Confessional Factors Research Articles

Православные «не-свои» в геополитической картине мира Ф. М. Достоевского: христианский Кавказ и греки

In F. M. Dostoevsky’s geopolitical worldview, the division of the world into “ingroup” and “the other” (“outgroup”) often occurs not according to the principles of state-administrative division but based on national and confessional factors. The research aims to explore the geopolitical images of Armenians, Georgians, Bulgarians, and Greeks in Dostoevsky’s legacy. It shows how the belonging of a nation to Christianity, Orthodoxy, and the Slavic world affect the writer’s understanding of the nation as “in group” or “the other.” The study demonstrates that Christian Armenians and Orthodox Georgians turn out to be “the others” to the writer, even though they are part of the Russian Empire and its confessional system as well. At the same time, the Bulgarians — the Balkan Orthodox Slavs — are “in group,” while the Orthodox Greeks are “the other.” The reason for Dostoevsky’s aversion to the Greeks lies in the potential threat they pose, in his opinion, to the future of the pan-Slavic Orthodox state, of which Dostoevsky is a fervent supporter. The study allows us to conclude that for Dostoevsky, the belonging of an ethnic group to the Slavic world turns out to be more significant than his confessional commitment to Christianity.

Роль религии в консолидации мусульманских сообществ в странах ЕС: проблемы и перспективы

Population migration is a complex social process by its nature and diverse in forms and consequences. Migration in its essence is a multidimensional phenome- non, including demographic, ethno-religious, political, economic and other compo- nents. Ethno-religious migration processes are primarily ethnosocial and confessional factors leading to transformation in the territorial and social situation of individual representatives and groups of certain ethnic groups and confessions, which occur un- der the influence of socio-political and other factors. The experience of interethnic relations over the years clearly shows that misunderstandings and conflicts arise more often and manifest themselves more acutely in the multicultural world and polyethnic communities.The article examines the causes and consequences of the migration of Muslims to Europe, the prospects of increasing the number of Muslim population in the countries of the European Union. At the same time, the article pays special atten- tion to the reasons for the weak integration of Muslims, as well as the role of traditional values and religion in the consolidation of migrants and opposition to liberal European values. At the same time, the article reveals the reasons for the radicalization of Mus- lims in Europe and outlines the prospects for the development of integration processes in European Muslim communities. The author makes an attempt to show the role of religion in the process of preserving their identity by Muslims and in consolidation to solve social, economic and other problems.

Udmurt musical and song tradition: specificity of genre-formation formation and functioning

The results of many years of research by the author are summarized in the field of Udmurt musical folklore. Based on a wide range of uses sources, modern research methods, an attempt is made to recreate the chain a clear picture of the Udmurt musical and song tradition as a historical and cultural phenomenon. For the first time, the influence of historical and geographical cultural, landscape, religious and confessional factors on the formation traditional sound ideal, genre system, features of the functioning nia and status of tunes. The ethno-integrating Udmurt song- musical type and shows its place in multi-ethnic musical culture Volga-Kama and the northern region of Eurasia.

Legal bases of European interstate integration in the context of interfaith relations

Since ancient times religion has influenced not only the lives of individuals and societies but also world politics and international relations. The confessional factor plays a crucial role in relations between states. Since states often use the confessional environment to realize their geopolitical interests, the aim of this article is to analyze the role and place of state-church relations in the processes of European integration and determine the legal basis for the activity of interfaith organizations. The methodological framework of this article is based on an axiological approach which allows the authors to analyze the influence of religion on the law-making processes and the formation of a system of norms and values of society. The authors apply the dialectic method to examine the "civilization-culture" continuum of law and substantiate its dependence on religion in developing a common vector of European integration processes. The author also used the methods of analysis and synthesis to identify the interaction of legal and religious norms and to characterize the influence of the church on relations in society. In the framework of the study, the comparative legal method was also partially used, which played a key role in determining the influence of religion on the formation of legal norms. The article concludes that the church has become the activating factor for the formation of the axiological dimension of European integration.

