Conflict-related Behaviors Research Articles

Конфликтное поведение сунданских студентов-мусульман: роль идеологии и предполагаемой несправедливости

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective. </strong>Exploration of the psychological factors of conflict-related action among Sundanese Muslim students in Indonesia. <br><strong>Background. </strong>Religious-based conflicts have been widely examined in various disciplines, attracting responses and factors in every cultural context. <br><strong>Study design. </strong>Study 1 used an indigenous-based survey and was analyzed by thematic analysis. Study 2 examined the role of political ideology and perceived injustice in conflict-related behavior using hierarchical regression analysis. <br><strong>Participants. </strong>Study 1: 224 people (35,7% of men, 64,3% of women) from 18 to 49 years old (<em>M </em>= 20,98; <em>SD</em> = 3,72). Study 2: 494 people (35,6% of men, 64,4% of women) from 17 to 49 years old (<em>M</em> = 20,00; <em>SD</em> = 1,52).<br><strong>Measurements. </strong>Indonesian-language versions of the scales of religious fundamentalism ideology by Muluk and colleagues, violent extremist attitude by Nivette and colleagues, nonviolent direct action by Brown and colleagues, and sensitivity to injustice by Schmitt and colleagues. <br><strong>Results. </strong>Study 1 showed specific patterns of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses. There are differences in the respondents' responses to conflicts between and within religions. These differences are caused by ideology orientation towards religion and perception of injustice towards their groups. Study 2 confirmed Study 1 that religious fundamentalism predicts both violent and nonviolent behavior. Also, perceived injustice of victims moderates the effect of religious fundamentalism to violent behavior. Meanwhile, perceived injustice of perpetrators predicts only nonviolent behavior. <br><strong>Conclusions. </strong>There is a significant effect of religious-based ideology and perceived injustice on conflict-related behavior in the Sundanese Muslim context.</p>

Ideal Leader Behaviour in the Workplace

Entrepreneurs in Indonesia believe that digital products and services may enable a more efficient and effective way of living. The key to achieving success in the era of digital transformation is to disrupt the market by providing consumers with exceptional value. In order to execute this correctly, businesses must be both effective and effective in achieving this expectation. Today Indonesian large businesses are digitalized and prepared to create disruptive, consumer-focused innovation as a result of this effort. In addition, as of 2022, Indonesia had the highest number of digital start-up enterprises among Southeast Asian nations, with 2,345 registered. Leadership is a factor in the success of digital firms, and digital businesses that must develop for the benefit of other companies are no exception. We believe that significant effort needs to be done in order to grasp the leadership behavior of the executives in payment aggregator firms. This research was conducted at Tangerang Indonesia-based software and consulting business. Since 2014, the company's main focus has been billing aggregation, and it currently has over 150 partners. Interviews were conducted in Indonesian, which would subsequently be translated into English for the purpose of this research. The outcomes showed that corporate leaders of a billing aggregator company have three types of behaviors that are considered desirable for their staff. Relationship-related, performance-related, and conflict-related behaviors are all interconnected. Ideal leaders establish clear boundaries not only between jobs but also between their relationships with employees.

Associations between commonly used apparatus and conflict behaviors reported in the ridden horse in Australia

Equestrian equipment is often used to maintain control of horses while riding, training or handling them and therefore to optimize human and horse safety. However, equipment that has been incorrectly selected or inappropriately used may result in horses exhibiting conflict-related behavior. Characterizing associations between apparatus use and unwelcome horse behavior could benefit both horse welfare and human safety by elucidating the ontogeny of undesirable equine responses and promoting the ethical use of equipment. The current study explored associations between commonly used apparatus and the reported behaviors of the ridden horse, using an online survey that attracted 1,101 Australian respondents. Chi-square tests of association revealed thirteen (9.1%) significant relationships between any unwanted behavior and single items of apparatus used during riding. Analysis of combinations of apparatus that impose aversive stimuli (e.g., harsh bits for deceleration, and spurs for acceleration) revealed that 37.19% of combinations of such items were significantly related to unwanted/conflict equine behaviors. Additional analysis demonstrated no significant difference in the unwanted behavior of horses ridden in bitless versus bitted bridles. This study has demonstrated associations between unwanted ridden behaviors and type of apparatus used, particularly when multiple items are used to apply opposing aversive stimuli. Whilst these results do not imply causation, they may be used to better inform equestrians’ choice and ethical use of apparatus.

What Counts?: A Qualitative Study of Adolescents' Lived Experience With Online Victimization and Cyberbullying.

