Conjunctive Phrase Research Articles

Analisis Frasa Endosentrik dalam Teks Cerita Hikayat pada Buku Bahasa Indonesia Kelas X Kurikulum Merdeka

This study aims to determine the use of endocentric phrases as well as describe fragments of phrases contained in the Hikayat text in the Buku Bahasa Indonesia Kelas X Kurikulum Merdeka. This study uses a theoretical approach, namely syntax, and a methodological approach, namely a qualitative descriptive approach. The research data comes from the Hikayat text in the Buku Bahasa Indonesia Kelas X Kurikulum Merdeka. This analysis was carried out by reading the entire text and continuing with note-taking techniques, which functioned to record important points to find data in research analysis and continued to outline the material for further analysis. The results of this study found all types of endocentric phrases in the Hikayat text. In the entire text of the Hikayat that had been read, endocentric phrases were found based on their categories, namely 25 coordinating endocentric phrases, 80 attributive endocentric phrases, and 5 appositive phrases. The characteristics of the phrases obtained are based on their form, type, and structure. In this study, it was concluded that in determining the type of endocentric phrases, it can be analyzed by determining the categories of phrases based on the word class. For example, the equivalence of coordinating phrases can be determined based on word class and grammatical meaning, followed by phrases that express the same condition, conjunctive phrases, or no conjunctions. Then the attributive element in an attributive coordinating phrase is not always a word but can be a clitic as an explanatory element, both proclitic and enclitic. This analysis is intended to develop research in the analysis of types of endocentric phrases and to add knowledge and insight regarding endocentric phrases.

“HATE AND LOVE ARE LIKE WINGS...” (OPPOSITIONS IN POETIC VOCABULARY OF DMYTRO PAVLYCHKO)

The article considers semantically opposed lexemes recorded in poetic vocabulary of Dmytro Pavlychko. The antonymic-synonymous paradigms of axiologically marked nouns of human feelings, as well as oxymoronic syntagms based on the use of emotive and evaluative lexemes, which are productive in the poet’s language are analysed. The frequency of individual author’s metaphors formed on the basis of antonymic lexemes in the poet’s linguistic and artistic picture of the world is traced, which testify to the originality of the creative worldview. The oppositions representing religious ideas of man (soul – body, spirit – body) are considered. It is noted that D. Pavlychko’s poetic idiom is characterised by the use of oxymorons, which have the form of a conjunctive phrase. Constructions in which semantically opposed lexemes are combined into one semantic and structural whole are used to create original contradictory images. It has been found that the expressiveness of linguistic contrast in D. Pavlychko’s poetic vocabulary is enhanced by the following syntactic and stylistic constructions: parcellation; opposition of opposites; transformation of opposites; constructions based on multi-stage oppositions; refrain. It is traced that antitheses in the studied texts are used mainly to create contrasting characteristics; to convey polar emotions; to emphasise the contrast between the depicted objects and phenomena of objective reality; to represent contrasting temporal and locative relations; to nominate opposed actions, etc. The author also notes poetic contexts in which semantically opposed lexemes express an ironic, sarcastic attitude to the facts and characters depicted. The antonymic pairs that form the basis of the titles or first lines of poetic works and perform an architectonic function, i.e. serve as an expression of the author’s thought in the whole poetic work, are recorded. It is found that the productivity of oppositions in Dmytro Pavlychko’s poetic vocabulary, which ensure the creation of polar images and pictures of the world around us, testifies to a multifaceted understanding of the complexity and contradictions of human life, an attempt to characterise the subject from polar sides, to convey the contrasting state of mind of the lyrical hero, to reflect his inner world i.e. the world of polar feelings and experiences.

