Those cations which exhibit fluorescence activity after accumulation into energized systems are widely used to decipher changes in membrane potential by imaging techniques. Here we describe the use of two different dyes for labeling mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) in live cells. One is the lipophilic cation 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazol-carbocyanine iodide (JC-1), which alters reversibly its color from green (J-monomer, at its low concentration in the cytosol) to red (J-aggregates, at itshigh concentration in active mitochondria) with increasing mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). The other is MitoTracker® Orange, a mitochondrion-selective probe which passively diffuses across the plasma membrane and accumulates in active mitochondria depending on their Δψm. We show that in addition to changes in Δψm, these specific dyes can be used to follow alterations in mitochondrial distribution and mitochondrial network connectivity. We suggest that JC-1 is a preferable probe to compare between different cell types and cell state, as a red to green ratio of fluorescence intensities is used for analysis. This ratio depends only on the mitochondrial membrane potential and not on other cellular and/or mitochondrial-dependent or independent factors that may alter, for example, due to treatment or disease state. However, in cells labeled either with green or red fluorescence protein, JC-1 cannot be used. Therefore, other dyes are preferable. We demonstrate various applications of JC-1 and MitoTracker Orange staining to study mitochondrial abnormalities in different cell types derived from schizophrenia patients and healthy subjects.

Verification of Distribution Network Connectivity Based on AP-LOF Outlier Group Detection

Verification of Distribution Network Connectivity Based on AP-LOF Outlier Group Detection

Influence of grain boundary character distribution and random high angle grain boundaries networks on intergranular corrosion in high purity copper

Recently, as vital factors for corrosion resistance, grain boundary character distribution and random high angle grain boundaries networks gradually gainedextensive attention. And grain boundary engineering was widely used in improving intergranular corrosion resistance of face-centered-cubic materials, such as austenitic stainless steel, nickel-based alloy and lead alloy, etc. But the relevant research on high-pure copper was rarely studied. In this work, the intergranular corrosion behavior of high purity copper was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization tests in 0.1 M sodium chloride. And the influence of grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) and random high angle grain boundaries network (RHGBN) connectivity were explored. The contribution of multiple-twinning process to interrupt RHGBN connectivity was analyzed. Results clearly demonstrated that GBE samples all exhibited a high resistance to intergranular corrosion (IGC), particularly, sample with higher fraction of low-∑CSL boundaries (GBE-1) or with lower RHGBN connectivity (GBE-3) both had a higher resistance to IGC. Multiple-twinning process during annealing was the key factor to interrupt the connectivity of random high angle boundaries network.

Development of spatial orientation skills: an fMRI study.

The ability to orient and navigate in spatial surroundings is a cognitive process that undergoes a prolonged maturation with progression of skills, strategies and proficiency over much of childhood. In the present study, we used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neurological mechanisms underlying the ability to orient in a virtual interior environment in children aged 10 to 12years of age, a developmental stage in which children start using effective spatial orientation strategies in large-scale surroundings. We found that, in comparison to young adults, children were not as proficient at the spatial orientation task, and revealed increased neural activity in areas of the brain associated with visuospatial processing and navigation (left cuneus and mid occipital area, left inferior parietal region and precuneus, right inferior parietal cortex, right precentral gyrus, cerebellar vermis and bilateral medial cerebellar lobes). When functional connectivity analyses of resting state fMRI data were performed, using seed areas that were associated with performance, increased connectivity was seen in the adults from the right hippocampal/parahippocampal gyrus to the contralateral caudate, the insular cortex, and the posterior supramarginal gyrus; children had increased connectivity from the right paracentral lobule to the right superior frontal gyrus as compared to adults. These findings support the hypothesis that, as children are maturing in their navigation abilities, they are refining and increasing the proficiency of visuospatial skills with a complimentary increase in connectivity of longer-range distributed networks allowing for flexible use of efficient and effective spatial orientation strategies.

(Development of Mechanisms for Increasing the Accessibility of the Electric Grid Infrastructure on the Basis of the Formation of a System of Mutual Responsibility of Consumers and Electric Grid Companies)

Russian Abstract: В настоящем научном докладе, подготовленном по результатам научно-исследовательской работы «Разработка механизмов повышения доступности электросетевой инфраструктуры на основе формирования системы взаимной ответственности потребителей и электросетевых компаний» исследовано текущее состояние рынка услуг по технологическому присоединению к электрическим сетям в Российской Федерации, включая вопросы доступности подключения электрических сетей для потребителей. Рассмотрены примеры применяемых на конкурентных рынках условий долгосрочных контрактов, предусматривающих модернизацию или расширение производства в целях обеспечения требуемых объемов поставок продукции/услуг единственному контрагенту, идентифицированы риски, возникающие при заключении долгосрочных контрактов на поставку продукции/услуг единственному контрагенту, предполагающих инвестиционные вложения. По результатам исследования разработаны практические механизмы, направленные на обеспечение взаимной ответственности участников рынка услуг по технологическому присоединению потребителей к электрическим сетям. English Abstract: The research «Development of the Electricity Distribution Network Connection Accessibility Instruments based on Market Participants Mutual Responsibility» study current situation at the electricity distribution network connection market in Russian Federation including connection market participants mutual responsibility aspects. This paper studies practical examples of the competitive markets contracts conditions which stipulated the modernization and the infrastructure expansion in the aim to meeting demand of the single customer; identifies risks of signing long turn contracts, providing investments. Finally, the research suggests the proposals and recommendations to the electricity distribution network connection markets participant mutual responsibility instruments development.

