Good Conformity Research Articles

Development and in vitro characterization of new carnosine-loaded liposomal formulations.

Carnosine is an endogenous dipeptide characterized by a multimodal mechanism of action. However, its clinical potential is limited by serum and cytosolic carnosinases, which significantly reduce its bioavailability. Based on that, different research groups have worked on the development of new strategies able not only to prevent its rapid metabolization but also to improve its distribution and specific targeting. In the present study, the development and in vitro characterization of new liposomal formulations loaded with carnosine are described. Nanoliposomes, produced through Thin-Layer Hydration followed by Extrusion method, were first investigated for their physicochemical stability. Photon correlation spectroscopy and electrophoretic light scattering, assessing the stability of the formulations, showed a strong homogeneity-oriented tendency for up to two months. Particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential were determined through dynamic light scattering and electrophoretic light scattering, demonstrating an almost neutral charge of the formulation and an effective encapsulation of carnosine. The morphology assessment performed via scanning electron microscopy showed good conformity and polydispersity. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements suggest the ability of carnosine to stabilize the large unilamellar vesicles. Lastly, the newly developed carnosine-loaded liposomal formulations also showed a good safety profile in human microglia.

Feasibility study of YSO/SiPM based detectors for virtual monochromatic image synthesis.

The development of photon-counting CT systems has focused on semiconductor detectors like cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) and cadmium telluride (CdTe). However, these detectors face high costs and charge-sharing issues, distorting the energy spectrum. Indirect detection using Yttrium Orthosilicate (YSO) scintillators with silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) offers a cost-effective alternative with high detection efficiency, low dark count rate, and high sensor gain. This work aims to demonstrate the feasibility of the YSO/SiPM detector (DexScanner L103) based on the Multi-Voltage Threshold (MVT) sampling method as a photon-counting CT detector by evaluating the synthesis error of virtual monochromatic images. In this study, we developed a proof-of-concept benchtop photon-counting CT system, and employed a direct method for empirical virtual monochromatic image synthesis (EVMIS) by polynomial fitting under the principle of least square deviation without X-ray spectral information. The accuracy of the empirical energy calibration techniques was evaluated by comparing the reconstructed and actual attenuation coefficients of calibration and test materials using mean relative error (MRE) and mean square error (MSE). In dual-material imaging experiments, the overall average synthesis error for three monoenergetic images of distinct materials is 2.53% ±2.43%. Similarly, in K-edge imaging experiments encompassing four materials, the overall average synthesis error for three monoenergetic images is 4.04% ±2.63%. In rat biological soft-tissue imaging experiments, we further predicted the densities of various rat tissues as follows: bone density is 1.41±0.07 g/cm3, adipose tissue density is 0.91±0.06 g/cm3, heart tissue density is 1.09±0.04 g/cm3, and lung tissue density is 0.32±0.07 g/cm3. Those results showed that the reconstructed virtual monochromatic images had good conformance for each material. This study indicates the SiPM-based photon-counting detector could be used for monochromatic image synthesis and is a promising method for developing spectral computed tomography systems.

Assessing the Potential Diagnostic Value of Indonesian Local Allergen Skin Prick Testing (SPT) for Cow’s Milk Allergy among Atopic Dermatitis Patients

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial chronic, frequently recurrent, inflammatory skin condition. The development of IgE-mediated food allergies and food sensitivity are both associated with atopic dermatitis. Cow’s milk allergy (CMA) caused the most common hypersensitivity reaction during childhood; however, the prevalence in adults is around 0.5%. Patients with AD use the Skin Prick Test (SPT) to evaluate the specific sensitization process. Purpose: This study aimed to assess cow's milk allergy among adult AD patients using local allergen extract SPT, standard SPT, and specific IgE (sIgE), as well as evaluating the conformity and relevance of the test results. Methods: Using consecutive sampling technique, the study was conducted twice on 45 adult AD patients with a one-week interval between administrations. Result: Local cow's milk SPT showed 4 positive results, and standard SPT showed 5. No sIgE test was positive. Local SPT was negative for 86.67% of individuals without a history of suspected cow's milk allergies. Standard SPT results were positive for 2.22% of individuals with a history of suspected cow's milk allergies and negative for 86.67% of those without. The relevance between local and standard SPT was shown to be substantial (k = 0.384, p = 0.000). Conclusion: The result of the local cow’s milk SPT and the patient’s history had good conformity, and the relevance with standard SPT was significant in diagnosing cow’s milk allergy among AD patients.