Exploring Natural Language Processing in Model-To-Model Transformations

In this paper, we explore the possibility to apply natural language processing in visual model-to-model (M2M) transformations. Therefore, we present our research results on information extraction from text labels in process models modeled using Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) and use case models depicted in Unified Modeling Language (UML) using the most recent developments in natural language processing (NLP). In this paper, we focus on three relevant tasks, namely, the extraction of verb/noun phrases that would be used to form relations, parsing of conjunctive/disjunctive statements, and the detection of abbreviations and acronyms. Relation extraction was attempted to solve by implementing techniques that combine state-of-the-art NLP language models with formal regular expressions grammar-based structure detection. In this paper, we perform thorough testing of the most recent state-of-the-art NLP tools (CoreNLP, Stanford Stanza, Flair, Spacy, AllenNLP, BERT, ELECTRA), as well as custom BERT-BiLSTM-CRF and ELMo-BiLSTM-CRF implementations, trained with certain data augmentations to improve performance on the most ambiguous cases; these tools are used as a foundation for building tools to extract noun and verb phrases from short text labels generally used in UML and BPMN models. Furthermore, we describe our attempts to improve these extractors by solving the abbreviation/acronym detection problem using machine learning-based detection, as well as process conjunctive and disjunctive statements, due to their relevance to performing advanced text normalization. The obtained results show that the best phrase extraction and conjunctive phrase processing performance was obtained using Stanza based implementation, yet, our trained BERT-BiLSTM-CRF outperformed it for the verb phrase detection task. Our acronym detection approach resulted in the precision of 0.78 and F1-Score of 0.73 which may also be considered quite positive. While this work was inspired by our ongoing research on partial model-to-model transformations, we believe it to be applicable in other areas requiring similar text processing capabilities as well.

Talazumiyah al-Rabth fi al-Kitabah al-Insyaiyyah Baina al-Uslub wa al-Tauzhif wa al-Maharah: Dirasah fi Maharah al-Kitabah li al-Nathiqin bi Ghair al-Arabiyyah

This research is studying about one of the most important skills in the Arabic language that is hoped to be acquired by Malaysian students, either in secondary or university level. The aim of teaching essay writing at these two stages is to enable students to express a topic in writing in a good manner and in an organized manner of various kinds according to the correct rules of the Arabic language. It is noticeable that non-Arabic speaking students, especially Malaysian students, despite their mastery of grammatical and morphological rules, still fall into stylistic errors resulting from their lack of understanding of the ‘ibarāt al rābitah (conjunctive phrases), their connotations and their functions in structural writing. Based on all of the foregoing, this research deals with theories related to the concept of stylistic errors and the concept of style and its elements, especially in the field of teaching Arabic as a second language. The research followed the descriptive and analytical method and was limited to analysing the ‘ibarāt al rābitah (conjunctive phrases) in the modern Arabic language and analysing their meanings, functions, and uses in structural writing. The research has reached many results, the most important of which is ‘ibarāt al rābitah (conjunctive phrases) as one of the most important elements of the Arabic language style that is hoped to be provided to Malaysian students, especially in the secondary and university degree stage, to control the stylistically sound structural writing. The research also stated some recommendations to facilitate the teaching and application of ‘ibarāt al rābitah (conjunctive phrases) at the secondary and university levels.

스페인어와 한국어의 양보 구문 대조 분석

In this work we approach the concessive constructions of both languages from diverse perspectives: formal, categorial, cognitive and empirical. Regarding concessive markers, while Spanish has conjunctions or conjunctive phrases such as aunque, a pesar de (que), pese a (que), (aun) así, (aun) cuando, si bien, incluso si, y eso que, etc., Korean uses verb endings such as -ado∕-eodo, -deorado, -(eu)rjirado, -(eu)ndeul, -(eu)rmangjeong, -(eu)rjieonjeong, etc. Consecutively, their respective constructions require quite different categorial components and a contrastive analysis is extremely complex. Yet if cognitive criteria are applied, it seems possible to explain what is commonly expressed through concessive constructions. The first type of concessive construction denies expectations and objectively or subjectively describes a given situation, like in “Aunque tengo dinero, no compraré un coche.” The second type exaggerates prepositive conditions and focuses on the given situation, like in “Digan lo que digan, pienso hacer ese viaje.” However, the cognitive equivalence of both languages is not always observed in an empirical analysis based on a parallel corpus. This shows that there are contextual factors that condition the interpretations of concrete constructions as concessive in respective languages.

