Conference On Decision And Control Research Articles

A Hybrid Electrochemical Multi-Particle Model for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Over the years, physics-based models have proven to be effective tools in understanding the behavior of lithium-ion batteries, which is favorable for enhancing their design and performance. Among the various physics-based models, the Doyle-Fuller-Newman (DFN) model [1] has emerged as the most widely used model due to its ability to simulate battery behavior accurately. However, it has been observed that the DFN model performs poorly in the relaxation region after discharge, which might result in inaccurate battery simulations. The Multiple-Particle DFN (MP-DFN) model [2] has been proposed to address this issue. The MP-DFN model uses multiple electrode particle sizes to allow internal concentration heterogeneities, accurately capturing the slow diffusion processes. However, the MP-DFN model comes at a relatively high computational cost. The diffusion process within the solid electrode particles, typically modeled by Fick’s 2nd law, is the most computationally expensive part of the DFN model. Multiple particle sizes will increase the computational burden, leading to a longer calculation time. Padé approximations have been suggested to replace the commonly used finite difference method (FDM), reducing the computational burden [3]. However, this simplification may not work for larger particle sizes and/or low diffusion coefficients. To address these challenges, a Hybrid-Multiple-Particle DFN (HMP-DFN) model has been developed in this study. The model uses a combination of the FDM and Padé approximation for the various particle sizes in the electrodes. The scaled diffusion length [4] determines whether the FDM or Padé method for a specific particle in the electrode should be applied.A simulative comparison has been performed between MP-DFN, HMP-DFN, and Padé approximation using the fourth order for all particles (PMP-DFN) and the DFN with one particle size using the average value from the particle distribution. In this comparison, the MP-DFN model has been used as a reference as it is considered the most accurate. The main results are shown in Fig.1, which reveal that the DFN model gives the largest simulation errors, especially at the cut-off and relaxation parts. The PMP-DFN shows a relatively good agreement with the MP-DFN and is 60% faster in simulation time. However, relatively large errors can be observed at the beginning of discharge and in the relaxation region, resulting in a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.4 mV and a maximum error of 8 mV. The HMP-DFN model shows remarkable accuracy in comparison to the MP-DFN model. It neglects the errors from the PMP-DFN model at the initial stage and decreases the error in the relaxation significantly, giving an RMSE below 0.06 mV, a maximum error below 1 mV, and a more than 40% faster simulation time in comparison to the MP-DFN model. Therefore, due to the decreased computation time with respect to the MP-DFN and the low simulation error, the HMP-DFN model is a suitable and practical tool for accurately simulating battery behavior and optimizing battery design.[1] M. Doyle, J. Newman, The use of mathematical modeling in the design of lithium/polymer battery systems, Electrochimica Acta. 40 (1995) 2191–2196, doi:10.1016/0013-4686(95)00162-8.[2] T.L. Kirk, C.P. Please, S.J. Chapman, Physical Modelling of the Slow Voltage Relaxation Phenomenon in Lithium-Ion Batteries, J. Electrochem. Soc. 168 (2021) 060554, doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ac0bf7.[3] G. Fan, K. Pan, M. Marcello, A comparison of model order reduction techniques for electrochemical characterization of Lithium-ion batteries, 54th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), Osaka, Japan (2015) 3922-3931, doi:10.1109/CDC.2015.7402829.[4] K. H. Chayambuka, G. Mulder, D. Danilov, P. Notten, A Hybrid Backward Euler Control Volume Method to Solve the Concentration-Dependent Solid-State Diffusion Problem in Battery Modeling, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics (2020), doi:10.4236/jamp.2020.86083. Fig. 1. Discharge voltage curves (1.5C) and corresponding relaxation parts simulated with various model types (a); the error curves of the comparison between the HMP-DFN, PMP-DFN, and DFN with the MP-DFN (b). Figure 1

Toward carbon-neutral electricity and mobility: Is the grid infrastructure ready?

Toward carbon-neutral electricity and mobility: Is the grid infrastructure ready?

