Women In Conflict Research Articles

Peluang dan Tantangan Pemenuhan Hak Perempuan Pasca Cerai Gugat di Pengadilan Agama

Divorce is the dissolution of a marriage carried out through a court decision or at the request of one party in the marriage, often involving various legal and social considerations. PERMA No. 3 of 2017 concerning Guidelines for Judges in Adjudicating Cases Involving Women in Conflict with the Law serves as a legal foundation and an important reference for judges in the Religious Courts. This study employs the method of Empirical Legal Research, allowing the researcher to observe and evaluate the implementation of this regulation in the field. In addition to PERMA No. 3 of 2017, there are also supporting regulations such as SEMA No. 3 of 2018, SEMA No. 2 of 2019, and SEMA No. 5 of 2021. These regulations require judges to order the husband to pay maintenance to the wife before pronouncing the divorce declaration and issuing the divorce certificate. This aims to ensure that women's rights are protected and fulfilled, even in often complicated divorce situations. The research findings indicate that opportunities for fulfilling women's rights are increasingly open, creating legal equality based on the principle of justice and providing protection for women after divorce, which may not have been guaranteed previously. However, the lack of legal awareness from both parties, the husband and wife, has led to the implementation of these regulations not running efficiently and effectively. Therefore, this study is expected to contribute to the development of policies and legal practices that are more supportive of women in the divorce process.

1890년대-1930년대 조선 지식인들의 프랑스혁명 독해법

The fundamental goal of this article is to fill the void of poor prior research and stimulate further research. The main issue is, first, to apply into the context of the time and analyze various types of texts referring to the French Revolution from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. In that extension, it tracks the changes in the views and historical perspectives of Joseon/Korean intellectuals who lived in a radical transition period leading to the period of King Gojong, the Korean Empire, and the colony on the French Revolution. In addition, the discourse on the French Revolution formed and shared by Joseon intellectuals in the 1890s and 1930s is briefly compared with that of contemporary Chinese and Japanese intellectuals to gauge the worldview of contemporary East Asian intellectuals in the West. The achievements of this study are as follows. First, reformist intellectuals during the period of King Gojong-the Korean Empire represented by Yoo Gil-jun and Yoon Chi-ho were also afraid of active discussion of the French Revolution and acquisition of its historical lessons. Second, intellectuals during the period of cultural governance tried to approach the French Revolution ‘from below’, paid attention to its creative destructive power, and learned its democratic character. Third, Joseon’s modern women welcomed the French Revolution as a successful example of the modern feminine movement, and made it a lesson to overcome the ‘women’s panic era’ in which old women and new women conflict. Fourth, some intellectuals appropriated ‘La Marseillaise’, a military song and national song of the French Revolution, in a way that supported Japanese militarism and promoted totalitarian fascism. It can be seen that the framework for interpretation of the French Revolution during the colonial period shifted from ‘left to right’.

Analysis of Work-Family Conflict on Working Woman Viewed From The Number of Children

Abstract: The existence of the times and gender equality are supporting factors in the depletion of the role of patriarchy in everyday life, this could be a trigger for the work-family conflict in women's lives today. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the number of children on work-family conflict in working women. This research is also evidence that there are still many problems around that can be studied more deeply to get a solution and also the novelty of science. The subjects in this study were working women who had children. This study uses quantitative methods and data collection using a questionnaire presented in the google form. To measure work-family conflict, a multidimensional scale was adapted by Septiani (2016) developed by Carlson, Kacmar, and Williams (2000). The measuring instrument consists of 18 statements which are divided into three aspects, namely time-based conflict, strain-based conflict, and behavioral conflict. All items are in the form of favorable statements. The data analysis technique used the chi-square test. The result of this study is that there is no significant effect between the number of children and the work-family conflict experienced by working women who have children. Keywords: Work-family Conflict; Career Woman; Children

Psychometric properties of the Decisional Conflict Scale in a sample of perinatal women with depressive symptoms: A study in Portugal and Norway

