Conilon Coffee Trees Research Articles

Promising conilon coffee trees clones for agroforestry and intercropping systems

Promising conilon coffee trees clones for agroforestry and intercropping systems

Photosystem II Performance of Coffea canephora Seedlings after Sunscreen Application.

In the conilon coffee tree, the stress caused by high light can reduce the photosynthetic rate, limit the development and also reduce the yield of beans. Considering that the quality of a sunscreen spray can influence photosynthetic performance, the goal was to understand the iterations between the quality of the spray and the variation of the chlorophyll a fluorescence when applying sunscreen on conilon coffee trees. The parameters coverage, volumetric median diameter, density, droplet deposition, and the variation of the chlorophyll a fluorescence were evaluated. The nozzle and application rate factors did not show direct effects in the physiological responses of the plants. Plants with no sunscreen application showed high values of energy dissipation flux. The photosystem II (PSII) performance index and PSII photochemical maximum efficiency indicate that the use of sunscreen for plants promotes better performance of photosynthetic activity and that it provides photoprotection against luminous stress, regardless of the application rate and spraying nozzle; however, we recommend using the application rate of 100 L ha-1 and the cone jet nozzle type because they provide lower risks of product loss due to runoff.

Effect of different methods for estimation of evapotranspiration and water deficit in soil on the growth rates of conilon clonal coffee

The water deficit is considered one of the main problems in coffee culture around the world. As a way to get around this problem, producers all over the world adopt the practice of irrigation. However, in the most cultivated areas, a rational irrigation management is not carried out, resulting in excessive or insufficient applications. Based on this, the present work aimed to evaluate the effect of different methods of evapotranspiration estimative and water deficit levels on the growth rates of the clonal conilon coffee. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme with the factor evapotranspiration in 2 levels (Penman-Monteith (PM) and Hargreaves & Samani (HS), and the factor water deficit in 3 levels (80%, 50% and 30% of Evapotranspiration of Reference (ETo)) in a completely randomized design. From the results obtained, it was observed that the evapotranspiration estimation method and the water deficit levels had an effect on the growth rates and free assimilation rate of the clonal conilon coffee tree, with the highest growth values in plants irrigated with 80% of ETo by the HS method, and higher assimilation values in plants irrigated with 80% of ETo by the PM method.

Fuzzy Mapping of Climate Favorability for the Cultivation of Conilon Coffee in the State of Bahia, Brazil

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to construct agroclimatic zoning for the conilon coffee crop in the state of Bahia, Brazil, using fuzzy logic. Historical data series on rainfall, mean air temperature, and relative air humidity were used. Analyses were carried out considering the mean values of the accumulated variables for each month in the historical series. The data were subjected to geostatistical analysis to verify and quantify the existence of spatial dependence between the values of the studied variables. Subsequently, maps with representations of the monthly means of the variables were subjected to continual classification using fuzzy mapping to identify suitable areas and areas of climate favorability for the implantation of conilon coffee in the state of Bahia. Bahia presents great spatial variability in regard to suitability for conilon coffee cultivation, with highly favorable areas, but no totally unsuitable region. The south and extreme south of Bahia were the regions with the lowest temporal-spatial variability for climate favorability for the development of conilon coffee trees, these being the most suitable regions for this crop. The zoning through fuzzy logic assisted in decision-making on which regions of the state had the highest suitability for crop implantation.

DESEMPENHO DO CAFÉ CONILON CONSORCIADO COM ADUBOS VERDES EM ÁREA DE TRANSIÇÃO AGROECOLÓGICA

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as características morfo-agronômicas do cafeeiro conilon submetido a diferentes manejos de espécies de adubos verdes. Foram avaliados cafeeiros contendo as espécies de adubo verde: feijão guandu, feijão de porco, mucuna preta e margaridão mexicano, em ambas as entrelinhas adjacentes (100%) e apenas na entrelinha localizada na entrelinha superior (50%), além de um tratamento testemunha (adubação convencional). A unidade experimental constituiu-se de uma planta de cafeeiro, variedade clonal “Incaper 8142” Conilon Vitória variedade 12 V (precoce), com espaçamento de 2,30 x 2,60 m, com cinco repetições. Utilizou-se bordadura de uma planta de cafeeiro entre as unidades experimentais. As varáveis avaliadas foram: comprimento do maior ramo ortotrópico (ALT); diâmetro dos ramos ortotrópicos (DRO); número de ramos plagiotrópicos lançados (NRP); número de nós produtivos dos ramos plagiotrópicos (NP); litros de café colhido in natura (LTS); quilogramas de café cereja produzidos por planta (kg). O manejo 50% de feijão guandu foi superior ao convencional para a maioria das características avaliadas, portanto pode ser recomendado, para o primeiro ano de transição.

