Confirmed Cases Of Coronavirus Disease-19 Research Articles

Efficacy and Safety of Prophylactic-Dose Anticoagulation Therapy with Intermediate-Therapeutic Doses in Covid-19 Patients

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARSCoV-2) was declared a worldwide pandemic on March 11, 2020 and globally, on April 29, 2022, there were 510,270,667 confirmed COVID-19 cases, including 6,233,526 deaths, reported to WHO. As of April 2022, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia has reported 4,249,323 confirmed cases of COVID-19. There have been 143,592 COVID-19-related deaths reported and 4,096,194 patients have recovered from the disease. COVID-19 is associated with a high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), however, to date, optimal prophylactic anticoagulant therapy remains uncertain and may depend on the severity of COVID-19.Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the difference in efficacy and safety in administering prophylactic doses with intermediate/therapeutic doses in confirmed COVID-19 patients.Results: This study used 6 studies that met the inclusion of differences in efficacy and safety in administering prophylactic doses with intermediate/therapeutic doses in confirmed COVID-19 patients.Conclusion: From 6 studies, there were 2 studies comparing anticoagulant prophylactic doses with intermediate doses and 4 studies comparing anticoagualnt prophylactic doses with therapeutic doses. In all studies, there were no significant differences in thromboembolic events or all-cause mortality in COVID-19 patients. The incidence of bleeding at the intermediate and therapeutic doses increased compared to the prophylactic dose, but the difference was not significant.

A network analysis and support vector regression approaches for visualising and predicting the COVID-19 outbreak in Malaysia

This study aims to (1) correlate and visualise the Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic spread via Spearman rank coefficients of network analysis (NA) and (2) predict the cumulative number of COVID-19 confirmed and death cases via support vector regression (SVR) based on COVID-19 dataset in Malaysia between July 2020 to June 2021. The NA indicated increasing connectivity between different states throughout the time frame, revealing the most complex network of COVID-19 transmission in the second quarter of 2021. The SVR model predicted future COVID-19 cases and deaths in Malaysia in the second half of 2021. The study demonstrated that the NA and SVR could provide relatively simple yet valuable artificial intelligence techniques for visualising the degree of connectivity and predicting pandemic risk based on confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths. The Malaysian health authorities used the NA and SVR model results for preventive measures in highly populated states.

Use of contact tracing as a pivotal tool to curb the COVID-19 transmission in the urban part of Western Maharashtra

Introduction: Contact tracing is an essential public health response to infectious disease outbreaks, principally in the early stages of an outbreak when specific treatments are limited. Importation of novel coronavirus (SARS CoV-2) from Hubei province China and elsewhere into the world highlights the need to recognize the power of contact tracing as a preventive measure. This study was performed to estimate the SARS CoV-2 transmission among the contacts of confirmed cases of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Methods: The present study included data from contact tracing performed on confirmed COVID-19 cases admitted in the tertiary care hospital of western Maharashtra. Contacts were categorized into high-risk and low-risk contacts. Contacts were quarantined in home or institute, and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was done as per the COVID-19 testing strategy. Contacts were admitted once they were RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 positive. Results: Out of 471 COVID-19 cases, 104 (22.08%) were females and 367 (77.92%) were males. A total of 2617 contacts were traced with the mean (standard deviation) of 5.56 (8.52). Of these 2617 contacts, 289 (11.04%) contacts became RT-PCR-confirmed positive COVID-19 cases. Out of 471 COVID-19 cases, 271 (46.7) were the contacts of RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases, and from them, 92 (42.4%) were asymptomatic at the time of admission. Conclusion: The contact tracing strategy in India helped to identify a sufficient proportion of infected individuals, and due to that, subsequent spread of the disease could be prevented. However, the complete achievement will depend on the rapid detection of cases and isolation of contacts. With the increasingly large number of cases globally once in between the null period, this strategy can be effectively utilized to contain the spread of disease.

Dermatological Manifestation in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients in Iraq

Background: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a growing pandemic around the globe that was initially discovered in Wuhan in December 2019. Despite the relatively high incidence of cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19, their role in early recognition and disease progression has not been fully investigated.
 Aim of this study: To report the possible incidence of the cutaneous lesion in COVID 19 patients and to describe various cutaneous manifestations and their correlation with other clinical features in Covid-19 positive patients to facilitate diagnosis and prognostications toward this virus.
 Methods: This research was conducted as a cross-sectional study. Skin lesions photography and their analysis were collected by dermatologists from 18 cities in Iraq between September 2020 to January 2021. The data were processed using statistical package SPSS version 23.
 Results: A total of 3117 confirmed COVID-19 cases were included in this study. Around 268 patients developed skin lesions with age ranged between 8 to 84 years. Of these skin lesions, 46.2% developed during the illness with minority erupting during the prodromal phase, whilst 38.8% appeared after hospitalization. The most common skin lesion was in the form of urticarial 36.74% followed by herpetic lesions 28.4%, maculopapular rash 11.74% and the remainder being candidiasis, oral thrush, chilblains, and other skin conditions. The most affected area was the torso (46%) followed by limbs, face, fingers, and toes.
 Conclusion: This study demonstrated the high incidence rate of dermatological lesions in different phases of COVID-19 with urticarial rash being the most frequent clinical pattern.