Confessional Factors in Social History of the German language

Confessional Factors in Social History of the German language

Роль конфессиональных факторов в социальной истории становления немецкого языка

Статья посвящена исследованию роли конфессиональных факторов в истории становления современного немецкого языка. Авторы анализируют языковую ситуацию, на фоне которой формировалась традиционная периодизация немецкого языка, впервые установленная Якобом Гримом, и наметившая основные вехи языкового развития. В соответствии с данной периодизацией история немецкого языка делится на три основных периода: древневерхненемецкий, средневерхненемецкий, нововерхненемецкий. The article is devoted to the study of confessional factors role in the history of the modern German language formation. The authors analyze the language situation, against which the traditional periodization of the German language was being formed, which was first established by Jacob Grim and outlined the main milestones of language development. In accordance with this periodization, the history of the German language is divided into three main periods: Old High German, Middle High German, New High German.

Роль конфессиональных факторов в социальной истории становления немецкого языка

Статья посвящена исследованию роли конфессиональных факторов в истории становления современного немецкого языка. Авторы анализируют языковую ситуацию, на фоне которой формировалась традиционная периодизация немецкого языка, впервые установленная Якобом Гримом, и наметившая основные вехи языкового развития. В соответствии с данной периодизацией история немецкого языка делится на три основных периода: древневерхненемецкий, средневерхненемецкий, нововерхненемецкий. The article is devoted to the study of confessional factors role in the history of the modern German language formation. The authors analyze the language situation, against which the traditional periodization of the German language was being formed, which was first established by Jacob Grim and outlined the main milestones of language development. In accordance with this periodization, the history of the German language is divided into three main periods: Old High German, Middle High German, New High German.

Political Stability of the Latin American Region in the Context of the Politicization of Religious Institution

Introduction. The research topicality is determined by the necessity of interior political proving of regions stable development in the conditions of religion institute politicization in 20th – 21st centuries. The purpose of the work is to analyze the influence of the confessional factor on the domestic political process in the Latin American region in the context of global trends of our time. Methods. The work uses methods of theoretical and applied political science analysis, methods of forecasting and modeling. The methodological basis of the work was the principles of systemic and constructivist approaches. Analysis. In the result of political science analysis of stable social and political issues development questions the explicative model of religion institute politicization processes influence to the sustainability of the Latin American region was offered. The theoretical importance of the research is in the reasons and tendencies revealing of religion institute politicization in the Latin American region. The practical importance of research is determined by the possibility of recommendation output of interior political support of the Latin American region in the conditions of social and cultural uncertainty. Authors’ contribution. E.V. Efanova – the concept of the study, collection and processing of materials; E.M. Drinova – research methodology, writing of the main text; N.Yu. Veremeev – analysis and translation of foreign sources.

“Our Ancient Religion”: To the Question of the Confessional Factor of Identity in the Hetmanshchyna (Second Half of the Seventeenth - Eighteenth Centuries)

“Our Ancient Religion”: To the Question of the Confessional Factor of Identity in the Hetmanshchyna (Second Half of the Seventeenth - Eighteenth Centuries)

THE IMAGE OF OLD BELIEVERS IN THE FOLKLORE TRADITION OF THE BELARUSIANS IN THE DVINA REGION (ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS OF THE XIX – THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY)

One of the most important places of compact settlement of Russian Old Believers in the Belarusian lands is located in the northern part of the country (in the Belarusian Dvina region). The process of Old Believers’ resettlement to this region began in the middle of the XVII century. In the article, on the basis of folklore and ethnographic sources, the image of Old Believers in the popular culture of the Belarusians of Padzvinnie in the XIX – early XXI centuries is considered. The significant part of the materials consisted of the author’s own writings, compiled during 2005–2021. One can conclude that confessional factor played an essential role in shaping the image of Old Believers. Religion played an exceptional role in the identity of Old Believers. Also, the isolated and closed lifestyle of Old Believers significantly influenced the number and character of contacts with the local Belarusian population. For the Belarusians in this region, their economic activities, language, way of life and rituals were also important in characterizing the “outsiders”. In the eyes of the Belarusan population, Old Believers were good farmers, artisans and merchants. The prohibition of smoking tobacco, alcoholism, strict observance of the given word and fasting are positive features of their household culture. But at the same time, some categories of the Old Believers’ population were ascribed magical powers, criticized simplified marriages and ignored the property rights of the indigenous population. At the same time, it should be noted that many perceptions in relation to the Old Believers as well as to the local Belarusian population, were ascribed to the representatives of other “alien” (ethnic, confessional, professional) communities and in many respects were caused by the features of perception in the conditions of the traditional society. The analysis of the materials of the modern field folklore ethnographical researches in the region testifies to the fact that starting from the middle of the XX century the distance in the interaction between the Belarusians and Russian Old Believers has significantly decreased, and the mutual relations are characterized by good-neighbourliness.