Pharmacovigilance Process in India: An overview

Clinical trial study of drug generally detects common Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) but, the reaction which occurs after long duration in a specific person or population remains undetected. Pharmacovigilance (PV) is a scientific activity which keeps constant watch on the drug throughout its life cycle. In India, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) and National Coordination Committee (NCC) through the Central Drug Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) cordially regulate the PV activity. To build a potential PV system in India, Pharmacovilance Program of India (PvPI) have been proposed and implemented by the Indian government in 2010. The accurate detection and reporting of ADR is a heart of this system. Hence various regional, zonal and peripheral centres have been proposed for the smooth and effective reporting of ADR. Anyone can report ADR by filling the suspect ADR reporting form available online or offline to the nearest centre in suitable language. Considering Indian geographical distribution, huge population and mobile network connectivity, a toll free number and the mobile app is also provided for timely and effective reporting of ADR. The reported ADRs are collected and processed at the centres in Vigi-flow software. These centres detect signal which are reported to CDSCO and World Health Organisation (WHO) for the further regulatory action. CDSCO-WHO communicates their decision through a suitable media for the betterment of public health.

Distribution network connection pricing framework and methodology: identification of areas of improvement for Sarawak Energy Berhad Connection Charges Guidelines through modified delphi method

Complaints on issues and matters related to connection charges have been very common for electricity supply utility companies around the world including Sarawak Energy Berhad. In order to identify the areas that can be improved, a mixed method of exploratory research involving qualitative and quantitative methods have been designed and undertaken rather than a single method of survey. This will ensure a more comprehensive and detailed understanding of the issues from various target groups. The method is designed under three phases, employing Modified Delphi Technique for phase 1 through a series of stake holder engagements, online and offline survey questionnaires to be filled by internal wiring contractors for phase 2 whilst under phase 3, case studies shall be carried out on the issues identified from phase 1 and phase 2 of the study. This paper presented the findings from the Modified Delphi Technique. The findings revealed that there are areas of improvement for Sarawak Energy Berhad connection guidelines in term of differentiation of dedicated and shared assets which leads to unfairness to the connecting customers, inconsistency and non-transparent in charging. The findings of Modified Delphi Technique shall be used for implementation of phase 2 and phase 3 of the study.

Developing the Reconfiguration Method to Increase Life Expectancy of Dynamic Wireless Sensor Network in Container Terminal

Abstract Nowadays control and management logistics solutions that are used in terminals apply sensor based technologies to identify and localize containers in the yard. Nevertheless, because of the limits in the existing sensor technical specification, the position of nodes is still affected by some errors or sometimes it cannot be determined in real-time systems due to battery fall. The sensor nodes pertaining to information storage and processing are mainly equipped with an uninterrupted power supply, independent distribution network connectivity and low performance computing system. The capacity of data traffic near a coordinator node is much higher than in the distant points; as a result, the existing elements close to processing nodes faster than others stop operating due to a lack of electricity and, as a result, the network ceases its overall work. The article describes the modification of network routing protocols for energy balancing in nodes, using the mobility of the coordinator node, which provides dynamic network reconfiguration possibilities.

Power Quality Investigation of Distribution Networks Embedded Wind Turbines

In recent years a multitude of events have created a new environment for the electric power infrastructure. The presence of small-scale generation near load spots is becoming common especially with the advent of renewable energy sources such as wind power energy. This type of generation is known as distributed generation (DG). The expansion of the distributed generators- (DGs-) based wind energy raises constraints on the distribution networks operation and power quality issues: voltage sag, voltage swell, voltage interruption, harmonic contents, flickering, frequency deviation, unbalance, and so forth. Consequently, the public distribution network conception and connection studies evolve in order to keep the distribution system operating in optimal conditions. In this paper, a comprehensive power quality investigation of a distribution system with embedded wind turbines has been carried out. This investigation is carried out in a comparison aspect between the conventional synchronous generators, as DGs are widely in use at present, and the different wind turbines technologies, which represent the foresightedness of the DGs. The obtained results are discussed with the IEC 61400-21 standard for testing and assessing power quality characteristics of grid-connected wind energy and the IEEE 1547-2003 standard for interconnecting distributed resources with electric power systems.

Analysis of mitochondrial network by imaging: proof of technique in schizophrenia.