Virucidal effect of povidone iodine on COVID-19 in the nasopharynx: an open-label randomized clinical trial.

Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) is a time-tested antiseptic agent with excellent virucidal (99.99%) properties. Repurposing it against coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a relatively newer concept and has been sparsely tested in vivo. The most common route of entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) is the nasopharynx. Averting colonization of the virus could be one of the best options to reduce the incidence of infection. PVP-I gargle and mouthwash were found to be effective in vitro rapid inactivation against SARS-CoV-2 on a smaller scale (Hassandarvish et al. in BDJ 1–4, 2020, Pelletier et al. in ENTJ 1–5, 2020). However, efficacy in humans is lacking. To assess the virucidal effect of PVP-I against SARS-CoV-2 located in the nasopharynx was the objective of this parallel armed randomized clinical trial. We screened all RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases aged 18 years and above with symptoms. Written informed consent was obtained before randomization. Nasopharyngeal clearance of SARS-CoV-2 was tested after single time application of PVP-I nasal irrigation (NI) at diluted concentrations of .4%, .5% and .6% and PVP-I nasal spray (NS) at diluted concentrations of .5% and .6%. All groups were compared to the corresponding controls (distilled water). The primary outcome was viral clearance in a repeat RT-PCR (qualitative), and the secondary outcome was the number of adverse events. Final data analysis was performed using the statistical software SPSS (Version 20). A total of 189 confirmed COVID-19 cases were randomized into seven groups: 27 patients in each group. Of all, 159 (84.1%) were male, and 30 (15.9%) were female. We observed a statistically significant proportion of nasopharyngeal clearance with all strengths of PVP-I NI and PVP-I NS compared to the corresponding controls. Additionally, 0.5% NI was significantly better than 0.5% NS for viral clearance (p = 0.018) and had the highest nasopharyngeal clearance among all strengths (n = 25, 92.6%). 0.6% NS is better than CNS and 0.5%NS in viral clearance. The only adverse event was nasal irritation recorded in two patients each in the 0.4% and 0.6% PVP-I NI groups (Tables 1 and 2). PVP-I NI and NS are proved as effective virucidal agent against SARS-CoV-2 in human body. Our recommendation is to use PVP-I in naopharynx (as well as oropharynx) to prevent COVID-19.

Respiratory Parameter Has A Great Impact in Determining Sepsis Condition in COVID-19 Patients at Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang: Case Report

To describe Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score parameters which have a great impact in the condition of sepsis in Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) patients and comorbidities that aggravate the patient's condition, we conducted a prospective cohort study in adult patients with sepsis and confirmed COVID-19 cases. We conducted a prospective cohort study in confirmed COVID-19 patients with sepsis who were admitted at Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang at March 10th–April 21st 2020. Diagnosis of sepsis is based on the Surviving Sepsis Campaign-III criteria. We found 6 COVID-19 confirmed patients with sepsis. There is an increased respiratory parameter in SOFA Score in these patients. Therefore, respiratory parameter of the SOFA score has a great impact in determining sepsis condition among confirmed COVID-19 patients.
 Keywords: COVID-19, Sepsis, SOFA Score

Pills to think about in allergic rhinitis children during COVID-19 era.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common paediatric disease that involves up to the 25% of children worldwide. Environmental pollution, passive smoke and many viruses are actively involved in the chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa. As described previously in the literature, novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children is uncommon and often asymptomatic or mild1. So far, we do not have data demonstrating a higher risk in the development of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) in allergic children, except for those with uncontrolled symptoms.1 Moreover, high levels of allergic sensitisation are associated with a reduction of ACE-2 expression, the entrance door for SARS-CoV-2 in lung and intestinal mucosa cells. This could decrease the susceptibility to the infection in allergic subjects.2 Initial symptoms of COVID-19 may be cough, sore throat, accompanied by fever, fatigue and muscle ache, while nausea or vomiting and diarrhoea are infrequent symptoms at onset. Anosmia could be another early symptom,3 difficult to detect in children especially in those with AR who already have oedema and inflammation of nasal mucosa. Olfactory dysfunction can be caused by many viruses that create a local inflammatory reaction with a subsequent development of rhinorrhoea; instead olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 seems to be different as it is not associated with rhinorrhoea.3 In the next few months, paediatricians should investigate carefully olfactory dysfunctions, such as anosmia, to distinguish the allergic or infective aetiopathogenesis. This could help to detect affected children even with mild symptoms and limit SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Another point to consider is to monitor AR symptoms because they can hide an overlap with COVID-19, delaying the proper diagnosis.1 This could be true mostly in children sensitised to dust mite that during home quarantine can be persistently exposed to this allergen in the domestic environment. How to manage therapy in AR children affected by COVID-19? Intra-nasal corticosteroid can be continued at the recommended dose because, so far, the suppression of the immune system has not been proven. Keeping on local therapy could help to reduce allergic symptoms such as sneezing and avoid the spread of SARS-CoV-2.4 Considering allergen immunotherapy (AIT), it decreases Th2 response in the Th1/Th2 balance, inducing an allergen-specific immune tolerance. Even if we do not have demonstrations of a switch between Th1/Th2 cells in COVID-19, there are developing data that disease severity is linked to a systemic Th1 response that generate an inflammasome activation and a cytokine storm. For this reason, it is recommended to interrupt AIT in confirmed COVID-19 cases. Instead it can be continued, as usual, in allergic children without clinical symptoms of COVID-19 and without a history of exposure to confirmed cases within the previous 14 days. 5 All these suggestions are useful so far, but need to be re-evaluated in the next future, according to newly available data. All the authors declare that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication.

