Conflict Management Policies Research Articles

Leadership and Conflict Management: Strategies for Managing Conflict in Higher Education Institutions

This study analyzes conflict management strategies through adaptive leadership models to improve educational institutional performance. This study uses a qualitative case study approach. Data collection was carried out through interviews, observations, and documentation. Data analysis used a thematic analysis approach, coding and identifying main themes related to leadership strategies and conflict management. The study results indicate that transparent and open leadership, developing clear conflict policies, creating a collaborative culture, and utilizing a proactive approach are the main strategies that can reduce the frequency and impact of conflict. These findings emphasize the importance of adapting leadership strategies based on local contexts and organizational culture to improve the effectiveness of conflict management. The implications of this study include providing new insights for leaders of higher education institutions to develop more relevant and contextual conflict management policies and practices. This study also suggests the need for further research to expand the scope of research by considering variations in gender, age, and wider survey methods to obtain a more comprehensive picture. Thus, the results of this study can contribute to developing more effective conflict management policies in higher education environments.

Engagement against All Odds? Navigating Member States’ Contestation of EU Policy on Kosovo

ABSTRACT Disagreements between European Union (EU) member states constrain the Union’s capacity to manage conflicts such as Kosovo-Serbia. While Kosovo has long received EU support, five EU member states do not recognise its independence. How does the EU manage to work around member states’ vetoes and mitigate contestation? In contrast to previous scholarship, the analysis of the EU enlargement process and visa liberalisation, the Belgrade-Pristina dialogue and the EULEX mission illustrate how institutional, technical and diplomatic solutions have allowed the provision of support to Kosovo, despite internal disagreements. EU member states have delegated to EU institutions the responsibility of overseeing day-to-day conflict management and integration policies concerning Kosovo and Serbia. EU institutions also use technical and constructively ambiguous language to manage conflicts and navigate the absence of political consensus regarding Kosovo’s statehood. Additionally, the EU has fostered diplomatic collaboration with the United States (US) and with actors from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to navigate through the Kosovo-Serbia conflict.

Manajemen Konflik Kebijakan Tata Tertib Sekolah Dalam Penanganan Pelanggaran Siswa Terlambat Masuk Sekolah Di SMA Negeri 1 Tamanan

This research is focused on conflict management of school discipline policies carried out by the school to late students entering school. The background of the research is that there are many violations of the rules, especially in terms of being late for school. The research was conducted with the aim of knowing the factors of being late for school and the implementation of conflict management policies on school discipline in handling students late for school at SMA Negeri 1 Tamanan. The research conducted is descriptive qualitative, namely research that produces data in the form of descriptive or written or unwritten words from sources. Informants in the study were counseling teachers, student teachers, and 5 students who were often late for school at SMA Negeri 1 Tamanan. Data collection techniques using observation and interviews. As for the research results obtained, namely the factor of students entering school late comes from self factors and school discipline policy factors. The application of conflict management policies for school discipline in handling students late for school is by giving points, encouraging motorbikes and reprimands when entering class by the teacher who is teaching.

Meta-analysis of postgraduate student thesis for enhancing better research quality management in islamic higher education

Problem and aim. Thesis management in higher education is a critical issue that needs to be addressed. The problem arises from the lack of quality control and redundancy in the thesis submitted by students. This has resulted in a decrease of novelty, making it difficult for universities to distinguish between original and copied work. The research seeks to analyze the students' thesis of the Islamic Education Management Program of UIN Maliki Malang to find out the issue of the study, the research methods used, and the research site. The research also aims to map the gender factor in preference for choosing the way of thesis research. This research is essential to map the extent of their research so far and in what direction their future research will be. Research method. This research was conducted in the period starting from January to November 2019. The study was conducted at the UIN Maliki Malang Postgraduate Program, a Master's program in Management of Islamic Education. The researcher took data from the UIN Maliki Malang repository website. The researcher collected 362 theses from graduate students thesis in 2010-2018. The researcher uses a descriptive quantitative approach with the SPSS 25 program to analyze the data. Results. The results showed the student thesis of UIN Maliki Malang took varied approaches, themes, procedures, and objects. About 86% of students chose a qualitative approach, and 13% selected a quantitative one. Only 1% used a mix-method. Sixty-three students are interested in the problem of leadership and religious culture. 12-30 students' interest in teachers' professionalism, employee performance, HR management, and institutional management. In comparison, only 2-3 students are interested in conflict management, innovation issues, school image, and education policy. The research also revealed that the gender factor did not affect student preference in choosing a specific analysis method with a significance of 0.06 > 0.05. Practical significance. The research implies that the institution must actively direct the student's thesis to produce high-quality research. The institution has to show specific issues that are saturated and new problems that still need to be investigated to avoid saturation of topics and repeated study. Lecturers and students are expected to know what matters and titles have been studied and what tags are still a little explored to determine the ideas and claims on issues essential for research.