ObjectiveTo assess the psychometric properties, i.e., reliability and construct validity of the 16-item Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS) and sub-scales in women with perinatal depressive symptoms in Norway and Portugal. MethodsWe included 415 women in Portugal and 163 in Norway (≥18 years) who were pregnant or had given birth in the last 12 months and presenting with active depressive symptoms. Women replied to the original DCS items. We conducted confirmatory factor analysis, estimated internal consistency reliability, and examined factorial invariance across country, perinatal status, and treatment uptake. ResultsThe DCS factor model had good fit to the data, with all items loading significantly on their respective factor (.585 to .958). There was configural invariance of the DCS across countries, treatment, and perinatal status. The internal consistency of the total DCS (Cronbach’s alpha) was .958, and for the subscales it ranged from .798 to .947. ConclusionsThe DCS is a valid and reliable measure of the decisional conflict in women with perinatal depressive symptoms in Portugal and Norway. Practice ImplicationsMeasuring the extent of decisional conflict regarding treatment and the effect of multiple interventions towards its reduction, is critical to facilitate the decision-making process of women with perinatal mental illness.

When love hurts: Testing the stress generation hypothesis between depressive symptoms, conflict behaviors, and breakup rumination in romantic couples

Introduction: In this study we investigated the stress generation hypothesis in romantic relationships, testing how individuals’ depressive symptoms can lead to interpersonal stress that worsens their depressive symptoms. Interpersonal stress was operationalized as conflict enactment (critical, hostile, and rejecting behaviors toward one's romantic partner) and breakup rumination (persistent and intense thoughts of ending the relationship). Methods: Participants included 226 heterosexual adult romantic couples, with a mean age of 21.48 years for women and 22.35 years for men. A short-term longitudinal design was employed, involving three waves of data collection, including a daily diary portion. Depressive symptoms were measured in the lab at the beginning of the study (Wave 1) and again one month later (Wave 3). Following Wave 1, conflict enactment and breakup rumination were measured online over a 14-day period (Wave 2) through daily diary entries, which were then averaged across the 14 days into a single score for each construct. Results: Using actor-partner interdependence mediation modelling, we found women's and men's depressive symptoms at Wave 1 positively predicted their own conflict enactment and breakup rumination at Wave 2, as well as their own depressive symptoms at Wave 3 (actor effects). Women's depressive symptoms at Wave 1 positively predicted men's conflict enactment at Wave 2 (partner effect). Additionally, women's conflict enactment at Wave 2 positively predicted their own depressive symptoms at Wave 3 (actor effect) and mediated the increase in their own depressive symptoms from Wave 1 to 3 (indirect effect). Discussion: Findings illustrate how depressive symptoms are embedded in an interpersonal context and exacerbated by conflictual behaviors within romantic relationships over a period of one month.

Healthy couple, better sleep: Exploring connections and changes in couple relationship education participants.

Considerable evidence suggests couple relationship education (CRE) programs are effective in improving couples' relationship functioning, yet few studies have examined the implications of CRE programs on indicators of physical health despite substantial research supporting links between relational and physical health. This study utilized a sample of 308 couples randomly assigned to a CRE curriculum to explore the dyadic links between conflict management and self-care skills (emphasized in CRE), stress, and sleep dysfunction concurrently. We prospectively tested whether changes in skills drove changes in sleep dysfunction or vice versa, for both self and partner. Results from a series of structural equation models indicated indirect links for men and women between conflict management and self-care skills and sleep dysfunction through lower stress level at program start. Dyadically, men's and women's better conflict management skills were associated with partners' lower stress, which was in turn associated with partners' lower sleep dysfunction. Men's better self-care skills were linked with partners' lower stress levels, which were linked with partners' lower sleep dysfunction. Tests of dyadic prospective cross-lagged effects among changes in sleep and changes in skills indicated that initial improvements in both partners' sleep predicted improvements in their own conflict management skills 1 year later. Initial improvements in women's conflict management skills predicted reduced sleep dysfunction for themselves. Additionally, for both partners, early changes in self-care predicted later reductions in sleep dysfunction. Dyadically, immediate improvements in men's self-care predicted reduced sleep dysfunction for their partner a year later. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Age and race/ethnicity differences in decisional conflict in women diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ

PurposeWomen diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) face confusion and uncertainty about treatment options. The objective of this study was to determine whether there are differences in decisional conflict about treatment by age and race/ethnicity.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted of women (age ≥ 18) diagnosed with DCIS enrolled at Kaiser Permanente of Southern California. The Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS) measured personal perceptions of decision uncertainty, values clarity, and effective decision-making. We used a multivariable regression to study whether age, race, and ethnicity were associated with patient-reported DCS.Results45% (N = 1395) of women who received the online survey, participated. The mean age was 56 (± 9.6) years, the majority were white. Compared to women younger than 50, women aged 60–69 reported lower overall DCS scores (-5.4; 95% CI -1.5 to -9.3). Women > 70 had lower values clarity scores (-9.0; 95% CI -2.8 to -15.2) about their treatment compared to women aged 50–59 and 60–69 (-7.1; 95% CI -2.9 to -11.3 and − 7.2; 95% CI -2.9 to -11.5) and likewise, lower effective decision-making scores (-5.4; 95% CI -1.7 to -9.2 and − 5.2; 95% CI -1.4 to -9.0) compared to women < 50. Compared to whites, blacks reported lower decision conflict (-4.4; 95% CI 0.04 to -8.8) and lower informed decision (-5.2; 95% CI -0.18 to -10.3) about DCIS treatment.ConclusionYounger women reported higher decisional conflict about DCIS treatment, compared to older women (> 70). Age based tailored discussions about treatment options, health education, and supportive decision-making interventions/tools may reduce decision conflict in future DCIS patients.Trade registrationThe IRB number is 10678.

Promoting Women's Well-Being: A Systematic Review of Protective Factors for Work-Family Conflict.

Work-family conflict is a prominent issue, especially in our society, where people are expected to fulfil many roles simultaneously. Work and family life demands significantly impact an individual's overall well-being, especially for women, since they typically balance caregiving for children and elderly relatives with careers. Therefore, highlighting which factors might protect women from experiencing work-family conflict is essential to enhance women's and their family's well-being. Thus, the main aim of the present study was to systematically review previous research on women's coping strategies and protective factors which can reduce the negative effects of work-family conflict. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a literature search of three databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus). After the screening and the eligibility phases, we included a final set of 13 studies. Most of these studies adopted a cross-sectional design (N = 10), and a few adopted a longitudinal one (N = 3). Results highlighted the role of different personal (e.g., hardiness, self-esteem, locus of control) and relational factors (e.g., family and work support) that significantly reduce the negative effects of work-family conflict in women's lives. Findings, practical implications, and future research directions are discussed.

Korean women’s perceptions of traumatic childbirth: a qualitative descriptive study

BackgroundPrevious studies have established that negative or traumatic childbirth can create childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder (CB-PTSD). Because of the negative implications of CB-PTSD for mothers, children, and families, global qualitative research on traumatic or negative childbirth has risen in recent years. However, few studies have been conducted in South Korea. This study aims to explore women’s various perceptions of traumatic childbirth in South Korea.MethodsThis qualitative descriptive study examined nine women who were at high risk of PTSD (IES-R-K > 24) at the time of the interview, between 1 and 11 years after childbirth. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. Interview transcripts were subjected to thematic analysis.ResultsThe analysis identified two themes with six subthemes, as follows: (1) person-centred factors (pain, guilt, maternal identity conflict, and damaged femininity); (2) society-centred factors (threatened dignity and disrupted relationships). These findings may be attributed to Korean culture (excessive motherhood and lookism), as well as unbearable pain, disrespectful childbirth environments, lack of spouse’s support, loss of their lifestyle, and unrealistic expectations.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates various negative consequences, ranging from psychological damage to conflict in women’s relationships with their spouses, and others. This highlights the various perceptions stemming from traumatic childbirth and emphasizes the significance of clinical intervention. Therefore, healthcare professionals’ greater understanding of women’s perceptions and increased concern about childbirth and respectful childbirth environments are required. In addition, based on our findings, there is a need to develop interventions that can alleviate CB-PTSD and further improve women’s mental health, particularly through women-centred interventions.