Plot Size Related to Numbers of Treatments and Replications, and Experimental Precision in Conilon Coffee From Clonal Seedlings of LB1

In the execution of experiments involving agricultural crops, it is essential that the researcher is able to initially establish the outline, the amount of treatments, replication and the plot sizes, to predict the physical space and waste of material. The planning is not always easy due to the lack of research pointing out the adequate plot size, especially in experiments throughout seedlings stage. The objective of this work was to determine the adequate plot size for experiments with conilon coffee clone LB1 seedlings. Fort this Hatheway’s suggested methodology was used, in which the coefficient values of variation and the heterogeneity index were obtained through bootstrap simulation with replications. The findings emphasized that in the experiments involving the conilon coffee tree LB1 manufactured in bags, with the delineation in randomized blocks, when the evaluation of destructive characteristics require a larger experimental plot size than when characteristics are non-destructive, considering the same margin error. In the installation of experiments with conilon coffee tree LB1 clone, in randomized blocks with 7 to 40 treatments and three replications, plots holding nine seedlings are enough to identify significant differences between average of treatments of non-destructive kinds to 5% of prospects and variation between the average of treatments 30% of overall experimental average. However, for destructive characteristics in randomized blocks with 7 to 40 treatments in three replications, plots holding 14 seedlings are enough to identify significant differences between treatment averages to 5% of prospects and variation between average treatments 30% of overall experimental average.

Canonical Correlation between Soil Attributes and Foliar of Conilon Coffee Trees

The nutritional status of the coffee tree is influenced by the concentration of nutrients in the soil of the growing area. The objective of this work was to evaluate, using canonical correlation, the linear relationships between chemical attributes of soil and nutrients of leaf tissues in seminal coffee. The work was developed in a commercial crop located in the municipality of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, the southern region of the state of Espírito Santo. In the crop, an irregular sampling mesh was constructed, totalling 80 georeferenced points. The canonical correlation analysis was performed considering the original data observed in two consecutive conilon coffee harvests, 2015/16 and 2016/17, to verify the associations between a (dependent) group formed by foliar nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) and an independent group formed by soil chemical attributes (pH, Ca, Al, K, S, P, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn). Even if nutrients are available, that is, available in a satisfactory amount in the soil, it can happen that it does not reach the leaf tissue, resulting in a deficiency for some nutrients. There was a direct relationship between the concentration of K in the leaf tissue and K in the soil in the two harvests. Other soil attributes, such as Organic Matter, Fe, Mn, and S, also influenced this relationship, showing that the soil attributes in the independent group interact together on the nutrients in the leaf tissue. There is an inverse relationship between the concentrations of K in the leaf tissue and the Mn in the soil in the two harvests, showing that the excess of Mn in the soil is influencing the K deficiency in the leaf tissue.

Micronutrient Accumulation in Conilon Coffee Berries with Different Maturation Cycles

ABSTRACT The number of days between anthesis and maturation of conilon coffee berries varies according to the genotype. Thus, it is believed that periods of greater nutrient demand for fruit formation also vary according to the genotype, directly influencing fertilizer management. The goal of this study was to establish accumulation curves for the micronutrients boron, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc in conilon coffee trees with different maturation cycles. The experiment was conducted in Nova Venécia, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil, during the reproductive cycle of the 2010/2011 crop year. Four coffee genotypes with different maturation cycles (early, intermediate, late, and super-late) were studied. A completely randomized experimental design was used with five replications. The treatments correspond to the accumulation of B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in the berries every 28 days in the period from flowering to harvest. The early, intermediate, and late genotypes accumulated Fe, Cu, and Mn in a similar manner, with sigmoid curves, whereas the super-late genotype accumulated these nutrients exponentially. Zn was accumulated by all four genotypes following a sigmoid curve. The early, intermediate, and late genotypes accumulated B linearly, whereas the super-late genotype accumulated B following a sigmoid curve. The maturation cycle of the genotype must be taken into account to apply the correct rate of micronutrient fertilization in coffee plantations.