The Impact of Technology on Conflict Resolution in Syria

Purpose: The study sought to analyze the impact of technology on conflict resolution in Syria
 Methodology: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
 Findings: he results show that technology has had a profound impact on the way conflicts are managed, negotiated and ultimately resolved. Technology has enabled conflict resolution practitioners to access a wide range of resources and data, as well as to develop new strategies, tactics and tools to help them resolve conflicts more effectively. Technology has had a significant impact on the effort to bring about a resolution to the Syrian conflict. It has enabled the UN and other organizations to monitor the delivery of aid and to ensure that it is reaching those who need it most. Ultimately, technology has enabled the international community to engage more effectively with the conflict and to provide the necessary support and assistance to those affected by it.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practices and Policies: The communication theory and the resource mobilization theory may be used to anchor future studies in the conflict management sector. The study results will also benefit other stakeholders such as the policy makers as well as researchers and scholars from different parts of the world. The top management of conflict management sector in the country will also use the study findings to improve technology performance in all their activities and programs. The study recommends that the adoption of effective conflict management policies in the technology sector will help to improve efficiency in their major operations and activities.

The Role of Leadership in Conflict Management in Cameroon

Purpose: The study sought to analyze the role of leadership in conflict management in Cameroon
 Materials and Methods: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
 Findings: The results show that leadership plays a critical role in conflict management, as leaders are responsible for setting the tone of the country. Leadership influences how conflicts are addressed, either through direct intervention or by simply setting an example for others to follow. Leadership plays a vital role in conflict management in Cameroon. Effective leadership can help to reduce conflicts and promote peace and stability in the country. However, there are several challenges to effective leadership in Cameroon such as a lack of training and capacity building, and a lack of accountability and transparency of leaders.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practices and Policies: The contingency theory and behavioral theory may be used to anchor future studies in the conflict management sector. The study results will also benefit other stakeholders such as the policy makers as well as researchers and scholars from different parts of the world. The top management of conflict management sector in the country will also use the study findings to improve leadership performance in all their activities and programs. The study recommends that the adoption of effective conflict management policies in the leadership sector will help to improve efficiency in their major operations and activities.

Role of Education in Conflict Management in Afghanistan

Purpose: The study sought to analyze the role of education in conflict management in Afghanistan.
 Methodology: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
 Findings: The results show that education plays an important role in conflict management. Education is used to promote human rights, strengthen civil society and foster greater respect for the rule of law. Education is used to promote understanding between different cultures and beliefs and to reduce the potential for violence. The Afghan government has implemented a number of initiatives to improve the access to quality education for all Afghans such as to promote peace and reconciliation between different ethnic and religious groups, and to create a sense of national identity. Education has been a powerful tool in promoting peace and stability in Afghanistan, and the Afghan government should continue to prioritize education in its efforts to bring lasting peace and prosperity to the country.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practices and Policies: The educational theory and cognitive theory may be used to anchor future studies in the conflict management sector. The study results will also benefit other stakeholders such as the policy makers as well as researchers and scholars from different parts of the world. The top management of conflict management sector in the country will also use the study findings to improve leadership performance in all their activities and programs. The study recommends that the adoption of effective conflict management policies in the leadership sector will help to improve efficiency in their major operations and activities.