Actor–partner effects of coping strategies on emotional exhaustion in dual‐earner couples

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate the actor and partner effects of personal coping strategies (behavioral and emotional) on emotional exhaustion, directly and indirectly through work–family conflict, in dual‐earner couples, from a gender perspective.BackgroundPrevious studies support the relevance of personal coping strategies as resources that contribute to better performance in work and family roles and the well‐being of couples. However, few studies have incorporated partner effects and a gender perspective into the analysis.MethodUsing a sample of 131 dual‐earner heterosexual couples, actor–partner interdependence models were tested to analyze the impact of personal coping strategies on both couple members' emotional exhaustion.ResultsActor effects show no gender differences, as experienced work–family conflict increases emotional exhaustion in both couple members. However, mixed results were found for the partner effect. Women's coping strategies appeared to be negatively related to men's work–family conflict, which in turn was negatively related to women's emotional exhaustion. However, the reverse pattern was not observed: men's coping strategies were not related to women's conflict, nor did women's conflict levels affect their partners' emotional exhaustion.ConclusionsMen's and women's personal resources do not equally influence the distribution of roles within the couple or the partners' well‐being.ImplicationsAlthough role sharing reduces women's emotional exhaustion, it is essential to promote their careers. Their career advancement is a matter of justice and a source of benefits for their families.

Anemia and Underweight among Married Women in Yemen; Evidence from Yemen Demographic Health Survey (YDHS-2013)

Background: Women in conflict are vulnerable to health and nutrition risks. Anemia and underweight are the common risks faced by women particularly in war torn countries. Yemen is one of the most affected places that has a fragile public health system due to the conflict. Increasing conflict has put women’s health and wellbeing at risk and has severely affected their nutritional development. Therefore, this study aims to examine the association between underweight and anemia with different risk factors among married women in Yemen.&#x0D; Methods: This study used the data from Yemen demographic health survey-2013 (YDHS-2013) of married women aged 15-59 year. Bivariate and multivariate logistic models were used to study the association between anemia and underweight with various socio-economic and maternal health risk factors.&#x0D; Results: A positive and significant association of socio-economic and maternal health risk factors was found with anemia and underweight. Women belonging to more prosperous groups had the lowest odds of underweight [OR=0.30, P&lt;0.001)] and anemia [OR=0.61, P&lt;0.001). The study also examined some key risk factors like breast feeding, iron supplements and contraceptive use among women and found a positive and significant association of these risk factors with underweight and anemia.&#x0D; Conclusions: Nutritional challenges have to be addressed especially in the country like Yemen. The results clearly indicate that women in Yemen are facing acute nutritional risks of underweight and anemia. Therefore, policy interventions are required to address their nutritional needs and also empower them economically to minimize these nutritional risks. Moreover, nutrition related interventions are required to attain the targets for sustainable development goals in Yemen.

Do Conflicts Strengthen My Relationship?’ The Role of Relational Resilience on Conflict Frequency and Relationship Satisfaction from the Viewpoint of Turkish Women

This study sought to determine whether relational resilience plays a role in the relationship between women's conflict frequency and relationship satisfaction. The sample of the study consisted of 255 Turkish women over the age of 18 who had at least one child. The data collection instruments used were the " Conflict Zone Determination Scale" the "Relationship Stability Scale" the "Relational Resilience Scale" and the "Personal Information Form" developed by the researcher. SPSS 25.0 and Hayes's macro PROCESS 4.0 were used to analyze the data. As a result of the analyzes, it was found that there were low negative significant relationships between conflict frequency and relationship resilience, high positive relationships between relationship resilience and relationship satisfaction and low negative significant relationships between conflict frequency and relationship satisfaction. As a result of this research, it was found that conflict frequency predicted relational resilience, relational resilience predicted relationship satisfaction, and conflict frequency predicted relationship satisfaction. At the same time, relational resilience was found to play a mediating role in the relationship between conflict frequency and relationship satisfaction.