To inform development of cyberbullying interventions that are both accurate and meaningful to all adolescents, this qualitative analysis examines experiences of online peer victimization among a sample of predominately minority and low-income youth. Adolescents ages 13 to 17 years who reported past-year cyberbullying on a previously validated survey were recruited from an urban pediatric clinic to complete semistructured interviews. Interview topics included definitions of cyberbullying, prior cyberbullying experiences, and strategies to reduce cyberbullying and its consequences. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Using thematic analysis, study team members applied both structural and emergent codes to transcripts. Saturation was reached after 23 interviews (mean age 14.8 years; 65% female, 47.8% Hispanic, 35% Black, 74% low socioeconomic status). Four main themes emerged: 1) Teens avoided the term "cyberbullying," due to its association with suicidality and severe depression; they preferentially described experiences (even those meeting criteria for repetition, power differential, etc.) as "online conflict". 2) In-person bullying categories (bully, victim, bully victim, bystander) apply to online conflict. Few identify purely as victims. 3) Cyberbullying is part of a larger continuum of peer violence, including physical fights and in-person bullying. 4) Teens want to help victims of cyberbullying; they desire more guidance in so doing. These youth rarely acknowledge presence of cyberbullying; instead, they describe online conflict as part of a larger spectrum of peer violence. Clinicians may consider prevention of a range of conflict-related behaviors (rather than focusing exclusively on cyberbullying), and may consider engaging adolescent bystanders in prevention of online conflict.

Using Economic Incentives in Post-Conflict Environments: Conceptual and Practical Considerations

Since poor economic conditions can help sustain conflict, conflict mitigation programs often include economic development activities. However, these activities as usually designed may not support broader conflict mitigation goals as well as possible. This is especially the case when conflict related behaviors and conflict reinforcing informal institutions persist into the post-conflict period. If economic incentives can be used to help shift post-conflict institutional environments, programs with greater impact can be designed without significant additional costs or the need for new tools. Some programming parameters are given for shifting behaviors by integrating post-conflict environments with markets and economic activity outside of the conflict zone.

Age‐Related Changes in Demand‐Withdraw Communication Behaviors

Demand-withdraw communication is a set of conflict-related behaviors in which one partner blames or pressures while the other partner withdraws or avoids. The present study examined age-related changes in these behaviors longitudinally over the course of later life stages. One hundred twenty-seven middle-aged and older long-term married couples were observed at 3 time points across 13 years as they engaged in a conversation about an area of relationship conflict. Husbands' and wives' demand-withdraw behaviors (i.e., blame, pressure, withdrawal, avoidance) were objectively rated by trained coders at each time point. Data were analyzed using dyad-level latent growth curve models in a structural equation modeling framework. For both husbands and wives, the results showed a longitudinal pattern of increasing avoidance behavior over time and stability in all other demand and withdraw behaviors. This study supports the notion that there is an important developmental shift in the way that conflict is handled in later life.

Guanxi, Communication, Power, and Conflict in Industrial Buyer-Seller Relationships: Mitigations Against the Cultural Background of Harmony in China

Purpose: This research aims to investigate how guanxi influences conflict occurrence and conflict-related behavior in transactions of equipment with state-owned enterprises (SOEs) against the cultural background of harmony in China. The influence of guanxi on conflict-avoidance behaviors is discussed, and a model is proposed depicting the relationship between guanxi, the selection of communication modality, the exercise of power, and manifest conflict. Methodology/Approach: Data was collected from persons selling equipment in the oil industry. The partial least squares method is applied to analyze the collected data. Findings: Guanxi at the individual level positively influences the use of informal communication and the exercise of non-coercive power and negatively influences the use of formal communication and the exercise of coercive power at the organizational level. The use of informal communication is inversely related to the intensity of conflict, whereas the use of formal communication and the exercise of coercive power are positively related to the intensity of conflict. The combination of these effects is that the guanxi between representatives of business partners is negatively related to manifest conflict at the organizational level. Contribution: This empirical research is among the earliest studies attempting to examine how guanxi influences interorganizational conflict occurrence and conflict-related behavior in industrial buyer-seller relationships in China, and it reveals a significant relationship between guanxi and the selection of communication modality, the exercise of power, and the occurrence of conflict in a guanxi-intensive market in China. Practical Implications: First, our findings will help members of the seller's management team, especially foreign members, to better understand the behavior of their Chinese employees. Secondly, our findings should help sellers improve the effectiveness of their conflict management to increase good word-of-mouth and maximize reorders. Thirdly, our findings should help the purchasing managers of SOEs to better understand how to manage conflict to lower the project risk. Lastly, firms doing business with SOEs should take both cultural and political factors into account in their business activities.

Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Behavioral Responses to Everyday Life and Workplace-Related Interpersonal Conflict

Relationships of second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) versus absolute finger length, two putative markers for prenatal vs. pubertal-adolescent testosterone exposure, with specific behavioral responses to interpersonal conflict, as assessed with the Conflict Dynamics Profile (CDP; Davis, Capobianco, & Kraus, 2004), were examined in an adult community sample of 132 men and women. Paralleling related findings for specific types of aggression (namely, reactive and indirect, i.e., social/relational aggression), results showed analogous sex differences for conflict-related behaviors. Specifically, women scored significantly higher than men on the CDP Hot Buttons component, assessing upset in response to workplace-related conflict elicited by problematic behavior of workmates. Among women (but not men), higher Hot Button scores corresponded significantly to higher prenatal testosterone (indexed by lower 2D:4D). Extending previous evidence for associations between 2D:4D and aggression, this suggests possible contributions of prenatal sex-hormonal masculinization to within-sex individual variation in specific types of conflict-related behavior.