Культурно-конфессиональные факторы психологических различий адаптивной и преадаптивной смысловой регуляции

The relevance of studying the features of the meaning regulation of a person is due to the need to describe the mechanisms of the formation of meanings under the influence of cultural, social, historical and ideological aspects of his life. The authors present a theoretical analysis of the features of the formation of the system of personal meanings of people belonging to Western and Eastern Christianity. The purpose of the article is to identify the cultural and confessional factors of psychological differences in adaptive and preadaptive meaning regulation that exist among representatives of the Catholic and Orthodox branches of the Christian world. The paper analyzes the influence of various cultural and confessional factors on the meaning regulation of representatives of Catholicism and Orthodoxy. Catholicism and Orthodoxy, as the western and eastern branches of Christianity, have corresponding differences in the field of religious priorities: God's descent to earth at Christmas and likening to man against the divine Resurrection as a sacrifice for man; worldview: anthropocentrism against сhristocentrism; epistemological views: logical analysis and materialistic rationalism of the intellect and against the sacred unity of the relationship between man and nature; value attitudes: acceptance of one's imperfection against the desire for a divine prototype; cultural priorities: welfare versus sanctity; ethical beliefs: primacy of individual rights versus duties to the soul's conscience; social identities: self-affirmation based on law versus religious humility before spiritual precepts; political preferences: individual freedom versus the common good; legal concepts: legal contract versus moral union. Based on the analysis of the scientific works presented in this study, it is proposed to consider the cultural and confessional features of Catholicism as correlating mainly with the adaptive orientation of meaning-forming strategies, and Orthodoxy as correlating mainly with the preadaptive orientation of meaning-forming strategies.

Russia’s Most Volatile Region: Contemporary Extremist Threats to Global Security in the North Caucasus

Abstract At the beginning of the 21st century in the North Caucasus, the processes of depoliticizing ethnicity, which created an opportunity for a democratic restructuring of regional politics, gave way to the process of politicizing religion. A new stage of politicized regional identity, which began in the middle of the 2000s, in contrast to the beginning and the middle of the 1990s, is characterized by an active confessional factor in conflict processes in Russia’s most volatile region. Religious extremism as a protracted threat to regional and global security is becoming the main source of North Caucasian large-scale demodernization and ethnic mobilization. Current approaches to combating terrorism and extremism fuel existing social instability, inequality, disintegration, resentment and discontent with regional and federal authorities. As a result of many years of Russian counter-terrorism strategies (including the strategy of ‘collective responsibility’), the Caucasus Emirate has disintegrated and is almost non-functioning, however, this is also explained by an ideological expansion of ISIS in the region. Today, ISIS propaganda and reemerging Taliban find their audience between North Caucasian youth, agitating them to embark on the path of global jihad in Russia or abroad. Remaining unresolved and unsettled, protracted regional conflicts turn into religious extremism, giving rise to a new round of violence, the likelihood of overcoming which is significantly reduced. The long-term activities of ISIS and the growing role of the Taliban create favorable conditions for the further transformation of the North Caucasus into one of the influential geopolitical centers of contemporary jihadism.