Experimental Investigation and Numerical Simulation of Carboxylic (COOH) Group Functionalized Graphene-Based Paraffin Wax as Phase Change Material in a Thermal Energy Storage System

This study analyses the melting time and liquid fraction during melting of carboxylic (COOH) group functionalized Graphene-based paraffin wax (PW) Phase Change Material (PCM) inside a thermal energy storage system (TESS) both experimentally and numerically (using Ansys Workbench 15.0 academic version). Its performance in terms of time taken for melting during charging/melting analysis is compared numerically and experimentally which leads to a good conformance and validates this research. The average error in the melting times of experimental and numerical result is found to be 1.9 %, 2.0 % and 2.6 % for three different flowrates which shows a very good agreement between experimental and numerical simulation results.

High optical contrast, dual-responsive, wearable photochromic fibers for smart textile engineering

Smart textiles exhibiting responsiveness to external light stimuli show a great scope of applications in personalized decorations and intelligent wearable devices, among others. It's both rewarding and challenging to build wearable indicators based on fibers with high contrast and versatility to monitor the state of the external environment while maintaining good conformability and breathability for practical use. Here, we have integrated spiropyran photochromic compound (SP) into the spinning solution with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and aqueous polyurethane (WPU), and developed fibers by wet spinning featuring photochromic and photofluorescent dual outputs. Under UV and visible light illumination, the fibers demonstrate significant contrast optical signals, rapid color switching (4 s), long retention duration (7.5 h), as well as good cycling stability (20 times). The photochromic fibers can be used in the form of photochromic wristbands or embroidered on various textiles as flexible wearable UV indicators. Furthermore, the UV-induced fibers also produce pertinent color changes when subjected to acidic and alkaline vapors. We envision that the as-prepared fibers present promising applications in environmental acidity detection and multi-stimulus responsive materials.

Analytical Prediction of Crushing Thin-Walled Square Tube with Static Axial Loads Using Elliptical Holes as Crush Initiators

In the structure of passenger vehicles there are components that absorb the impact load, which components are commonly thin-walled square tube. The design of the impact energy absorber model can be carry-out by experiment, simulation, and analysis. In the design of this impact energy absorbing component, an elliptical hole was used as a crush initiator to reduce peak loads and set the start of the bending pattern. Analytical predictions were made to reduce costs and speed up time to obtain mean load and peak loads values from the same shape model. In this study, a thin-walled square tubes model is used with an elliptical hole that have ratio of horizontal axis and vertical axis is from 3:7 until 7:3. The result of this study showed that the prediction of the peak load and average load by analytical means has a good conformity with the simulation. Keywords: Impact energy absorber, analytical, square tube, elliptical hole.

Performance evaluation of calcined eggshell waste (Sorbent) for biogas upgrading: Adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics, and fixed bed studies

The use of non-renewable energy resources such as fossil fuels accelerates climate change and environmental degradation necessitating a shift to renewable energy sources. Biogas is a renewable energy resource with great potential. However, its application is limited by the presence of contaminants such as carbon dioxide, which reduces its energy value, and density. Upgrading biogas using locally available materials solves waste management and energy sustainability challenges. In the present study, calcined eggshell waste was employed as an adsorbent for carbon dioxide. The effect of calcination temperature, adsorbent mass and adsorbent particle size was evaluated. The experimental data was fitted to adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetic models, and breakthrough curves. Eggshells with a particle size of 280 μm, calcined at 850 °C, and mass of 75 g showed the best performance in removing carbon dioxide from biogas. It was noted that data from the experiment fitted Langmuir isotherm with RL 0.00216 while its R2 was 0.97 and Freundlich n = 0.6 while R2 = 0.97. Regarding adsorption kinetics, the intra-particle diffusion model shows good conformity with kid of 34, C of 98, and R2 of 0.977. Breakthrough analysis proved that Yoon Nelson's Model fitted well with the experimental data with an R2 of 0.989. Thus, calcined eggshell waste is a good sorbent for biogas upgrading that can solve the twin challenges of waste disposal and management and energy sustainability.