Conjunctive and Comitative Noun Phrase Coordination in Beserman Udmurt

Conjunctive and Comitative Noun Phrase Coordination in Beserman Udmurt

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE HOLY QURAN BASED ON THE ORDER OF WORDS IN ARABIC AND CONJUNCTION

Some aspects of word relations are inspired from patterns of word co-occurrences. From this point, we conduct an analytical study on one type of these patterns, which is the AND conjunctive phrases, that exist in the holy Quran. First, we propose a set of AND conjunctive patterns in order to extract the conjunctive phrases from the Quranic Arabic Corpus, which we convert to Arabic script. Then, we analyze the order of the two words that form the conjunctive phrase. We report three different cases: words that have occurred in a specific order in the conjunctive phrase and repeated only once in the Quran, words that have occurred in a specific order in the conjunctive phrase and repeated many times in the Quran, and words that have occurred in two different orders in the conjunctive phrase and repeated one/many time(s) in the holy Quran. Finally, we show that different word orders in the conjunctive phrase yield different contextual meanings and association values between the combined words.

A FUNÇÃO JUNTIVA DA PREPOSIÇÃO ‘SEM’: ESPECIALIZAÇÃO DE USO EM ORAÇÕES ADVERBIAS REDUZIDAS DE INFINITIVO

Neste artigo, focalizamos o emprego dos transpositores sem e sem que, objetivando mostrar o processo de recategorização da preposição sem, que assume função juntiva em orações adverbiais reduzidas de infinitivo, embora a tradição gramatical só admita que sem é um item conjuncional quando, junto ao nominalizador que, integra a locução conjuntiva. A partir da análise de uma pequena amostra de dados, constituída de textos argumentativos – artigos de opinião e entrevistas – apresentamos indícios que evidenciam a recategorização sintático-semântica desse item. Para este estudo, lemos criticamente o ponto de vista que alimenta a tradição gramatical e, sob um pensamento de base funcionalista, buscamos explicar as motivações estruturais e cognitivas que pressionam a mudança experimentada por esses itens linguísticos.

“Still Clinging To Disaster: Reading Rob Halpern’s Disaster Suites”

“Still Clinging To Disaster:Reading Rob Halpern’s Disaster Suites” Lee Spinks (bio) “Where the pain is physical, it must be of an intensity akin to that which accompanies serious physical injury such as death or organ failure” Jay Bybee (qtd. in Sands 22-23). “What the administration is trying to do is create a new legal regime” John Yoo (qtd. in Sydney Morning Herald). Day 18, 10 December 2002 0400: Lead established control over detainee by instructing him not to speak and enforcing by playing loud music and yelling … 1930: Medical Representative weighed detainee and logged detainee’s weight at 119 pounds … 2230: Detainee urinated on himself as he was being taken to latrine (qtd. in Sands 32).1 1 Near the beginning of Rob Halpern’s 2009 collection Disaster Suites a voice confides to us: They say organ failure is the limit nowBut I can’t say where it hurts so I am notTortured one forgets too easily the things We feel inside the numbered words I amA colored dossier singing, ‘Once a littleSteamboat,’ but I can’t see any smoke —means the ship must be on fire.2 To read these lines is to be solicited by the affectless and self-cancelling presence of someone who continues to live but no longer feels herself to be perceived as a fully human being (“but I can’t say where it hurts”); a torture victim, perhaps, rendered into a world in which torture is no longer understood to be torture (“they say organ failure is the limit now”) but “enhanced interrogation”; a spectral inhabitant, perhaps, of one of those exceptional and yet all-too-representative disciplinary spaces, like Guantanamo [End Page 117] Bay, like Abu Ghraib, in which the invigilation of suspect foreign bodies was remorselessly maintained. The unsettling sense these lines give of a kind of life that is no longer recognised as fully human life is reinforced by the poem’s implicit contrast between the persisting imprint left by the “numbered words” of secret memoranda and official policy documents and the now barely perceptible trace (“I can’t say,” “so I am not”) of a once autonomous subject who is now upon the point of being transformed into a manipulable object for judgment and classification by the things “they” say about him. In public readings of the sequence Halpern accentuates this terrifying glimpse of the tortured body’s juridical and political nullity by imposing a caesura between the conjunctive phrase “But I can’t say where it hurts so I am not” and the accompanying but quasi-independent verbal phrase “Tortured one forgets too easily the things we/feel” which has the effect of inscribing the living death experienced by those incarcerated in undisclosed “black sites” at the very heart of the poem. Conversely, Halpern’s writing attempts to restore some measure of voice to a subject simultaneously figured within, and disfigured by, a new biopolitics of extra-judicial scrutiny by folding the image of the tortured body back upon the body politic in whose name this violence is done. The thickening effect of ethical implication engendered by this superimposition of bodies and scenes is subtly registered in the fluid, but nevertheless uneasy, modulation of subject position and mood between lines two and four of the poem. Here the movement into the subjective mode inaugurated by the independent clause “But I can’t say where it hurts” actually fuses three very different but interrelated subject positions: the numbed response of the torture victim for whom it hurts not just here, or there, but everywhere; the sullen irritation of the torturer asked to estimate how much pain may be too much pain; and the bad faith of the unresisting American citizen willing to avert his eyes to the political violence undertaken by his own government in concealed locations beyond the regulatory reach of domestic supervision. In the last instance what begins as bad faith quickly becomes bad conscience: if it is true that “I am not/tortured” by the ethical implications of events whose historical reality I stubbornly refuse to acknowledge, then why, the poem slyly demands, am I troubled by a continuing sense...