The Role of International Organizations in Conflict Management in Burkina Faso

Purpose: The study sought to analyze the role of international organizations in conflict management in Burkina Faso
 Materials and Methods: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
 Findings: The results show that international organizations are important actors in conflict management. They are responsible for mediating disputes, preventing armed conflicts and promoting peacebuilding efforts. These organizations have played a key role in providing technical and financial support to the Government of Burkina Faso as well as in facilitating dialogue and cooperation between international actors, the government, and civil society in Burkina Faso.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practices and Policies: The power theory and Constructivism theory may be used to anchor future studies in the conflict management sector. The study results will also benefit other stakeholders such as the policy makers as well as researchers and scholars from different parts of the world. The top management of conflict management sector in the country will also use the study findings to improve peace building performance in all their activities and programs. The study recommends that the adoption of effective conflict management policies in the international organizations will help to improve efficiency in their major operations and activities.

Правовое регулирование системы управления конфликтами в Великобритании

The analysis of the legal regulation of conflict resolution in the organisation and the rather effective practice of its application in Great Britain proves the necessity of using foreign experience to improve Russian labour law in this sphere. At the same time, despite the absence of similar regulations in Russia, it is not enough to speak only of the need to develop and implement them to resolve social and labour disputes that have already arisen in the organisation. The concept of conflict management as a strategic goal of the employer for the development of social and labour relations should be introduced. The conflict management system can be a unity of: the employer's conflict management policy; organizational conditions that ensure distribution and implementation of conflict management authority among representatives of the employer; the system of local regulations mediating conflict management in the organization; and conflict management procedures. Conflict management procedures should include both measures to anticipate and prevent disagreements in the course of joint work activities and to resolve and resolve conflicts that have arisen. Preventing the emergence of conflicts involves: 1) creation of a culture of diversity and inclusive environment in the organisation; 2) detailed regulation of business processes with clear distribution of functions between structural units and labour duties between employees occupying relevant positions; 3) distribution of conflict management responsibilities between employer representatives using management levels; 4) procedures for organising and conducting training of officials in conflict management; 5) informing and advising employees on ur. Regulations on the structural subdivisions of the organisation, job descriptions of heads of structural subdivisions should stipulate responsibilities for settlement and resolution of conflicts, including personal interviews with subordinate employees to prevent disagreement, acceptance of applications and complaints, their review and making initial (final) decisions on the complaint, etc. The procedures for resolving and settling conflicts that have arisen should describe the procedure for holding employees liable for labour law violations and handling complaints against the employer, its representatives and other participants in the labour process. The conclusions presented in this article could be used by Russian employers in local rulemaking and organisational, managerial and enforcement practice in the organisation. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

Conflict Management Policy on Oil Palm Plantations in Riau Province: Islamic Review

Riau Province has a large area of oil palm plantations. Of the land area of 2.32 million hectares, 1.53 million hectares are oil palm plantations owned by the community. In 2019, there were 51 cases of natural resource conflicts in Riau Province, of which the plantation sector was the most with 40 cases (78.40 percent). This study applied a qualitative descriptive method to understand the phenomenon of plantation land conflict that aimed to: (1) identify the factors that cause conflicts in oil palm plantations in Riau Province; (2) identify current policies related to the handling of plantation conflicts and (3) recommend policy suggestions that better protect the interests of the community from an Islamic perspective. This study concluded as follow: (1) the causes of land conflicts identified are non-legal factor which is related to the management of land use and access, and legal factor which is related to judicial and regulation overlap; (2) Regarding the current policies related to plantation land conflicts, the development of oil palm plantations is basically in line with the mandate of the 1945 Constitution that natural resources are controlled by the state and used for the prosperity of the people.; (3) to protect the community interests in plantation land, this study recommends policy based on Islamic guidelines in land ownership. Islamic law classifies ownership into individual property rights (al-milkiyah al-khassah), collective property rights (al-milkiyyah al-'ammah) and state property rights (al-milkiyah al-daulah). This classification protects the community's property rights individually and collectively because investors cannot dictate the state to take over community ownership. Islam also has rules for activating inactive land and distributing it to people who can manage it, which will be the solution to unauthorized land use that is prone to conflict.