CSS Conferences: A "New Normal"? [President's Message

Following the engaging article, “Toward Autonomous Operations: An Industrialist’s Perspective,” by Peter Terwiesch (president, ABB Process Automation business area) in the “President’s Message” in the April issue of this magazine, it is my pleasure to welcome you to my second column of 2021. I will focus on our IEEE Control Systems Society (CSS) conferences, namely, the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) and the IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications (CCTA).

An Adaptive Control Scheme for Interleukin-2 Therapy.

SummaryRegulatory T cells (Treg) are suppressor cells that control self-reactive and excessive effector conventional T helper cell (Tconv) responses. Breakdown of the balance between Tregs and Tconvs is a hallmark of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a growth factor for both populations and subtle leverage to restore the healthy immune balance in IL-2 therapy. By using a mechanistic mathematical model, we introduced an adaptive control strategy to design the minimal therapeutic IL-2 dosage required to increase and stabilize Treg population and restrict inflammatory response. This adaptive protocol allows for dose adjustments based on the feedback of the immune kinetics of the patient. Our simulation results showed that a minimal Treg population was required to restrict the transient side effect of IL-2 injections on the effector Tconv response. In silico results suggested that a combination of IL-2 and adoptive Treg transfer therapies can limit this side effect.

Technical Committee on Nonlinear Systems and Control [Technical Activities

The IEEE Control Systems Society (CSS) Technical Committee on Nonlinear Systems and Control (TCNSC) aims to advance the development of nonlinear systems and control theory and promote its practical applications. The TCNSC currently has 34 CSS members at all grade levels of IEEE membership, including several members of the editorial board of IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, and the CSS Conference Editorial Board. TCNSC members have also been active as members of the editorial boards of other world-leading academic journals, such as Automatica and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) Journal on Control and Optimization, and in the organization of the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), the American Control Conference (ACC), and other major meetings. TCNSC is constantly expanding its membership to better reflect traditional and emerging directions in nonlinear systems and control. TCNSC has held regular meetings at ACC and CDC, with the most recent held at the CDC 2016 in Osaka, Japan, jointly with the International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC) Technical Committee on Nonlinear Control Systems.

Technical Committee on Discrete-Event Systems [Technical Activities

The IEEE Control Systems Society Technical Committee (TC) on Discrete-Event Systems (DESTC) was established on June 1, 1999 and subsumes the activities of the Working Group on DESs. The TC's focus is to promote communication between DES researchers, scholars, students, and practitioners. The TC website is http://discrete-event-systems.ieeecss.org/. DESTC currently has approximately 240 members, and TC meetings are usually held during the American Control Conference (ACC) and/or the Conference on Decision and Control (CDC); in 2016, meetings were held during both conferences. A mailing list of all committee members was created, and a monthly e-newsletter is sent with updates on recent research progress and opportunities in the field. This column summarizes the 2016 activities of the DESTC.

Two-Degree-of-Freedom Controller Design for an Ill-Conditioned Process Using H2 Decoupling Control

In this paper, a two-degree-of-freedom (TDOF) controller is designed for an ill-conditioned process based on the H2 decoupling control method. The ill-conditioned process considered stems from the benchmark problem formulated in the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). The goal of this paper is to show that lower order controllers can be reached with respect to the given plant and the corresponding design specifications. The orders of the designed TDOF controllers are 2 and 1, respectively, which is much lower than the previously developed methods. The additional benefit is that the new design procedure is simpler than the developed methods as well. In the proposed design procedure, no weight function needs to be chosen and the controller is given in an analytical form. Simulation shows that the designed controllers satisfy all design specifications of the CDC problem.

CDC Photo Album [About This Issue

This issue of IEEE Control Systems Magazine celebrates the occasion of the 50th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) as a major milestone in the field of systems and control. For a half century, our community has gathered to present, discuss, and share insights and accomplishments. The CDC has evolved from a small meeting held on college campuses to a major gathering held in world-class settings.