Attribution-Emotion Processes in White's Realistic Empathy Approach to Conflict and Negotiation.

Emotions and the cognition-emotion linkage in conflict-related behaviors are examined in relation to White's (1985, 1986, 1991) realistic empathy approach to conflict and negotiation. An attribution-empathy model of prosocial behavior (e.g., Betancourt, 1990) and an attribution-emotion model of violence in conflict environments (e.g., Betancourt & Blair, 1992) provide the conceptual frame for articulating proposed relations among the various psychological aspects thought to be associated in realistic empathy. Research testing the structure of relations among perspective taking (PT), attribution processes, empathic emotions (EE), and anger as determinants of conflict-related behaviors provided evidence concerning the role of realistic empathy in conflict resolution and negotiations. Although realistic empathy is not actually measured in these studies, the procedure by which it is induced was manipulated and behaviors theoretically associated with it were measured. Results show that PT influences EE, anger,...

Measuring Conflict-Related Behaviors: Reliability and Validity Evidence Regarding the Conflict Dynamics Profile

For a number of years, the dominant approach to measuring individual differences in how people respond to interpersonal conflict has been the dual-concerns model, which assesses five broad conflict styles said to result from one’s standing on two underlying dimensions: concern for self and concern for other. This article describes the development of a new instrument, the Conflict Dynamics Profile, that takes a different, explicitly behavioral approach to measuring responses to conflict. The Conflict Dynamics Profile assesses 15 specific behavioral responses to provocation in one’s life. Some of these responses are constructive, and some are destructive; some are active, and some are relatively passive. Four studies are reported that establish the psychometric adequacy of the instrument, including evidence for internal reliability, test-retest reliability, freedom from social desirability contamination, correlation with related constructs, and agreement between self-ratings and ratings by observers. Implications of these findings and the potential usefulness of the new instrument are discussed.

Genetic aspects of mother-offspring conflict in rhesus macaques

This study investigated the occurrence of mother-offspring conflict in rhesus macaques and possible genetic correlations between maternal and offspring conflict-related behavior, using a cross-fostering procedure and a developmental approach. Ten female infants were cross-fostered at birth and observed with their foster mothers during their 1st year of life. Data on the infants’ biological mothers were also available. In the 1st 3 months of infant life, there was little or no mother-infant conflict over time spent in contact. Correlations between infant behavior and the behavior of foster mothers in this period likely resulted from individual differences in infant activity levels and maternal concerns for safety or maternal attempts to encourage infant independence. During the mating season, when infants were 7–9 months old, conflict over time spent in contact became apparent. Infant conflict-related behavior was not predicted by their foster mothers’ behavior but by the behavior of their biological mothers. These findings concur with those of recent studies in other animal taxa in suggesting that conflict-related behavioral traits may be genetically correlated in mothers and offspring and that the latter may be engaged in a runaway selection process that would result in the escalation of conflict.

Behavior of the Roman/Verh high- and low-avoidance rat lines in anxiety tests: relationship with defecation and self-grooming

The Swiss sublines of Roman high- and low-avoidance (RHA/Verh and RLA/Verh) rats have been selected and bred for rapid (RHA/Verh) vs. extremely poor (RLA/Verh) acquisition of two-way active avoidance. Behavioral and physiological measures of emotionality. or reactivity to stress, appear to be among the most prominent characteristics differentiating both rat lines. The present study shows that RLA/Verh rats are more sensitive, as compared to their RHA/Verh counterparts, to the conflict involved in the shock-induced suppression of drinking paradigm, as well as in a hyponeophagia test. RLA/Verh rats also showed higher defecation values which were significantly correlated with the main hyponeophagia test variables. Likewise, self-grooming was more frequent in RLA/Verh rats than in their RHA/Verh counterparts and showed significant correlations with conflict-related behaviors (i.e., latency to start eating and time spent eating) from the hyponeophagia test. These results give additional support to the contention that RLA/Verh rats present higher anxiety (emotionality) than their RHA/Verh counterparts.

Family functioning following adolescent substance abuse treatment.

Reciprocal influences of substance abuse and family functioning have been hypothesized from diverse theoretical perspectives. The longitudinal study presented here investigated the relationship between adolescent alcohol and drug use outcome and family functioning following adolescent substance abuse treatment. Consistent with predictions, long-term improving teens (n = 17) experienced better family relations, and less conflict-related behavior within the family, than did teens who returned to an abuse pattern of drug use (n = 37). Two years following treatment, families of improvers demonstrated greater cohesion and expressiveness, and less conflict, than did families of relapsers. Findings highlight a gradual process of adaptation in relations among families of teens treated for alcohol and drug abuse.