Yield and nutritional status of the conilon coffee tree in organic fertilizer systems

The conilon coffee tree presents high yield potential, the replacement of soil nutrients usually being by the use of mineral fertilizers. To reduce these fertilizers, the use of organic waste may be an alternative. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizer systems on the nutritional status and yield of the conilon coffee tree. On a farm, located in the town of Linhares, Espirito Santo, during the agricultural year of 2009/2010, a trial was set up using a completely randomized block design with a factorial distribution of 2 x 2 x 5 and three replications, the factors being: organic compost (compost 1 and compost 2 ); legumes (the presence and absence of jack beans, sown between the rows of coffee trees); and the proportions of each compost (0; 25; 50; 75 and 100%) as a substitute for the recommended mineral fertilizer. The increase in the proportion of compost 2 was reflected as increases in the P content of the leaves due to the higher concentration of this nutrient in the compost. The increase in compost input increased the S content of the leaves as a response to the increase in soil pH. Maximum values of 61 and 66 sacks ha-1 were obtained with substitutions (mineral source by organic) in the proportion of 40 and 37% for compost 1 and compost 2 respectively. The use of organic-waste composts is an alternative as a partial replacement of mineral fertilizers in the conilon coffee tree, resulting in increases in yield.

<b>Comparison between grafting and cutting as vegetative propagation methods for conilon coffee plants</b> - doi: 10.4025/actasciagron.v35i4.16917

The purpose of this study was to assess the growth of conilon coffee tree plantlets that were propagated by grafting and cutting. The experiment was conducted at the plantlet production site of Incaper’s Experimental Farm in the city of Marilândia, Espírito Santo State. For grafting, plantlets derived from the seed propagation of Coffea canephora cv. Robusta Tropical (ENCAPER 8151) were used as rootstocks, and six clones of cv. Conilon Vitória (INCAPER 8142) were used as the grafts. The cutting was performed with six clones that were used for grafting. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks of twelve treatments with five repetitions composed of twelve plantlets. On the hundred and fifth day, the averages of the variables were assessed and compared by the Scheffé test at a probability of 5%. The grafted plantlets were superior for almost all of the characteristics assessed, which suggests that it is possible to propagate conilon coffee trees.

Uso de compostos orgânicos no plantio do cafeeiro conilon

Use of organics compounds in the planting coffee conilon trees Conilon coffee trees (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froenhner) show high yield potential and nutritional requirements. However, due to increase mineral fertilizers costs, the supply of the recommended amounts to be applied is an obstacle for farmers. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the use of two organic compounds in planting of Coffea canephora trees, in order to replace the N and K mineral fertilizer recommended for phase post-planting. The research was realized in greenhouse, in Linhares-ES, Brazil. The experimental design was a completely randomized in a factorial scheme (2x5), with five replications. Each experimental plot consisted of one plant per container (12.8 L). It was evaluated five doses of two organic compounds that were mixed to soil used with substrate. The organic compound 1 (C1) was composed by the mixture of cattle manure and Pennisetum purpureum, and the organic compound 2 (C2) was composed by the mixture of poultry litter and Pennisetum purpureum; both in proportion 1:4. The doses of C1 were 0; 0.853; 1.706; 2.559 and 3.412 kg/container; and the doses of C2 were 0; 0.758; 1.516; 2.274 e 3.032 kg/container . The results showed that both the type of organic compound and the amount applied, interfered on plants growth and in

Seasonal vegetative growth of different age branches of Conilon coffee tree

O padrão do crescimento sazonal do cafeeiro é um importante auxiliar na avaliação do estado fisiológico e no manejo da cultura. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o crescimento vegetativo em Coffea canephora Pierre cv. Conilon e relacionar com fatores climáticos, tendo por base o crescimento de ramos ortotrópicos e plagiotrópicos com diferentes idades. Marcaram-se três grupos de ramos plagiotrópicos e um de ramos ortotrópicos, cuja avaliação de taxa de crescimento foi efetuada durante um ano no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A taxa de crescimento varia ao longo do ano, o que parece estar relacionado com a temperatura mínima do ar (na fase de baixo crescimento). Foi observada taxa mais elevada quando a média da temperatura mínima do ar foi superior a 17ºC e a média das temperaturas máximas inferior a 31,5ºC. Abaixo de 17ºC a taxa de crescimento dos ramos diminuiu. O padrão sazonal de crescimento dos ramos é semelhante, contudo, os ramos plagiotrópicos de diferentes idades apresentam taxas de crescimento diferentes no mesmo período do ano. Assim, estudos sobre o crescimento vegetativo sazonal dos ramos não deve se basear apenas num grupo de ramos com idades similares.