Feedback

On the occasion of the 50th Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), it is my pleasure to provide a brief history of the “birth” of the CDC.

Conferences on Decision and Control [President's Message

I'm writing this message around the time of the 49th Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia. I have attended many CDCs (approximately 20), beginning with Athens in 1986. At that time, with my thesis having been accepted, I was a fresh lecturer (assistant professor), excited about adaptive control, robotics, difference operator representations, and many other things. This excitement was tempered by the trip itself, which seemed endless.

Research, a Never-Ending Story [President's Message

When I think back to my early days of research at the beginning of the 1980s, I observe how the field of control has evolved during a time span of almost 30 years. This evolution is evident when attending the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) over the years. Using IEEE Xplore and the old-fashioned hard copy proceedings, which are still available in the Electrical Engineering Library of my university, CDC sessions have been aggregated into several macro areas of research and then divided into 'theory-oriented' and 'application oriented' areas. Rather than showing results for each year, I include an average analysis consisting of periods of four years. This averaging avoids the presence of some spurious artificial peaks that I observed in some years. I start my analysis in 1982, which is the year I attended my first CDC in Orlando.

CDC/CCC 2009--A Shanghai Journey [CDC Preview

The IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) will be held December 16-19, 2009, in conjunction with the Chinese Control Conference (CCC) in the historically important Chinese city of commerce, Shanghai.

43rd International Conference on Decision and Control (IEEE CDC 2004)

Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) conducted every year by the Control Systems Society (CSS) of the International Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is the oldest major conference on automatic control. It dates back to the First Symposium on Adaptive Processes held in 1962 in USA. Its popularity is explained by its high scientific level, quick publication of reports (three month after the last revision), and it is traditionally held in December, as a rule, at sites with warm climate. In the opinion of the Past and Present Chairmen of the Society [1], CDC is a historical rendezvous for the members of the Control Systems Society. where they can meet and know about latest advances, and where the sessions of the Council of Directors are held. It is here the Bode lectures are read, prizes are awarded, and Fellows of the Society are elected. The 43rd CDC was held in December 14–17, 2004 at the Atlantis Hotel, Nassau (The Bahamas) and sponsored by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), Japanese Society of Instrument and Control Engineers (SICE), and European Control Association (EUCA). C. Cassandros (Boston University) and W. Gong (Massachusetts University) chaired the Organizing and Program Committees, respectively. The program included 936 sectional reports carefully chosen from a total 1879 submitted reports, i.e., less than 50% of submitted reports were approved. Russia was represented by G. Kurin (Voronezh Forestry Engineering Academy), D. Efimov (Institute of Mechanical Engineering, St. Petersburg) and I. The Russian delegation was sponsored by the Control Systems Society. The Conference was held in honor of the 50th CSS Anniversary to trace the development of the Society and Conferences on Decision and Control, as well as to review the state-of-the-art in control as a whole. Without going into details, I would like to outline my impression on the conference, which, in my opinion, may be of interest to the readers. First I would like to say a few words as to how reports are selected. Selection is rather strict and based on reviews of full texts of reports. Therefore reports are of high level, probably, higher than that of IFAC World Congress, for which about 65–70% of submitted reports are approved (though the number of reports at the IFAC Congress is usually greater). Reports are reviewed by the Conference Editorial Board consisting of more than 100 expert editors from different countries appointed by the Council of Directors of the Society for several years. Editors work on honorary basis and are independent of the Program Committee. Every report is assigned a set of key words in accordance with the theme of the paper for the editor. The editor forwards the reports to few reviewers and submits an approval or a rejection recommendation to the Program Committee on the basis of the reviews from at least two independent reviewers. Since the conference is held annually, there is less than ten months between the last date of submission of reports (March 1) and date of commencement of the conference, and about five months for reviewing

The IEEE Conference on Decision and Control - tracing CDC history

This paper provides comments on the history of the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), identifies some events memorable to the attendees, and anticipates the nature of future meetings. From the list of conferences provided, one can readily identify the growth that both the CDC and the Society have experienced over the years.

42nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC)

42nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC)

On the Genericity of the Observability of Uncontrolled Discrete Nonlinear Systems

Previous article On the Genericity of the Observability of Uncontrolled Discrete Nonlinear SystemsJ. C. VivaldaJ. C. Vivaldahttps://doi.org/10.1137/S0363012902403997PDFBibTexSections ToolsAdd to favoritesExport CitationTrack CitationsEmail SectionsAboutAbstractIn this paper, it is proven that, generically, a nonlinear discrete system given on a compact manifold X is observable.[1] Ralph Abraham and , Joel Robbin, Transversal mappings and flows, An appendix by Al Kelley, W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York‐Amsterdam, 1967x+161 39:2181 Google Scholar[2] Dirk Aeyels, Generic observability of differentiable systems, SIAM J. Control Optim., 19 (1981), 595–603 83f:58044 LinkISIGoogle Scholar[3] Dirk Aeyels, On the number of samples necessary to achieve observability, Systems Control Lett., 1 (1981/82), 92–94 83i:93007 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar[4] Google Scholar[5] J. Gauthier and , I. Kupka, Observability for systems with more outputs than inputs and asymptotic observers, Math. Z., 223 (1996), 47–78 97i:93022 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar[6] M. Golubitsky and , V. Guillemin, Stable mappings and their singularities, Springer‐Verlag, 1973x+209, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, Vol. 14 49:6269 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[7] J. Stark, Delay embeddings for forced systems. I. Deterministic forcing, J. Nonlinear Sci., 9 (1999), 255–332 10.1007/s003329900072 2000e:37020 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar[8] Floris Takens, Detecting strange attractors in turbulence, Lecture Notes in Math., Vol. 898, Springer, Berlin, 1981, 366–381 83i:58065 Google Scholar[9] Hassler Whitney, Elementary structure of real algebraic varieties, Ann. of Math. (2), 66 (1957), 545–556 20:2342 CrossrefISIGoogle ScholarKeywordsobservabilitydiscrete-time systemstransversality Previous article FiguresRelatedReferencesCited ByDetails Strong Differential Observability for Sampled-Time SystemsSabeur Ammar, Jean-Claude Vivalda, and Basma ZitouniSIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, Vol. 58, No. 6 | 17 December 2020AbstractPDF (535 KB)Genericity of the Strong Observability for Sampled SystemsSabeur Ammar, Majid Massaoud, and Jean-Claude VivaldaSIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, Vol. 56, No. 2 | 17 April 2018AbstractPDF (544 KB)On the stability of a differential Riccati equation for continuous-discrete observersInternational Journal of Control, Vol. 89, No. 2 | 28 August 2015 Cross Ref Direct Filtering: A New Approach to Optimal Filter Design for Nonlinear SystemsIEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 58, No. 1 | 1 Jan 2013 Cross Ref The filter design from data (FD2) problem: parametric-statistical approachInternational Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, Vol. 22, No. 16 | 13 September 2011 Cross Ref High-Speed Piecewise Affine Virtual SensorsIEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 59, No. 2 | 1 Feb 2012 Cross Ref A new approach to optimal filter design for nonlinear systemsProceedings of the 48h IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) held jointly with 2009 28th Chinese Control Conference | 1 Dec 2009 Cross Ref Impulsive Control of Discrete Systems With Time DelayIEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 54, No. 4 | 1 Apr 2009 Cross Ref On the genericity of the differential observability of controlled discrete-time systems2008 47th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control | 1 Jan 2008 Cross Ref On the Genericity of the Differential Observability of Controlled Discrete-Time SystemsSabeur Ammar, Mohamed Mabrouk, and Jean-Claude VivaldaSIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, Vol. 46, No. 6 | 21 December 2007AbstractPDF (236 KB)Filter design from data: direct vs. two-step approaches2006 American Control Conference | 1 Jan 2006 Cross Ref NONLINEAR VIRTUAL SENSORS DESIGN FROM DATAIFAC Proceedings Volumes, Vol. 39, No. 1 | 1 Jan 2006 Cross Ref On the genericity of the observability of controlled discrete-time systemsESAIM: Control, Optimisation and Calculus of Variations, Vol. 11, No. 2 | 15 March 2005 Cross Ref Volume 42, Issue 4| 2003SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization1143-1522 History Published online:26 July 2006 InformationCopyright © 2003 Society for Industrial and Applied MathematicsKeywordsobservabilitydiscrete-time systemstransversalityMSC codes57R4093B0793B2793C55PDF Download Article & Publication DataArticle DOI:10.1137/S0363012902403997Article page range:pp. 1509-1522ISSN (print):0363-0129ISSN (online):1095-7138Publisher:Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics

Stability chart for the delayed Mathieu equation

In the space of system parameters, the closedform stability chart is determined for the delayed Mathieu equation defined as (t)(cost)x(t) bx(t2). This stability chart makes the connection between t...

On alternative approaches to linearization and Morison's equation for wave forces

Restricted accessMoreSectionsView PDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Cite this article Wolfram Julian 1999On alternative approaches to linearization and Morison's equation for wave forcesProc. R. Soc. Lond. A.4552957–2974http://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1999.0434SectionRestricted accessOn alternative approaches to linearization and Morison's equation for wave forces Julian Wolfram Julian Wolfram Department of Civil and shore Engineering, Heriot–Watt University, Edinburgh EH9 1UD, UK Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author Julian Wolfram Julian Wolfram Department of Civil and shore Engineering, Heriot–Watt University, Edinburgh EH9 1UD, UK Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author Published:08 August 1999https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1999.0434AbstractThe limitations of the ‘equivalent linearization’ approach are discussed and an alternative approach is advocated based on the idea of ‘corresponding linear forms’ which give unbiased estimates for the output quantity required from an analysis. The application of the alternative approach is illustrated by developing corresponding linear forms for Morison's equation applicable to the estimation of extreme wave loading and the estimation of wave–induced fatigue loading. These corresponding linear forms differ only in a linearization factor and expressions for this are obtained for both cases. It is shown that the linearization factor varies not just with the nature of the output but also with the relative magnitudes of the drag and inertia terms in Morison's equation. The application of the alternative approach to the oscillatory motion of bodies is discussed briefly. Previous ArticleNext Article VIEW FULL TEXT DOWNLOAD PDF FiguresRelatedReferencesDetailsCited by Faedo N, Peña-Sanchez Y and Ringwood J (2020) Parametric representation of arrays of wave energy converters for motion simulation and unknown input estimation: A moment-based approach, Applied Ocean Research, 10.1016/j.apor.2020.102055, 98, (102055), Online publication date: 1-May-2020. da Silva L, Cazzolato B, Sergiienko N, Ding B, Morishita H and Pesce C (2020) Statistical linearization of the Morison’s equation applied to wave energy converters, Journal of Ocean Engineering and Marine Energy, 10.1007/s40722-020-00165-9, 6:2, (157-169), Online publication date: 1-May-2020. Faedo N, Garcia-Violini D, Scarciotti G, Astolfi A and Ringwood J (2019) Robust Moment-Based Energy-Maximising Optimal Control of Wave Energy Converters 2019 IEEE 58th Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), 10.1109/CDC40024.2019.9029578, 978-1-7281-1398-2, (4286-4291) Levchuk K (2018) Engineering Tools and Technologies of Freeing of the Stuck Metal Drilling String, METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII, 10.15407/mfint.40.01.0045, 40:1, (45-137), Online publication date: 5-May-2018. Kim H, Lee K and Jang B (2018) A linearization coefficient for Morison force considering the intermittent effect due to free surface fluctuation, Ocean Engineering, 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.04.025, 159, (139-149), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2018. Li L, Jiang Z, Vangdal Høiland A and Chen Ong M (2018) Numerical Analysis of a Vessel-Shaped Offshore Fish Farm, Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 10.1115/1.4039131, 140:4, Online publication date: 1-Aug-2018. Gam M, Jang B and Park J (2017) A study on the fatigue analysis for a vertical caisson on FPSO subjected to the nonlinear wave loading, Ocean Engineering, 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.03.057, 