Wafer Scale Insulation of High Aspect Ratio Through-Silicon Vias by iCVD.

In microelectronics, one of the main 3D integration strategies consists of vertically stacking and electrically connecting various functional chips using through-silicon vias (TSVs). For the fabrication of the TSVs, one of the challenges is to conformally deposit a low dielectric constant insulator thin film at the surface of the silicon. To date, there is no universal technique that can address all types of TSV integration schemes, especially in the case requiring a low deposition temperature. In this work, an organosilicate polymer deposited by initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) was developed and integrated as an insulating layer for TSVs. Process studies have shown that poly(1,3,5-trivinyl-1,3,5-trimethyl cyclotrisiloxane) (P(V3D3)) can present good conformality on high aspect ratio features by increasing the substrate temperature up to 100 °C. The trade-off is a moderate deposition rate. The thermal stability of the polymer has been investigated, and we show that a thermal annealing at 400 °C (with or without ultraviolet exposure) allows the stabilization of the dielectric films by removing residual oligomers. Then, P(V3D3) was integrated in high aspect ratio TSV (10 × 100 μm) on 300 mm silicon wafers using a standard integration flow for TSV metallization. Functional devices were successfully fabricated (including daisy chains of 754 TSVs) and electrically characterized. Our work shows that the metallization barrier should be carefully selected to eliminate the appearance of voids at the top corner of the TSV after the Cu annealing step. Moreover, an appropriate integration process should be used to avoid the appearance of cohesive cracks in the liner. This work constitutes a first proof of concept of the use of an iCVD polymer in a quasi-industrial microelectronic environment. It also highlights the benefit of iCVD as a promising technique to deposit conformal dielectric thin films in a microelectronic pilot line environment.

Process development and validation of next generation 3D calibration standards for application in optical microscopy

Abstract A scalable wafer-based fabrication process for a new generation of 3D standards enabling the 3D calibration of optical microscopes is presented and validated. The 3D standards are based on step pyramids with several layers in the µm range and a system of cylindrical knops distributed across the layers as marks for coordinate based calibration. This enables calibration for the three coordinate axes and the orthogonality error between them in a single measurement step. The requirements necessary for such a calibration, as optical non-transparency, reproducible flatness of the pyramid step heights and the lowest possible deviations of the lateral marks coordinates, are met by optimizing the manufacturing process: The deviation of the height steps distributed over the wafer is ±3.6 nm and is primarily caused by the layer deposition processes. The lateral manufacturing accuracy was determined using calibrated scanning electron microscope (SEM) and show a mean deviation of 20 or 60 nm, depending on the lateral size of the structures. The electron beam lithography process and the level of inaccuracy of the SEM standard have an influence on the lateral scaling accuracy. Based on the tactilely generated height values and the coordinates of the mark determined by a calibrated SEM, an example calibration of a confocal laser scanning microscope was successfully performed and showed good conformity to conventional calibration techniques.