Иноземное население Санкт-Петербурга первой половины XVIII столетия: опыт статистической реконструкции

The article systematizes data about the number of St. Petersburg foreign population in the first half of the 18th century, for the first time cites quantitative and qualitative indicators characterizing the religious, national and social composition of its foreign diaspora. The materials for the statistical reconstruction were the results of the analysis of the St. Petersburg Catholic and Protestant parish registers and the foreigners' databases created on the basis of these church books. To identify demographic structures, the authors used the methods of descriptive statistics and comparative analysis of statistical indicators, and to determine the number of foreigners (“inozemtsy”), they used the method of reconstructing values using constant coefficients expressing the ratio of the adult believers' number to the sum of church rites for a certain time period. As a result, they found that the greatest concentration of foreigners (at the level of 10-13%) in St. Petersburg was observed in the Petrine era, and under Anna Ioannovna and Empress Elizabeth Petrovna their share fell to 6-7%. The number of foreigners was a relatively constant value and amounted to about 4 thousands adult men and women at the end of the reign of Peter the Great, and about 4-5 thousand people of both sexes in the 1730s and 1740s. As parts of the foreign population, the authors separately took into account groups of Germans, French, Italians, Poles, Dutch people, Finns, Swedes, Armenians, Tatars, and other nationalities. The authors publish the results of a special study, during which the size of various religious groups of St. Petersburg residents was determined - such as Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, believers of the Armenian Apostolic Church. They substantiate the conclusion that initially it was not Germans, as is traditionally considered, but Swedes and Finns that prevailed among the foreigners of St. Petersburg, and only by the middle of the 18th century the Germans became the most common group of foreigners, accounting for about half of their number. The largest social stratum of the foreign population in the city was the craft-working (future petty-bourgeois), they included masters and apprentices of the guild craft, artisans, all kinds of civilian specialists and persons who were in service. In the 1730s, this layer of Petersburgians incorporated about three thousand foreigners of both sexes, they made up a significant percentage of the commercial and industrial population of the city and strengthened the stratum of Posadsky residents. Turning to the questions of the socioprofessional composition of the St. Petersburg foreign society of the first half of the 18th century, the authors came to the conclusion that the confessional factor affected the choosing of the type of activity by foreigners.

Ethnic and confessional factor in the Arab countries of the Eastern Mediterranean

The article analyzes the role of ethno-confessional factor in the social and political life of two Eastern Mediterranean Arab countries - Lebanon and Syria. It is emphasized that ethnic and confessional diversity in combination with cultural and civilizational specifics predetermines the peculiarities of political processes in the countries and their foreign policy orientations. The authors note the tendency of wide involvement of various ethnic and confessional groups in political processes. The authors come to the conclusion about significance of ethnic and confessional factors in the development of traditional societies in the Middle Eastern countries, including Syria and Lebanon. The ethno-confessional factor can both consolidate and mobilize society, as well as increase the potential for conflict and complicate the settlement process in multi-ethnic and multi-confessional countries of the region.

Факторы социальной консолидации в региональных сообществах на Юге России

The article analyzes three groups of factors of social consolidation (socio-cultural, socio-economic and socio-political) of the population of the South of Russia. According to the results of the study the author concludes that the hindering factors for the consolidation of the regional space in the South of Russia are the following: ethnic and confessional factors; the crisis of confidence; social and economic disadvantage; the underdevelopment of civil society and civil patriotism; the lack of South Russian macro-identity; the etatist (state) nature of patriotism.

ÇAĞDAŞ DÖVLƏTLƏRARASI KONFESSİONAL FAKTORLU MÜNAQİŞƏLƏRİN NİZAMLANMA PROBLEMLƏRİ

The essence, role and significance of the religious factor in the conflicts that have arisen in the new world order have become one of the most pressing problems of humanity today. The problems associated with the settlement and resolution of conflicts related to the coexistence of different religions in our time, in each case due to the mixing of socio-political conflicts. Peaceful resolution of religious-political conflicts has become the most important activity to enhance security and stability in today's world. Thus, this article examines the problems of conflict resolution and ways to resolve them. Key words: civilization, religion, confessional factor, interstate confrontation, conflict resolution

ХОЛОДНАЯ ВОЙНА КАК УСЛОВИЕ ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИОННОГО КОНСЕНСУСА. "НОВЫЙ АТЛАНТИЗМ" КАК ИДЕОЛОГИЯ БУДУЩЕГО