137, (151-165), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2017. Pryor S and Barthelmie R (2013) Renewable Energy Resources – Ocean Energy Climate Vulnerability, 10.1016/B978-0-12-384703-4.00311-7, (65-81), . Ballard Z and Mann B (2013) Two-Dimensional Nonlinear Analysis of an Untethered Spherical Buoy Due to Wave Loading, Journal of Computational and Nonlinear Dynamics, 10.1115/1.4024887, 8:4, Online publication date: 1-Oct-2013. Karadeniz H, Saka M and Togan V (2013) Water Wave Theories and Wave Loads Stochastic Analysis of Offshore Steel Structures, 10.1007/978-1-84996-190-5_3, (177-252), . Garrè L and Der Kiureghian A (2010) Tail-Equivalent Linearization Method in frequency domain and application to marine structures, Marine Structures, 10.1016/j.marstruc.2010.07.006, 23:3, (322-338), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2010. Arena F and Nava V (2008) On linearization of Morison force given by high three-dimensional sea wave groups, Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 10.1016/j.probengmech.2007.12.010, 23:2-3, (104-113), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2008. Socha L Applications of Linearization Methods in Vibration Analysis of Stochastic Mechanical Structures Linearization Methods for Stochastic Dynamic Systems, 10.1007/978-3-540-72997-6_9, (281-340) Socha L (2005) Linearization in Analysis of Nonlinear Stochastic Systems, Recent Results—Part II: Applications, Applied Mechanics Reviews, 10.1115/1.1995715, 58:5, (303-315), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2005. Lin W, Su C and Tang Y (2020) Explicit Time-Domain Approach for Random Vibration Analysis of Jacket Platforms Subjected to Wave Loads, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10.3390/jmse8121001, 8:12, (1001) Uthamanthil N and Drake K (2021) An investigation into the influence of analysis methods upon fatigue damage predictions for jack-up rigs, Ships and Offshore Structures, 10.1080/17445302.2021.1912458, (1-11) Zheng Z, Chen J, Liang H, Zhao Y and Shao Y (2020) Hydrodynamic Responses of a 6 MW Spar-Type Floating Offshore Wind Turbine in Regular Waves and Uniform Current, Fluids, 10.3390/fluids5040187, 5:4, (187) Lemmer F, Yu W and Cheng P (2018) Iterative Frequency-Domain Response of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines with Parametric Drag, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10.3390/jmse6040118, 6:4, (118) This Issue08 August 1999Volume 455Issue 1988 Article InformationDOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1999.0434Published by:Royal SocietyPrint ISSN:1364-5021Online ISSN:1471-2946History: Published online08/08/1999Published in print08/08/1999 License: Citations and impact Keywordsfatiguewave forcelinearizationextreme loadingoffshore structuresMorison's equation

Two-degree-of-freedom controller design for an ill-conditioned distillation process using μ-synthesis

The structured singular value framework is applied to a distillation benchmark problem formulated for the 1991 IEEE Conference on decision and control (CDC). A two degree of freedom controller, which satisfies all control objectives of the CDC problem, is designed using /spl mu/-synthesis. The design methodology is presented and special attention is paid to the approximation of given control objectives into frequency domain weights.

1995 CSS Conferences

his is a survey of papers appearing in the published proceedings of four technical conferences sponsored by the IEEE Control Systems Society during 1995. The four conferences chosen for the survey were: the American Control Conference (ACC), held June 21-June 23 in Seattle, WA; the International Symposium on Intelligent Control (ISIC), held Aug. 27-29 in Monterey, CA; the Conference on Control Applications (CCA), held Sept. 28-29 in Albany, N.Y.; and the Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), held Dec. 13-15 in New Orleans, LA. Several graphs are presented to summarize the result of scanning nearly 10,150 pages of proceedings.