Novel method for measuring surface residual stress using flat-ended cylindrical indentation

Instrumented indentation is a promising technique for estimating surface residual stresses and mechanical properties in engineering components. The relative difference between the indentation loads for unstressed and stressed specimens was selected as the key parameter for measuring surface residual stresses in flat-ended cylindrical indentations. Based on the equivalent material method and finite element simulations, a dimensionless mapping model with six constants was established between the relative load difference, constitutive model parameters, and normalized residual stress. A novel method for measuring the surface residual stress and constitutive model parameters of metallic material through flat-ended cylindrical indentations was proposed using this model and a mechanical properties determination method. Numerical simulations were conducted using numerous elastoplastic materials with different residual stresses to verify the proposed model; good agreements were observed between the predicted residual stresses and those previously applied in finite element analysis. Flat-ended cylindrical indentation tests were performed on four metallic materials using cruciform specimens subjected to various equibiaxial stresses. The results exhibited good conformance between the stress–strain curves obtained using the proposed method and those from traditional tensile tests, and the absolute differences between the predicted residual stresses and applied stresses were within 40 MPa in most cases.

A flexible sensor fabricated by laser-induced graphene on PI fabric with macroscopic crack array for GF modulation strategy

In numerous fields such as digital health, soft robotics, and artificial intelligence, there is a growing demand for sensing various types of weak signals. In response to this need, flexible sensors should possess characteristics such as high sensitivity (i.e., gauge factor, GF), good conformability and high cyclic stability. So, in this study a simple method was employed to prepare flexible sensors using a polyimide (PI) fabric as a flexible substrate and hot-press molding technique. Furthermore, a strategy was proposed to adjust the GF using a macroscopic crack array. Compared to traditional film substrates, fabric substrates exhibit better conformability and can be designed into variable curvature structures, presenting greater potential for various applications. Experimental data illustrate that the designed flexible fabric sensor exhibits exceptional linearity within the 0–10% strain range, with a linearity value of 0.99747. Subsequently, an extremely simple and cheap strategy for modulating the GF was proposed based on such fabric structure. The strategy is engraving an array of cracks on the surface of the sensor. The GF of the crack arrays sensors was boosted to 25 times of that without engraved crack arrays. The sensors with and without crack arrays finally accomplished the sensing tests of finger bending signal, breathing signal, blinking signal, and speech signal successfully. Therefore, the proposed sensor preparation scheme and GF enhancement strategy in this study exhibit strong potential for applications in the field of wearable flexible electronics.

Development of prediction model for structural behavior and gradation of porous asphalt pavement

This study is aimed at developing prediction model for structural behavior of Porous Asphalt Pavement (PAP) using ABAQUS software and also developing ANN (Artificial Neural Network) model to predict void percentages in Porous Asphalt mix gradations. Data from the past literatures were used to analyze various mixing parameters affecting the properties of Porous Asphalt gradation mixes. The study analyzed PAPs using KENPAVE software. The findings indicated that fewer allowable repetitions to fatigue and rutting failures were observed for thinner Porous Asphalt Concrete (PAC) layer thicknesses. This suggests that thicker PAC layers may offer better resistance to fatigue and rutting failures in pavement systems. The study found that the nature of subgrade material significantly influenced the rutting performance of PAP systems. Specifically, clayey soils exhibited a 77.74% reduction in the design life of the pavement compared to gravelly soil subgrades. This highlights the importance of considering subgrade characteristics in pavement design and construction to optimize pavement performance and longevity. Higher contact pressures resulted in higher tensile stresses at the bottom of PAC layer which in turn reduced the fatigue life of PAP. The findings from ABAQUS analysis indicated that an increase in the void percentage in Porous Asphalt Concrete (PAC) mixes led to a significant increase in horizontal tensile strain at the bottom of the PAC layer, with a 12.3% increase observed. Additionally, there was a noticeable increase in tensile strain for a PAC mix with 28% voids compared to a mix with 16% voids. This suggests that higher void percentages in the PAC mixes can potentially enhance the flexibility and deformation resistance of the pavement structure, which may contribute to improved performance under various loading conditions, hence leading to 92.8% reduction in allowable load repetitions to fatigue failure.The study further revealed that an increased void percentage in Porous Asphalt Concrete (PAC) mixes resulted in a decrease in vertical stress and deflection in the PAP system. However, no significant effect on the allowable repetitions to rutting failure was observed. This suggests that higher void percentages may lead to better load distribution and reduced vertical stresses within the pavement structure, contributing to improved performance in terms of stress and deflection.Moreover, Asphalt Pavement mixes were compiled to develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) prediction model. The results demonstrated good conformity between predicted and actual data, with a mean square error of 0.109 and a coefficient of correlation of 0.994. This indicates that the ANN model accurately predicts pavement performance based on the compiled asphalt pavement mixes, providing a valuable tool for pavement design and analysis.