REKOGNISI PENGALAMAN PEREMPUAN: STUDI KASUS PELAKSANAAN PASAL 4 PERMA NOMOR 3 TAHUN 2017

Article 4 Supreme Court Regulation (Perma) No. 3 of 2017 on Guidelines for Judging Cases of Women in Conflict with the Law determines that judges should consider gender equality and non-discrimination, by identifying the facts in court hearing. The research question is to what extent the implementation of the article to the case under this study and its influence to the court verdict. The qualitative method is implemented in this study. The primary data collection was gathered by attending an online trial and the secondary data was obtained through a literature study by using the main documents of an infanticide case namely: the case file No. Pol: Bp/01/I/2020/Reskrim and the court decision No.37/Pid.B/2020/PN.Pwd. The result has demonstrated that judges had applied article 4 of PERMA during the court hearing. Judges’ considerations have recognized the experience of the woman perpetrator as the victim of sexual violence; however, judges insisted their decision on the basis of the actions of the perpetrator and ignored the psychological, sociological and imbalance power relations factors which were experienced by the woman.

Perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia Terhadap Perempuan Di Daerah Konflik

Introduction: Humans as creatures created by God Almighty have basic rights inherent in themselves that must be protected, besides that humans, fellow creatures of God, should be obliged to respect other human rights.Purposes of the Research: The research aims to be able to analyze the Protection of Human Rights Against Women in Conflict Areas.Methods of the Research: The research method used is normative juridical research.Results of the Research: Conflicts in several countries cannot be avoided, and until now conflicts still occur in several countries. The conflict that occurred gave fear and a feeling of insecurity for the community. In essence, conflict cannot be separated from acts of violence and can cause material and psychological losses. Violence that occurs in armed conflicts usually does not only happen to men but also occurs to women. Sexual violence in armed conflicts in humanitarian law refers more to acts of attacking women's reputation for honor. The presence of human rights instruments must be a guideline for the protection of women's rights so that they are no longer victims of violence. In addition, women must also be given the opportunity to participate in conflict resolution.

Gender Conflict and its Effect on Women before and after the World War II

Purpose: Women and men are completing each other, this is nature, and the conflict of women and men is historical, they both have the right in living, enjoying and producing, humans love power naturally and always seek for their rights. Both men and women are struggling to stand and make remarkable things to show their abilities to each other and to take a role in life.&#x0D; The purpose of this article is to discuss this historical conflict between the two genders and show the effect of this conflict on women before and after World War II by discussing the A Room of One’s Own by Virginia Woolf and The Homecoming by Harold Pinter. There are many faces of this conflict but this article will discuss two of them, the educational and the sexual ones as they are the main two faces of this gender conflict.&#x0D; Methodology: The problem that has no name is in fact the rights of women, the role of women in society, and the conflict between gender equality. Women were killed, raped, left without education, abused only because of their gender, from birth her parents teach her not to ask about her rights or think of herself but to obey her husband, father and brother, just like a salve, educated women present threaten to the patriarchal society for this reason they insisted not to educate women to keep the power in men’s hand. Although women conditions were very hard and they needed a long time but they also could make some change (Doolittle n.p)&#x0D; After the end of the Second World War there were emerging issues concerning the role of women in the society, whether they should be part of the small society inside their homes or start working and engage with the large society outside. Such significant issues of women's role in the society escalated conventional notions of male and female roles and responsibilities in the society. The identity of women started developing and emerging as a topic started taking its role in the society. The role-played by women themselves in constructing these identities and the insights gained into the ambivalence of the female role in the 1950s, lead her to urge a re-evaluation of 'consensus' politics and a redefinition of what we mean by work (Shaw).&#x0D; Findings: After a long struggle through decades asking about their rights women had a great role in the civil society in the 1950s. In the Second World War they found themselves in front of a big challenge, either they survive and defend their homes, country and families, or they lose them. Women start filling the missing part of men who went to war. They involved in different sectors, Industry, Agriculture, Army and others to stand up for the country. After the war ends women tried hard to keep their jobs but many of them were forced by men to leave their jobs and go back home that the society did not give the role of woman the value it deserves (History At a Glance: Women in World War II).&#x0D; Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study presented a highly negative image of the society and ignored the presence of virtue and ethics in both American and English societies, which resulted in an unrealistic and flawed depiction of both men, and women in that era. Therefore its recommended that more studies should be done to resolve the conflict of gender roles and dominance in the society.