Clinical features, diagnosis, combined medical treatment, epidemiological characteristics and therapy of 26 confirmed COVID-19 cases.

Background: Clinical features, diagnosis, medical treatment, epidemiological characteristics, and the therapy of 26 confirmed cases were analyzed to provide a scientific basis for formulating epidemic prevention with control strategies and measures. Methods: An epidemiological survey, clinical features, treatment guidelines were conducted for 26 patients, who were diagnosed with Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) and have been treated in The General Hospital since Jan. 2020 according to China national guideline for COVID-19. Results: The ratio of males to females were 3.25∶1.22, (84.62%) were more than 18 years old. There were 20 (76.92%) cases suffering from fever, 14 (53.85%) cases with weakness, and 8 (30.77%) with dry cough. Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) therapy could help COVID-19 patients overcome anxiety and sleep problems, which may give a boost in their mental strength to fight against this COVID-19 during their stay in the isolation ward. In this study, both the clinical results and quality of evidence showed that Ribavirin, Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Moxifloxacin and Arbidol Hydrochloride combination with supportive drugs are probably major effective treatments. In the present pandemic situation, frontline physicians; who treat patients in a medical setting and evaluate prophylaxis for COVID-19 high-risk environments formed by large quarantined and isolated populations, are facing a lot of challenges. Conclusion: Most cases were males. The aged people group were at higher risk of the disease. Half of the cases were caused by living together and close contact with a patient. Different combination drugs use for COVID-19 is clinically successfully effective in published literature, including this study.

Diagnostics and Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Western Africa: An Observational Laboratory-Based Study from Benin

Background: Information on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spread in Africa is limited by fragile surveillance systems and insufficient diagnostic capacity. Methods: We assessed the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)-related diagnostic workload in Benin, Western Africa, characterized SARS-CoV-2 genomes from 12 acute cases of COVID-19, used those together with public data to estimate SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics in a Bayesian framework, validated a widely used diagnostic dual target RT-PCR kit donated to African countries, and conducted serological analyses in 68 sera from confirmed COVID-19 cases and from febrile patients sampled before the predicted SARS-CoV-2 introduction. Findings: We found a 15-fold increase in the monthly laboratory workload due to COVID-19. Genomic surveillance showed introductions of three distinct SARS-CoV-2 lineages. SARS-CoV-2 genome-based analyses yielded an R0 estimate of 4.4 (95% confidence interval: 2.0-7.7), suggesting intense spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Africa. RT-PCR-based tests were highly sensitive but showed variation of internal controls and between diagnostic targets. Commercially available SARS-CoV-2 ELISAs showed up to 25% false-positive results depending on antigen and antibody types, likely due to unspecific antibody responses elicited by acute malaria according to lack of SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody responses and relatively higher parasitemia in those sera. Interpretation: We confirm an overload of the diagnostic capacity in Benin and provide baseline information on the usability of genome-based surveillance in resource-limited settings. Sero-epidemiological studies needed to assess SARS-CoV-2 spread may be put at stake by low specificity of tests in tropical settings globally. The increasing diagnostic challenges demand continuous support of national and supranational African stakeholders. Funding: This work was supported by the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interests. Ethics Approval Statement: This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Ministry of Health (Arrete 2020 No. 030/MS/DC/SGM/DNSP/CJ/SA/027SGG2020) and followed the Declaration of Helsinki. Written consent was obtained from all the patients participating in the study.

Endoscopic shield: barrier enclosure during the endoscopy to prevent aerosol droplets during the COVID-19 pandemic

Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) refers to human infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020. By April 21, 2020, the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases had increased to more than 2,397,000 globally, with an overall mortality rate of 6.8%.1

Novel Coronavirus COVID-19: Current Evidence and Evolving Strategies.

Novel Coronavirus COVID-19: Current Evidence and Evolving Strategies.