The Role of Women in Indigenous Conflict Management in the Mokgalwaneng Village in the Moses Kotane Local Municipality, South Africa

Abstract Women have been occupied with managing conflicts in African indigenous communities. However, their contribution in conflict resolution has not been documented in South Africa. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore the role of women in managing indigenous conflicts in the Mokgalwaneng community. The data were collected from 14 participants from the Mokgalwaneng community by means of semi-structured and unstructured interview guides and thematically analysed. Three main themes were identified: the types of indigenous conflict, causes of indigenous conflict and the role of women in indigenous conflict management in the Mokgalwaneng community. Findings revealed that there are several types of indigenous conflict in the area. Land, domestic, theft and adultery, fornication and rape were raised as the causes of conflict. Women used indigenous conflict management techniques such as accommodating, collaborating and compromising to manage indigenous conflicts in the area. Also, women in the Mokgalwaneng village assisted indigenous institutions of elders and traditional leaders in resolving conflicts. Although women played a role in the indigenous conflict management, they were being marginalised in relation to indigenous conflict management. This study recommended that gender inclusive conflict management policy should be introduced as this might help promote gender equality and alleviate gender bias.

Priority-Aware Conflict Resolution for U-Space

In the context of the future urban mobility airspaces, U-space lays the foundation for unmanned aircrafts to be integrated with conventionally manned traffic to offer a multitude of services to citizens and businesses, such as urban public transport, goods movement, parcel delivery, etc. Given these extensive possibilities, it is estimated that thousands of aircrafts (or even more) from different owners will share common airspace volumes, and the probability that all of them will travel without colliding is extremely low if no means are put in place to prevent it. This paper aims to introduce the reader to the conflict management policy proposed in U-space and proposes a new version of the PCAN (Prediction-based Conflict-free Adaptive Navigation) algorithm to adapt to this policy. In particular, the new implementation of PCAN takes into account a more than likely classification of flights according to their priority. The evaluation of this priority-aware algorithm shows that it is still possible to avoid any conflict between the set of aircraft in flight, with an insignificant detriment to higher priority flights, while maintaining minimal detriment on average.

China’s Conflict Management in the Middle East: Involvement without Impact?

China’s foreign policy toward the Middle East has traditionally been shaped by its national interests based on energy security, arms exports, and technology transfers. To complement its interest-driven regional policies, China has expanded its diplomatic contacts and promoted cultural ties. Over the last two decades, China has also engaged in conflict management in several regional issues, despite its declared commitment to nonintervention in other countries’ domestic affairs. This article aims to analyze China’s conflict management policies in the region, focusing on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Iran’s nuclear program and the Syrian conflict. Compared with other major external powers, prospects for China’s conflict management seem high given two significant advantages. First, unlike Western powers or Russia, China has not left any bitter taste in the region associated with colonialism, religious or historical engagement. Secondly, China has been careful not to take clear-cut sides in regional conflicts, making itself an ideal candidate to act as an honest broker. It is argued that despite these advantages, Chinese conflict management in the region has remained considerably modest and lacked any practical solutions to the critical problems.