The article, based on the material of the American press, attempts to describe the possible direction of the future US administration's foreign policy towards China. It is concluded that the most realistic scenario is the continuation of a New Cold War with China, which was given the go-ahead by the Trump administration. The political balance between the interests of the upper and lower classes in American society will be achieved by bringing the conflict tension outside the Euro-Atlantic zone. The project of a New Cold War will allow the countries involved in this war to create a basis for solving the main problem of today-providing jobs for their own population, as well as to create and strengthen a bipartisan, left-right, or liberal-conservative consensus, similar to that formed after the Second World War in the United States and Europe on the basis of opposition to Soviet communism. An ideology that can be born out of the mutual elimination and mutual exhaustion of two unacceptable extremes in the post-quarantine era-liberal-globalism and national-populism-is called «new Atlanticism» in the article. The boundaries of Euro-Atlantic civilization, as well as the principles of its internal organization, will be determined within the framework of the «new Atlanticism» not by a confessional factor, but rather by a certain mobile set of secular attitudes ranging from moderate liberal conservatism to radical progressivism of the left-socialist sense.

ЭТНИЧЕСКИЕ И КОНФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ КАК ФАКТОР ЭТНОПОЛИТИЧЕСКОГО ПРОЦЕССА В КРЫМУ (ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ ОПРОСОВ)

The article identifies the factors of ethnic and interconfessional relations, conducts a comparative analysis of public opinion of the residents of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol on this topic. The article is carried out within the framework of the constructivist approach and is based on questionnaire surveys organized by political scientists of Kuban State University. As a result of the analysis of the development of ethnopolitical relations, the authors explain a decrease in the level of conflict between general political, ethnic and confessional factors. The economic and socio-demographic factors of ethnopolitical relations are still significant. The territorial contrast of ethnopolitical and confessional relations in the Crimea remains. Interethnic and inter-confessional relations are assessed by the respondents as personally significant and influencing political processes, to a greater extent in the Republic of Crimea. Interethnic and interconfessional relations are perceived as a significant factor of development dependent on socio-economic and political circumstances. The inter-group distances are reduced in relation to Russians and Orthodox Christians and increased in relation to Crimean Tatars and Muslims. The asymmetry of perceptions of conflict between ethnic and confessional groups is established. Civil identity is most common among Russian youth, the least common among Crimean Tatar.

Дело антисоветской баптистской группы в Щучье-Озерском районе Пермской области: этноконфессиональный аспект массовых операций 1937–1938 годов

Mass repressive operations of the 1930s are really remained one of the most relevant topics for research. At the present stage of development of historical science, key attention is paid to the direction of mass operations of the 1930s-Kulak, national lines (Polish, German, etc.), and the identification of local features of their realization. Recently, historians have paid great attention to the implementation of the internal logic and mechanisms of mass repressive actions. We can say that the focus of research is shifting to the micro-historical field: to individuals who suffered from repression, to small settlements in which arrests were especially widespread. This approach allows us to see important details and features which could not be found in the generalized works devoted to mass operations of the 1930s: distortions of central directives on the ground, the influence of local specifics, and so on. In this study the author has made an attempt to determine and analyze the specifics of ethno-confessional aspect of mass operations by the example of the case of the anti-Soviet Baptist group in the Shchuchye-Ozersk district of Perm region. The aim of the work was to identify and analyze the directions of repressive actions by the example of this case, to study the role of ethnic and confessional factors in the course of mass operations in places of compact residence of Germans. Both narrative and traditional analytical methods were used as methodological tools of the research: historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historicaltypological. The main sources the author relied on were the written ones which were included in archival and investigative cases: questionnaires of arrested persons, interrogation protocols, indictments, materials of court sessions, etc. As a result, the author identified several areas, or storylines, of the case of the anti-Soviet Baptist group in Shchuchye-Ozersk district of Perm region: espionage, Kulak, ethnic and confessional; the internal logic of the case was reconstructed, it has been shown as accusation accents shifted due to the influence of political conjuncture, also the author has mentioned the influence of natural factors on the outcome of the trial.

Confessional Factor in the 1920 Anti-British Uprising in Iraq

Confessional Factor in the 1920 Anti-British Uprising in Iraq