Elderly suicides in Turkey

Due to the unique physical and psychosocial characteristics of this age group, it is expected that the characteristics of elderly suicides are different from other groups. Knowing the characteristics of elderly suicides guides prevention strategies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the demographic characteristics, methods and reasons for suicide in elderly suicide cases using the data of the Turkish Statistical Institute between 2002 and 2019.Of the completed suicides among older adults, 4,208 (74%) cases were men and 1,481 (26%) were women. Crude suicide rates of all elderly age groups were higher than the general population. Illness was the most common reason for suicide. The second leading cause of suicide was marital conflicts in women, while financial difficulties were observed in men. Hanging was the most common method in both genders. It is remarkable that the use of gunshot considerably increases as years progress and the ratio of men (n:962) to women (n:16) reach 60.Considering these findings together with epidemiologic data predicting that this increase in the elderly population will almost double within less than 30 years, it is apparent that suicide is a major issue among older adults.

Integrated Legal Protection of Women in Conflict with the Law in the Criminal Judicial Process (Decision Case Number 677/Pis.Sus/2018/PN Cbi)

ABSTRACT Purpose of the study: The state has an obligation to ensure that women obtain justice and are free from all discrimination in the criminal judicial process. Women in conflict with the law frequently feel uncomfortable when facing court proceedings in the position of suspect, victim, or witness. This paper analyzed legal considerations in the court decision of Bogor Cibinong District Court number 677/Pis.Sus/2018/PN Cbi. Methodology: This research employed the doctrinal legal analysis methodology. This study aimed to analyze the legal protection of women in conflict with the law in the courtroom. This investigation could be a regulating juridical consideration with philosophical and conceptual approaches. Results: The result of the consideration appeared that the criminal equity handled in court was full of ethical issues. Recently, there was the issuance of Supreme Court Regulation Number 3 of 2017 concerning Rules on the Hearing of Cases Including Women in Conflict with the Law. The Decision of Bogor Cibinong District Court Number 677/Pis.Sus/2018/PN Cbi managed a rapist of two children free from the charge of 14 years in prison for there is no witness who saw the rape. The integrated protection of women is required since they deal with the law during court proceedings and in the stages of inquiry, investigation, prosecution, and punishment. Applications of this study: Regulation through legislation is required to protect women in conflict with the law in the criminal justice process. Novelty/Originality of this study: In contrast to previous research, this research focused on studying how significant legal protection is for women in conflict with the law. Keywords: Legal Protection, Women, Litigation ABSTRAK Tujuan: Negara memiliki kewajiban untuk memastikan perempuan memperoleh keadilan dan bebas dari segala diskriminasi dalam proses peradilan pidana. Perempuan yang berkonflik dengan hukum seringkali merasa tidak nyaman ketika menghadapi proses peradilan dalam posisi sebagai tersangka, korban, atau saksi. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pertimbangan hukum dalam putusan Pengadilan Negeri Bogor Cibinong nomor 677/Pis.Sus/2018/PN Cbi. Metodologi: Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi analisis hukum doktrinal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perlindungan hukum terhadap perempuan yang berkonflik dengan hukum di ruang sidang. Investigasi tersebut menjadi pertimbangan yuridis dengan pendekatan filosofis dan konseptual. Hasil: Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa peradilan pidana yang ditangani di pengadilan sarat dengan persoalan etik. Baru-baru ini, telah diterbitkan Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 3 Tahun 2017 Tentang Pedoman Mengadili Perkara Perempuan Berhadapan dengan Hukum. Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Bogor Cibinong Nomor 677/Pis.Sus/2018/PN Cbi membebaskan pemerkosa dua anak dari dakwaan 14 tahun penjara karena tidak ada saksi yang melihat pemerkosaan tersebut. Perlindungan terpadu terhadap perempuan diperlukan karena mereka berhadapan dengan hukum selama proses peradilan dan pada tahap penyelidikan, penyidikan, penuntutan, dan hukuman. Aplikasi penelitian ini: Pengaturan melalui peraturan perundang-undangan diperlukan untuk melindungi perempuan yang berkonflik dengan hukum dalam proses peradilan pidana. Kebaruan/Orisinalitas: Berbeda dengan penelitian sebelumnya, penelitian ini berfokus untuk mengkaji seberapa signifikan perlindungan hukum bagi perempuan yang berkonflik dengan hukum. Kata kunci: Perlindungan Hukum, Perempuan, Litigasi

Altered processing of conflicting body representations in women with restrictive anorexia nervosa.