A New Theory of Quantifiers and Term Connectives

This paper sets forth a new theory of quantifiers and term connectives, called shadow theory, which should help simplify various semantic theories of natural language by greatly reducing the need of Montagovian proper names, type-shifting, and ?-conversion. According to shadow theory, conjunctive, disjunctive, and negative noun phrases such as John and Mary, John or Mary, and not both John and Mary, as well as determiner phrases such as every man, some woman, and the boys, are all of semantic type e and denote individual-like objects, called shadows-- conjunctive, disjunctive, or negative shadows, such as John-and-Mary, John-or-Mary, and not-(John-and-Mary). There is no essential difference between quantification and denotation: quantification is nothing but denotation of shadows. Individuals and shadows constitute a Boolean structure. Formal language LSD (Language for Shadows with Distributivity), which takes compound terms to denote shadows, is investigated. Expansions and enrichments of LSD are also considered toward the end of the paper.

Ubiquitous Learning: An Ontology

This paper presents an ontology of ubiquitous learning based on three dimensions of ubiquity: temporal, semiotic, and spatial ubiquity, and two dimensions of learning: entities and technologies. A simple taxonomy is used to denote each dimension. Thus the ontology has five dimensions with multiple categories denoting each dimension. A natural language description of ubiquitous learning can be concatenated by combining a category from each dimension with suitable conjunctive words and phrases. Four illustrative descriptions are: * Ad hoc knowledge acquisition at fixed locations by individuals using passive technologies. * Continuous knowledge application at mobile locations by societies using intelligent technologies. * On-demand knowledge acquisition at variable locations by organizations using interactive technologies. * Planned knowledge application at mobile locations by groups using active technologies. These four with 380 other combinations derived from the ontology represent a closed, complete description of ubiquitous learning. The ontology can be refined, modified, and extended by changing its dimensions and taxonomies. The ontology provides a simple method of systematically representing and analyzing the complexity of ubiquitous learning comprehensively.

Generalizing the antisymmetric analysis of coordination to nominal modification

In some natural languages, a “linking morpheme” intervenes between an N(P) and its adjectival, prepositional, or relative modifier, whereas the semantics requires that an operator conjoin the properties denoted. The paper connects these two elements, arguing that they are the two “faces” of the same item, a functional element that heads a conjunctive phrase, and which is present, even if silent, in other languages too.

Locutions conjonctives et détermination....

This article sets out to describe the internal structure of conjunctive phrases. The starting point is the observation that these sequences are not fixed and that the noun which is used is itself a predicate, the arguments of which are the main clause and the subordinate clause. The determination of this noun is subject to considerable limitations, which are discussed here.