Accumulation of Macronutrients for the Conilon Coffee Tree

ABSTRACT Besides its importance in Brazil, little information exists about the mineral nutrition of the Conilon coffee-tree. As a mean of characterizing its macronutrients accumulation an experiment was performed using the clone no. 2 of the clonal composite EMCAPA 8111. It was established in randomized blocks, with 24 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments corresponded to sampling dates. The samplings began three months after the transplanting and extended until 72 months of cultivation. At each sampling date, a plant per block was picked-out and divided in parts. Each part was washed, dried, weighed and submitted to chemical analysis. There were calculated the macronutrients accumulation and their accumulation rates. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) total accumulation increased until the 72nd month, reaching 249.4; 14.2; 137.2; 214.1; 42.4, and 23.6 g/plant. With exceptions for Ca and Mg the nutrient accumulation rates were highest between the 36th and the 48th month.

Nutritional diagnosis of the organic conilon coffee trees (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehn): suffiency range approach for leaves and soil

The objective of this study was to establish the Sufficiency Range Approach of both the Foliar (SRAF) and the soil nutrient contents (SRAS) of Conilon coffee trees ( Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehn), cultivated organically in Espirito Santo - Brazil. The nutritional diagnosis using Diagnosis Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) 1and SRAF, was also compared. The nutrient contents of the leaves and soil were evaluated in 56 organic crops. To establish SRAF and SRAS, the foliar and the soil nutrient contents was used respectively, from 22 crops with high yield (equal or above 2,400 kg ha-1 coffee fruit processing). The comparison between DRIS and SRAF was performed through the ordination of the limiting nutrients and qui-square test. Results revealed that SRAF was of: N (g kg-1) 26.2-29.0, P (g kg-1) 1.51-1.75, K (g kg-1) 14.7-18.7, Ca (g kg-1) 12.4-14.6, Mg (g kg-1) 2.92-4.19- 6, S (g kg-1) 1.85-2.33, B (mg kg-1) 45.5-63.5, Cu (mg kg-1) 11.1-21.1, Fe (mg kg-1) 69.2-155.0, Mn (mg kg-1) 49.6-98.2 and Zn (mg kg- 1) 7.83-9.97. The SRAS was of: P (mg dm-3) 4.67-15.27, K (mg dm-3) 62.7-258.00, Ca (cmolc dm-3) 1.65-3.49, Mg (cmolc dm-3) 0.61- 0.99, S (mg dm-3) 6.94-27.2, B (mg dm-3) 0.43-0.61, Cu (mg dm-3) 0.15-0.43, Fe (mg dm-3) 31.05-100.20, Mn (mg dm-3) 8.78-56.60 and Zn (mg dm-3) 2.35-6.51. In several cases SRAF identified limitations in the organic Conilon coffee productivity that were not identified by DRIS. DRIS indicated limitation when the nutrient was inside of the SRAF. Manganese followed by P, Cu=Fe and N were the nutrients considered as deficient to the yield, when DRIS was used, on the other hand, when the SRAF was used Mn, Ca, Fe and N were considered deficient nutrients.

Crescimento vegetativo e produtividade de cafeeiros Conilon propagados por estacas em tubetes

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o crescimento vegetativo e a produtividade de cafeeiros conilon (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner), oriundos de mudas produzidas por estacas plantadas inicialmente em tubetes plásticos de 50 cm³ de capacidade. O experimento foi constituído de cinco tratamentos, que corresponderam aos tempos de permanência das estacas nos tubetes: 0; 15; 30; 45 e 60 dias. Transcorridos esses tempos as mudas foram, sucessivamente, transplantadas para sacos de polietileno, contendo mistura de terra, esterco de curral e adubo químico, enviveiradas em um viveiro coberto com sombrite (50%), provido de micro aspersão automática. As mudas permaneceram no viveiro com micro aspersão automática por 150 dias, quando então foram transferidas para o viveiro de aclimatação, onde ficaram por mais 30 dias. Após esse período, em setembro de 1999, as mudas foram plantadas em condições de campo, na área experimental do CCA-UFES, em Alegre, Sul do Estado do Espírito Santo. Foram feitas as seguintes medições: crescimento de ramos ortotrópicos e plagiotrópicos no segundo ano após o plantio e as quatro primeiras colheitas. A produção inicial de mudas de café conilon em tubetes não afetou o crescimento vegetativo, tampouco a produção de frutos.