Cognitive and affective impairments in processing body image have been observed in patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and may induce the hypercontrolled and regulative behaviors observed in this disorder. Here, we aimed to probe the link between activation of body representations and cognitive control by investigating the ability to resolve body-related representational conflicts in women with restrictive AN and matched healthy controls (HC). Participants performed a modified version of the Flanker task in which underweight and overweight body images were presented as targets and distractors; a classic version of the task, with letters, was also administered as a control. The findings indicated that performance was better among the HC group in the task with bodies compared to the task with letters; however, no such facilitation was observed in AN patients, whose overall performance was poorer than that of the HC group in both tasks. In the task with body stimuli, performance among patients with AN was the worst on trials presenting underweight targets with overweight bodies as flankers. These results may reflect a dysfunctional association between the processing of body-related representations and cognitive control mechanisms that may aid clinicians in the development of optimal individualized treatments.

Comparing the effectiveness of Bowen's family-based approach and Minuchin’s structural family therapeutic approach on improving communication patterns and reducing marital conflicts in women suffering from emotional divorce

Aim: Emotional divorce as a social harm is the first step in the divorce process and indicates the severity of marital conflicts originating from numerous factors such as the malfunctioning of couples' communication patterns. Hence, the present study aimed at comparing the effectiveness of Bowen's family-based approach and Minuchin’s structural family therapeutic approach on improving communication patterns and reducing marital conflicts in women suffering from emotional divorce. Method: The quasi-experimental research method was based on pretest-posttest along with a control group. The population included all the women suffering from marital conflicts referring to the Central Welfare Organization of Isfahan in the first three months of the year 1399. After sifting through the subjects, 45 samples were selected by simple random sampling and were categorized into two experimental and control groups. The tools applied in the research were the scale of communication patterns and marital conflicts. The samples of the experimental group attended the Bowen's and Minuchin’s family therapeutic training programs, but the control group did not receive any particular training. Finally, the data were analyzed at two levels of descriptive statistics (the Mean and the Standard Deviation) and inferential statistics (the analysis of Covariance and the analysis of Variance with multivariable frequent measuring) using SPSS software. Results: Findings revealed that both Bowen's and Minuchin’s therapeutic approaches can be effective on communication patterns and marital conflicts. In addition, a significant difference was noticed between the effectiveness of the two experimental groups (Bowen’s and Minuchin’s) on communication patterns of women suffering from emotional divorce, and the comparison of means suggested that family and structural therapy of Minuchin performed better. And finally, no significant difference was noticed between the effectiveness of the two experimental groups (Bowen’s and Minuchin’s) on marital conflicts in women suffering from emotional divorce, and only after lessening relationship with relatives, the structural effectiveness of Minuchin's approach proved to be better. Conclusions: Therefore, Bowen’s and Minuchin’s therapeutic approaches can both be helpful in reducing the rate of marital conflicts and improving the communication patterns of women suffering from emotional divorce, and consequently, reducing emotional divorce and increasing marital adjustments.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Paradoxical Timetable Cure (PTC), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Matrix (ACTM), and Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) on Self-Esteem and Marital Boredom in Women with Marital Conflict

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Paradoxical Timetable Cure (PTC), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Matrix (ACTM), and Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) on self-esteem and marital burnout in women experiencing marital conflict. Materials and Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental, consisting of three stages: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. In this study, 45 women with marital conflict were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group, with 15 participants in each group. Each of the experimental groups underwent ten 90-minute training sessions, while the control group received no treatment. Findings: All four groups were assessed before, after, and one month post-intervention using self-esteem and marital burnout questionnaires. The data were analyzed through repeated measures analysis of variance and follow-up tests. The PTC and ACTM treatments were significant for the self-esteem component but were not significantly effective for the emotion-focused treatment. The results showed that PTC, ACTM, and EFT all had a significant difference in the post-test phase compared to the control group in the marital burnout component, indicating their effectiveness; however, this effect was more pronounced for the emotion-focused therapy. Conclusion: Therefore, it is recommended to use all three treatments to reduce marital conflicts in women, employing PTC and ACTM for self-esteem issues and EFT for marital burnout.