IMPLEMENTASI PENANGANAN KONFLIK SOSIAL DI LUWUK KABUPATEN BANGGAI

This research aims to find out and describe the Implementation of Social Conflict Management Policies in Luwuk, Banggai Regency. The usefulness of this research is theoretical and practical. In the Literature Review explains the Concept of Public Policy. Thinking Flow of the theory of Van Meter and Van Horn which includes the factors of Standards and Objectives, Resources, Characteristics of Implementing Agents, Inter-Organization Communication, Socio-Economic and Political Environment, and Implementor Disposition. research with qualitative methods, Research Location of Luwuk City, Banggai district, Research time for three months, Informant is an element of Banggai district FORKOPIMDA, Devinisi Operational Concept related to the implementation model of the policy. Qualitative data types, and data sources namely Secondary data and Primary Data. The discussion explained, explicitly about the Implementation of Social Conflict Management in Luwuk Banggai district, and concluded that the Social Conflict Management Policy in Luwuk, Banggai Regency, was fully well underway. Only in implementing the policy does not involve representatives of the traditional institutions in conflict, after the results of the crucial policy of repatriating the families of the perpetrators, the regional government is deemed not to uphold Pancasila (Pancasilais) and the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. There must be involvement of representatives from indigenous peoples. Determination of policies needs to be revised again, studied more deeply and extensively, and looks for the best solutions for the families of the perpetrators, as well as providing compensation to residents who are repatriated.

Conventional wisdom on roosting behavior of Australian flying-foxes-A critical review, and evaluation using new data.

Fruit bats (Family: Pteropodidae) are animals of great ecological and economic importance, yet their populations are threatened by ongoing habitat loss and human persecution. A lack of ecological knowledge for the vast majority of Pteropodid species presents additional challenges for their conservation and management.In Australia, populations of flying‐fox species (Genus: Pteropus) are declining and management approaches are highly contentious. Australian flying‐fox roosts are exposed to management regimes involving habitat modification, through human–wildlife conflict management policies, or vegetation restoration programs. Details on the fine‐scale roosting ecology of flying‐foxes are not sufficiently known to provide evidence‐based guidance for these regimes, and the impact on flying‐foxes of these habitat modifications is poorly understood.We seek to identify and test commonly held understandings about the roosting ecology of Australian flying‐foxes to inform practical recommendations and guide and refine management practices at flying‐fox roosts.We identify 31 statements relevant to understanding of flying‐fox roosting structure and synthesize these in the context of existing literature. We then contribute a contemporary, fine‐scale dataset on within‐roost structure to further evaluate 11 of these statements. The new dataset encompasses 13‐monthly repeat measures from 2,522 spatially referenced roost trees across eight sites in southeastern Queensland and northeastern New South Wales.We show evidence of sympatry and indirect competition between species, including spatial segregation of black and grey‐headed flying‐foxes within roosts and seasonal displacement of both species by little red flying‐foxes. We demonstrate roost‐specific annual trends in occupancy and abundance and provide updated demographic information including the spatial and temporal distributions of males and females within roosts.Insights from our systematic and quantitative study will be important to guide evidence‐based recommendations on restoration and management and will be crucial for the implementation of priority recovery actions for the preservation of these species in the future.

Tourism Village Management and Development Process: Case Study of Bandung Tourism Village

Tourism village destinations are built and opened in addition to increasing the income of local communities and local governments as well as providing a new atmosphere for local and foreign tourists. The Local Government's program to develop tourism villages in Bandung Regency continues to be pursued, but the current managers are faced with managerial ability to manage tourism villages properly by tourism village management standards. This raises research questions about how to develop a management and development village tourism module that applies to village tourism managers to preserve the environment and to elevate the local potential based on local wisdom. This research uses the case study method. The analysis used is descriptive qualitative analysis. The results of the study recommend 12 topics of learning modules for the management and development of tourism villages which are expected to be able to help tourism village managers to manage their tourism villages well and sustainably. The learning modules are tourism village management, event management, customer satisfaction management, accommodation management, food and beverage management, handicraft management, marketing management, customer behavior, contemporary marketing, human resource management, conflict management, and tourism policy

Team Diversity on Team Effectiveness: the case of the Construction industry in the Ashanti Region

Diverse workgroups and team management are some of the most challenging and pressing challenges organizations face in these modern times (TsuiandGutek, 1999). Companies, however, recognize the need to leverage the diversity of their employees to sustain competitive advantages in a global workplace (Offerman and Gowing, 1990; Thomas and Ely, 1996; Yaprak, 2002). Studies have generally shown that diverse teams mostly perform better, but diversity in teams can negatively affect team effectiveness. This study explored the effect of team diversity on team effectiveness. The study reviewed the literature on the concepts of diversity and team effectiveness. Data were collected via questionnaire and semistructured interviews from one hundred and sixty-four (164) professionals from the construction industry. The mixed methodology was used to collect and analyze the data. The study findings revealed that the construction industry recognizes team diversity a valid contribution to ensuring team effectiveness. Also, diversity in gender, tribe, and religion does not affect team output and the final project negatively but instead improves cohesiveness or collaboration among team members. The study recommended that there should be a well-defined conflict management policy in the construction industry that will help track grievances to resolve them early.