In situ polymerization of acrylamide on magnetic SnFe2O4/CeO2 nanocomposite: A novel adsorbent for removing various dyes

Environmental conservation requires effective, secure, and economical treatment options for dye-contaminated wastewater. The current study comprises a novel fabrication of tin ferrite/ceria/polyacrylamide magnetic and porous ternary nanocomposite. This occurs through crosslinking polymerization of acrylamide on the SnFe2O4/CeO2 binary nanocomposite. The SnFe2O4/CeO2/PAM nanocomposite was comprehensively characterized using FTIR, TGA, XRD, TEM, VSM, EDX, SEM and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. The ternary nanocomposite's efficiency as a novel adsorbent for anionic (direct violet 4, DV4) and cationic (bismarck brown r, BBR) azo dyes was investigated. A range of variables were studied to optimize the effectiveness of eliminating both dyes. In an acidic medium, DV4 removal was more efficient, whereas BBR removal was higher in an alkaline environment. Non-linear regression was employed to analyze adsorption kinetics and isotherm models, using three statistical error functions to determine the best-fit models. Adsorption data for both dyes demonstrated a good conformity with pseudo-second-order and Freundlich isotherm models. The dyes' adsorption was both endothermic and spontaneous. The nanocomposite displayed notable performance throughout five reuses. Moreover, the nanocomposite shows good adsorption efficiency for various dyes (congo red, acid blue 40, methyl green, and crystal violet) as well as DV4 and BBR. Therefore, it emerges as a promising adsorbent for wastewater purification.

Tetraethylenepentamine-Grafted Amino Terephthalic Acid-Modified Activated Carbon as a Novel Adsorbent for Efficient Removal of Toxic Pb(II) from Water.

In this study, a new composite, tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), was incorporated into amino terephthalic acid-modified activated carbon (ATA@AC) through a one-pot integration of TEPA with the COOH moiety of ATA@AC. This process resulted in the creation of a TEPA@ATA@AC composite for Pb(II) removal from an aquatic environment. Several techniques, including SEM, EDX, FT-IR, TGA, XRD, and Zeta potential, were employed to emphasize the chemical composition, morphology, and thermal durability of the as-synthesized TEPA@ATA@AC composite. The impact of experimental variables on the adsorption of Pb(II) ions was studied using batch adsorption. The uptake assessment suggested that the TEPA@ATA@AC composite exhibited superior Pb(II) removal performance with high removal efficiency (97.65%) at pH = 6.5, dosage = 0.02 g, equilibrium time = 300 min, and temperature = 298 K. The isotherm data exhibited good conformity with the Langmuir isotherm model, whereas the kinetics data displayed strong agreement with both pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics models. This reflected that the Pb((II) uptake by the TEPA@ATA@AC composite was caused by physisorption coupled with limited chemisorption. The greatest monolayer uptake capacity of the TEPA@ATA@AC composite was 432.8 mg/g. The thermodynamic findings indicated that the Pb(II) uptake on the TEPA@ATA@AC composite was an exothermic and feasible process. After five adsorption-desorption runs, the TEPA@ATA@AC composite maintained a superior uptake capacity (83.80%). In summary, the TEPA@ATA@AC composite shows promise as a potent adsorbent for effectively removing Cr(VI) from contaminated water, with impressive removal efficiency.

Antiviral and Cytoprotective Effect of Zinc (Yasad Bhasma) Based Nanoformulations Against Bovine Coronavirus.