To “brunch” or to “brench”: some aspects of blend structure

Three studies demonstrate that aspects of English blend structures like brunch are quite predictable from cognitive and linguistic principles. The first study analyzed the order in which words are represented in blends and found that three variables that predict word order in conjunctive phrases like smoke and fog also predict the order in which word components appear in blends like smog. In particular, the first word represented in blends tends to be higher in frequency, contain fewer syllables, and denote more prototypical category members than the second word. The second study examined the boundaries between blend components and found that they fall primarily at major phonological joints, such as syllable, onset, and rime boundaries. Breaks at onset-rime boundaries were more than four times more common than breaks at body-coda boundaries, thus supporting an onset-rime representation of English syllable structure. The third study showed that the phonemes involved at the juncture between blend components tend to be phonologically similar, which might be used to emphasize the teasing nature of blends. More generally, the studies illustrate the promise of taking hypothesis-testing approaches to blend structure rather than the taxonomic approaches common in prior investigations

Méthode D'analyse des Connecteurs du Français en Vue D'un Traitement Automatique

The subject of this article is the analysis of clauses of aim, cause, consequence and condition in French in view to the automatic processing. Our theoretical framework is that of lexicon-grammar. This study differs from the usual grammatical analyses. Here, the complex sentence is studied on the model of the simple sentence, defined as an operator accompanied by its arguments. The conjunctive phrase is our starting point for this study, and it is then shown that the noun around which it is formed, is of predicative type and has the main clause and the subordinate as arguments. This is a predicate «of second order». Automatic processing requires extremely accurate notation of syntactic and semantic properties if ambiguity and polysemy are to be correctly handled. Those descriptions based on syntactico-semantic features are insufficient, which is why the concept of « class of objects » is brought in. There are as many types of relations as there are semantic types of predicate. This is the reason why a semantic typology of predicates is sketched out, integrating lexical, syntactic and semantic components. It is shown that each semantic type can have its own appropriate lexical means of expression and specific syntactic behaviour.

Champlin on a Curious Plural

A year or two ago' I tried to recommend a particular view of identity by urging considerations of this sort: 'Everyone will agree that My examiner and my son-in-law are identical is a misleading way of saying My examiner was the same person as my son-inlaw. It ought not to be too difficult to persuade people in similar fashion that the latter is a misleading way of saying Someone both examined me and married my daughter'. In philosophy one can never be too careful. The view that I relied on as likely to win universal acceptance has now been challenged by T. S. Champlin.2 Champlin is puzzled by the plural 'they' in sentences like 'They were the same person' occurring as answers to questions like 'Who were Eric Blair and George Orwell?'. The answer seems at once to presuppose that two people are being talked about and to state that only one person is involved. It is a difficulty that goes back at least to Aristotle, who said that talk of sameness involved treating a thing as two things.3 Champlin begins by saying that 'Statements of identity with a plural subject ... give rise to a philosophical problem'. It is typical of philosophers to concentrate on subjects, on nouns and pronouns, on expressions which are said to 'refer'. But the subject 'They' in the examples he gives is clearly a pronoun of laziness: 'They are .he same person' is just another way of saying 'Blair and Orwell are the same person'. And here it is the plural verb which causes the trouble. Champlin sees this, and makes a point of it. He envisages an attempt to explain the recalcitrant plural 'They' by saying that it is a replacement for a conjunctive phrase: it might replace 'my milkman and my postman' in the sentence 'My milkman and my postman are the same person'. And he sees that this 'grammatical explanation', as he calls it, is insufficient, because the problem already arises for 'My milkman and my postman are the same person'. Here too we seem to be saying that 'two people are the same person'. Our problem, he says, is 'not a grammatical one'.4

Semantic interpretation of conjuncts : boolean transformations

This paper reports on an exploratory study of the semantic interpretation of conjuncts and their translation into Boolean search statements, using dictionary definitions. Rules were formulated based on syntactic and semantic analysis of the conjunctive phrases occurring in 160 natural language statements (NLS) of user information needs. This includes a set of transformational rules to accomodate variations in natural language expressions. A heuristic based algorithm, primarily intended to test the applicability of the rules on larger samples on NLS, was developped. Evaluation of the rules was performed by matching the ouput of the algorithm with the search formulation done by an expert online searcher.