Peacebuilding in Thailand’s Deep South and in Myanmar/Burma: the dynamic roles of Muslim minorities in conflict societies

There are few if any comparative studies of Thailand’s Deep South and Burma/Myanmar’s Rohingya crisis. Both cases are intriguing as they have similar characteristics, while nuanced by distinctive contexts and political consequences. In this article, the comparative analysis of crisis issues in the two countries concentrates on history, policy responses of governments, and peace processes. Burma/Myanmar and Thailand are Buddhist majority countries with different approaches of national integration. Based on a long history of independence, Malay Muslims of Thailand’s Deep South have always been disturbed by intensive assimilation policies, but their right to Thai citizenship has never been legally compromised. On the contrary, Rohingya people have been excluded from Burma/Myanmar’s national integration. The Thai state uses both violence and persuasion, but the peace process tends to integrate into the hierarchy and power of military domination. On the other hand, Burma/Myanmar’s conflict management is highly suppressive and exclusive. Thailand’s southern peacebuilding involves expanding state-building and illiberal peace, while Burma/Myanmar’s conflict management policy in Rakhine State is much higher on the scale of authoritarian “peace.”

Sahelistan? Military Intervention and Patronage Politics in Afghanistan and Mali

ABSTRACT The ‘Sahelistan’ discourse that conflates conflict dynamics in Afghanistan and Mali is widespread in Western media and policy circles. We argue that such representations contribute to the adoption of one-size-fits-all conflict management policies. Drawing on extensive fieldwork in both places, we also argue that these standard templates of intervention shape responses from local non-state armed actors, who manipulate foreign interveners for their own (violent) purposes in similar ways. Yet, we show that this convergence in armed group behaviour still manifests itself in important variations in widely different contexts, furthering strongmen autonomy in Afghanistan, while fostering armed group fragmentation in Mali.

Opportunities for conflict prevention. Lessons from the economic community of West African States (ECOWAS)

Conflict prevention has become an important doctrine within conflict management policies in international and regional organizations, especially since the end of the Cold War. There has been an evolution in the last three decades in the context of peace and security that has made conflict prevention gains relevance. In the current context, with the arrival of Antonio Guterres to the Secretary General of the United Nations (UN), conflict prevention doctrine could be encouraged, since he has pointed out that it should be the priority of the organization. Conflict prevention offers several advantages to face crisis contexts, since it works on avoiding violence situations escalating towards armed conflicts and helping to control the spread of security threats. By using preventive measures, the structural causes of conflicts can be dealt with in the most durable and efficient manner since the final goal of preventive actions is to transform actually or potentially violent conflict into non-violent processes of social and political change. While conflict prevention has gained greater importance, another trend has been promoted; security regionalization¬¬. Since the mid-nineties, there has been a transition in international peacekeeping missions, aimed to warrant peace and security all over the world that has focused on regional actors. This practice has been particularly welcomed in Africa. Both trends –conflict prevention and security regionalization– will be the object of study in this article, using as a practical scenario the region of West Africa. It is a geographic area where a series of cross-border threats are concentrated, hence becoming a zone of international concern. Moreover, the experience on conflict prevention of the regional organization, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is interesting. Indeed, ECOWAS has carried out a significant activity regarding preventive diplomacy and mediation in conflicts. Thus, the objectives of this research are: (1) to study the evolution of conflict prevention doctrine; (2) to assess the link between conflict prevention policies and security regionalization; and (3) to use the case of ECOWAS as an illustration, since the organization is at the forefront of conflict prevention iniciatives in the African continent.