Ayurvedic medicine utilizes metal-based preparations, known as bhasmas, to treat various health conditions. Yasad bhasma (YB), a zinc-based ayurvedic preparation, shows promise as a potential candidate for developing zinc-based nanomedicines with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In this study, we synthesized a formulation combining YB and hydroxychloroquine (HC) as a zinc ionophore (YBHC) and investigated its biocompatibility and antiviral effects against buffalo calf coronavirus (BCoV) in Vero cells. Our results demonstrated that the formulation exhibited good conformity and enhanced cell proliferation compared to untreated cells. Additionally, no cytopathic effects were observed in BCoV-infected Vero cells treated with YBHC and YB, while infected control cells exhibited cytopathic effects. YB showed cytoprotection by promoting epithelial tissue turnover. We further explored whether YB/YBHC exerted a lysosomotropic effect to produce antiviral effects on coronavirus-adapted Vero cells, but no cell internalization was observed. In addition to the synergistic antiviral effect of YB and HC, YB may play a vital role in rejuvenating affected tissues.

A Simultaneously Transmit and Receive Antenna Terminal for In-Band Full-Duplex Applications

In this paper, a low-profile co-linearly polarized simultaneously transmit-receive antenna (STRA) terminal is presented for 5G and upcoming technologies. The proposed STRA terminal comprises of an identical pair of spatially rotated half-circular microstrip antennas for transmission (Tx) and reception (Rx). The challenge of self-interference (SI) is addressed by employing passive SI cancellation techniques such as spatial diversity, field confinement, and surface perturbations. This has been accomplished by using fence-strip structure and V-shaped slots in the ground plane. The STRA was designed, fabricated, and tested for full-duplex operation in a sub-6 GHz band lying from 5.73 to 5.88 GHz, providing high interport isolation ranging from 35.5 dB to a maximum of 46.5 dB. The proposed STRA was implemented using Rogers 3003™ substrate. The measurements yield radiation characteristics with high gain of 5.45-6.0 dBi and 5-6.5 dBi for Tx and Rx antennas, respectively. The measured results are in good conformance with the simulated design. This antenna finds its potential usage in V2X and private 5G networks and can be extended for full-duplex MIMO implementations.

ANALIZA ZMIENNOŚCI CECH POKROJU I SKUTECZNOŚCI PRACY HODOWLANEJ U KRÓLIKÓW RAS TERMONDZKI BIAŁY I POPIELNIAŃSKI BIAŁY

The aim of the study was to assess and analyze conformation characteristics and the effectiveness of breeding work in TB and PB rabbits over 10 years. The study determined the variability of conformation traits in two animal herds, as well as their heritability. Additionally, phenotypic trends in conformation traits were estimated. The analysis of variance of conformation traits showed that the year of license had a statistically highly significant impact on: body weight (expressed in grams and points), body structure, breed type, coat color and specific breed characteristics. Gender and race had a statistically significant impact on body weight (g) and coat color. Moreover, race also showed a statistically significant effect on body weight in the scoring. In turn, the farm had a statistically significant impact on: body weight (g), body structure, breed type, coat color and specific breed characteristics. The analysis of conformation characteristics showed that 97.9% of rabbits received positive marks, and 2.1% were disqualified. Only individuals intended for herd improvement were subjected to evaluation. Summarizing the results of the conformation traits analysis, it can be concluded that the rabbits kept on the examined farms underwent proper selection. The animals had very good conformation features. Based on our own research, it was found that rabbit breeding in both of the studied farms was conducted correctly, and the obtained results are satisfactory, both in terms of reproductive and conformatin traits.