Mitochondria, similar to living cells and organelles, have negative membrane potential and can therefore accumulate permeable lipophilic cations. Those cations which exhibit fluorescence activity after accumulation into energized systems are widely used to decipher changes in membrane potential by imaging techniques. Here we describe the use of the lipophilic cation 5,5',6,6'tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazol-carbocyanine iodide (JC-1), which alters reversibly its color from green (J-monomer, at its low concentration in the cytosol) to red (J-aggregates, at its high concentration in active mitochondria) with increasing mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). We show that in addition to changes in Δψm, this specific dye can be used to follow alterations in mitochondrial distribution and mitochondrial network connectivity. We suggest that JC-1 is a preferable probe to compare between treatment groups, as the ratio of green to red fluorescence intensities is used for analysis. This ratio depends only on the mitochondrial membrane potential and not on other mitochondrial dependent or independent factors. We demonstrate various applications of JC-1 staining to study mitochondrial abnormalities in different cell types derived from schizophrenia patients and healthy subjects.

Dynamic Coordinator Mobility Management Methodology for Balancing Energy Consumption in the Wireless Sensor Network

Nowadays, the most topical researches pertaining to wireless sensor networks are based on the optimization of the structure of network transmission protocol, the routing and network optimization and as a result it is possible to prolong the lifecycle of wireless sensor networks.The nodes pertaining to information storage and processing are mainly equipped with an uninterrupted power supply, independent distribution network connectivity and a high performance computing system. This means that the direction of the data is definitely known in the sensor network, the information from terminals is sent to the information storage and processing nodes. The capacity of data traffic near the coordinator node is much higher than at the distant points, as a result, the existing elements close to processing nodes stop operating sooner than others due to lack of electricity and therefore the network ceases to function.This article describes the management methodology of coordinator node mobility of the in a wireless sensor network which provides the wireless sensor network node with grouping, the transmission protocol optimization and the adjustment to the current environment, resulting in a reduction of the power consumption in the network nodes.

Correcting Loose Connections in Distribution Networks from Two Perspectives: Loss Reduction and Power Outage

This paper is a report on an attempt to study fixing loose connections in an actual distribution network in Iran (Qazvin Power Distribution Company) from two angles: reducing loss and minimizing the costs emanating from power outage. The results show that fixing loose connections will only be cost-effective if account is taken of both loss reduction and outage costs. This finding can be used in making appropriate policies on correcting loose connections. This work was fully funded by the Qazvin Electric Distribution Company under contract number 420.

Correcting Loose Connections in Distribution Networks from Two Perspectives: Loss Reduction and Power Outage

This paper is a report on an attempt to study fixing loose connections in an actual distribution network in Iran (Qazvin Power Distribution Company) from two angles: reducing loss and minimizing the costs emanating from power outage. The results show that fixing loose connections will only be cost-effective if account is taken of both loss reduction and outage costs. This finding can be used in making appropriate policies on correcting loose connections. This work was fully funded by the Qazvin Electric Distribution Company under contract number 420. Keywords: Correcting Loose Connections, Distribution Network, Loss Reduction, Power Outage

How climate proof is the European Union’s biodiversity policy?

In the European Union’s (EU) targets for the year 2020, climate change is recognised as a key challenge for biodiversity conservation. Meeting this challenge requires insight at three levels: the climate change impacts on biodiversity in the EU; the adaptation options put forward to alleviate these impacts; and how current EU policy can accommodate the adaptation options. These three topics have all been discussed in the peer-reviewed literature, but typically in isolation and with potential bias in attention for specific aspects such as species distribution shifts and network connectivity. Here, we bring these three levels together to identify matches and gaps between them, to guide policy development. In particular, we assess key concerns on the degree to which EU biodiversity policy facilitates climate change adaptation. Our findings indicate that, firstly, available adaptation options do not cover all impacts of climate change. Options are biased towards shifts and contractions in species distributions, while, e.g., disruption of species interactions is not addressed yet. Second, proposed adaptation options are often generic and lack spatial specificity, revealing an urgent need for guidance on identifying appropriate, albeit adaptive responses to the range of climate change impacts. Third, while EU biodiversity policy requires and supports adaptation in several ways, its narrow interpretation hinders its potential to conserve biodiversity under climate change. Remaining policy gaps include: (1) conservation targets need to better match conservation needs; (2) targets need to be set in a spatially coherent manner across national scales; (3) current monitoring appears insufficient to address these gaps.

Complex Urban Distribution Network Wiring Pattern Matching Research Related to the Load Density

With the rapid advance of the urbanization process, the majority of cities come into the size of millions or more population. Therefore, the urban distribution network are becoming complex increasingly accordingly.How to meet the needs of complex urban distribution network safety and reliable power supply quality, reasonable construction investment better is one of the problems that plagued powered enterprise.It is an important research topic that wiring mode are choosed with good indicator of safe and high reliability, power supply quality and reasonable construction investment, combination load density characteristics of different medium-sized cities in the electricity sector. We have constructed a wiring mode analysis platform in this paper, it can calculate various operation indicators in different wiring mode by load density as the basic parameter variables.The adaptability of different wiring mode can be assessed comprehensively, and the optimal distribution network connection mode is selected in the different load density.