Reviewing the Hospitalization Criteria of Symptomatic Covid-19 Patients and Comparing them with National Therapeutic-diagnostic Guidelines of Covid-19

Background and Objectives At the outset of a new pandemic, when evidence related to predictors of disease is limited or ineffective, prioritization of hospitalization criteria can have a pivotal role in optimization of health-treatment services. This study was performed with the aim of reviewing the hospitalization criteria of symptomatic Covid-19 patients admitted to Ghaem Hospital of Asadabad city and comparing them with national therapeutic-diagnostic guidelines of Covid-19 in 2019-2021. Subjects and Methods This analytical cross-sectional study involved all symptomatic Covid-19 patients (n = 2286) hospitalized from the beginning of the pandemic until the end of the fifth surge of the disease (from March 2020 to August 2021). The tool used in this study was the checklist for gathering demographic and clinical information of Covid-19 patients. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test. Results Our results showed that 47.9% of the patients had moderate symptoms and 49.1% of the patients had severe symptoms, and according to the guidelines, they had at least 3 symptoms. Conclusion The above-mentioned results indicate the good conformity of the hospitalization criteria of suspected Covid-19 patients admitted to the hospital with the national diagnostic-therapeutic guideline issued by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (11th edition).

Shear Bond Strength to Enamel, Mechanical Properties and Cellular Studies of Fiber-Reinforced Composites Modified by Depositing SiO2 Nanofilms on Quartz Fibers via Atomic Layer Deposition.

Poor interfacial bonding between the fibers and resin matrix in fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) is a significant drawback of the composites. To enhance the mechanical properties of FRC, fibers were modified by depositing SiO2 nanofilms via the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. This study aims to evaluate the effect of ALD treatment of the fibers on the mechanical properties of the FRCs. The quartz fibers were modified by depositing different cycles (50, 100, 200, and 400) of SiO2 nanofilms via the ALD technique and FRCs were proposed from the modified fibers. The morphologies, surface characterizations of nanofilms, mechanical properties, and cytocompatibility of FRCs were systematically investigated. Moreover, the shear bond strength (SBS) of FRCs to human enamel was also evaluated. The SEM and SE results showed that the ALD-deposited SiO2 nanofilms have good conformality and homogeneity. According to the results of FTIR and TGA, SiO2 nanofilms and quartz fiber surfaces had good chemical combinations. Three-point bending tests with FRCs showed that the deposited SiO2 nanofilms effectively improved FRCs' strength and Group D underwent 100 deposition cycles and had the highest flexural strength before and after aging. Furthermore, the strength of the FRCs demonstrated a crescendo-decrescendo tendency with SiO2 nanofilm thickness increasing. The SBS results also showed that Group D had outstanding performance. Moreover, the results of cytotoxicity experiments such as cck8, LDH and Elisa, etc., showed that the FRCs have good cytocompatibility. Changing the number of ALD reaction cycles affects the mechanical properties of FRCs, which may be related to the stress relaxation and fracture between SiO2 nanofilm layers and the built-up internal stresses in the nanofilms. Eventually, the SiO2 nanofilms could enhance the FRCs' mechanical properties and performance to enamel by improving the interfacial bonding strength, and have good cytocompatibility.

HYDRODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT ALONG THE COAST OF TANJUNG SEDELI, MALAYSIA

Tidal influence plays a significant role in coastal hydrodynamics as the impact may lead to coastal erosion. Tanjung Sedeli located on the southern coast of Malaysia is exposed to low tidal issues which disrupts the navigation of local fishermen due to the shallow river mouth in the area. This study presents the hydrodynamic processes along the shoreline of Tanjung Sedeli. BLUEKENUE was used as the pre-processor to create a bathymetry file and perform mesh generation to set up the initial model boundary which functions as input files for numerical study. TELEMAC2D further processes the hydrodynamic data (tides and currents), calibrated, and validated with the measured field data collected between 24th September to 6th October 2020 covering both spring and neap tide conditions. The nature of tides in the area was mainly mixed tides, predominantly semidiurnal tides. Modelled hydrodynamic values show good conformity with field measurements with an error of 1.4% for water level values, 10.6% and 20o for current speed and direction respectively. Water flows north into the estuary during spring tide with maximum velocity is 0.756m/s surrounding the river mouth and Pulau Tagal. Low velocity values were recorded at the left bank of the river (0.028 m/s) and Pulau Tagal (0.085 m/s) during spring tide. This study provides information on current hydrodynamic condition of the study area.