Pine Cone Research Articles

Identification of pollinators of lesser twayblade Neottia cordata with DNA barcoding reveals strong links with pine forest‐related fauna

Many European terrestrial orchids are in decline. To curb this negative trend and preserve remaining populations, more ecological knowledge is needed. Surprisingly little is known yet about the identity and efficiency of pollinators of lesser twayblade Neottia cordata, a small terrestrial orchid species associated with pine trees through joint mycorrhizae. We identified its small and inconspicuous pollinators with DNA barcoding and assessed its fruit set with the help of observations submitted to various nature platforms. We caught pollinators on Terschelling in the Netherlands during the flowering season of 2013 and 2014. Insects were identified with 28S and COI sequences obtained from both fresh and museum‐preserved material identified by specialists. Several pollinators were detected, belonging to either parasitoid wasps (Braconidae) and spider wasps (Pompilidae), active during sunny periods, or fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae and Sciaridae), active during overcast conditions. Combined pollinator efforts resulted in a continuous average fruit set above 70% in Europe over the past 135 years. The parasitoid wasps were identified as Bracon pineti and Blacus sp., which strongly depend on pine trees for their prey. The fungus gnats were identified as Austrosciara hyalipennis, Trichosia lengersdorfi, Allodia lugens and Phronia forcipata. All four species are known to deposit their eggs in the vicinity of fruiting bodies of cone caps Strobilurus stephanocystis, mushrooms growing on pine cones, as their larvae feed on the fungi. Priocnemis pertubator and Anoplius viaticus (Pompilidae) are also important pollinators. Results obtained show that lesser twayblade is even more intricately linked to pine forest ecosystems than previously thought. Management of growth sites of N. cordata should be tailored towards preserving pine tree forests with plots that are constantly being rejuvenated to generate young pine trees and prevent succession towards birch–oak forests. Such forests not only provide mycorrhizal fungi and layers of needle litter needed for germination and development of the seeds of this orchid but also pinewood‐decaying fungi that provide egg deposition sites and food for its pollinators.

Revision of the Lower Cretaceous ovulate cone Pinus belgica Alvin (1960), one of the oldest representatives of Pinus

Revision of the Lower Cretaceous ovulate cone Pinus belgica Alvin (1960), one of the oldest representatives of Pinus

HealthWise: AI-Powered Medical Chatbot with Llama 2

This research paper presents the development of a medical chatbot utilizing cutting- edge technologies, specifically the Langchain framework and the Llama 2 language model, in conjunction with the PineCone database for efficient data storage and retrieval. The primary objective of this project is to create an intelligent conversational agent capable of providing reliable medical information, assisting users in symptom assessment, and guiding them towards appropriate healthcare resources. The integration of Langchain facilitates seamless interaction between the user interface and the underlying LLM, enabling natural language understanding and generation. Leveraging the advanced capabilities of the Llama 2 model ensures that the chatbot can engage in meaningful dialogues while maintaining context and relevance. Additionally, PineCone serves as a robust solution for managing and indexing medical data, enhancing the chatbot's ability to deliver accurate and context-aware responses. This study explores the design, implementation, and potential implications of our medical chatbot, contributing to the emerging field of AI-driven healthcare solutions and underscoring its role in improving patient engagement and access to medical advice. Keywords – Medical Chatbot, Langchain, Llama-2, Pine Cone, Natural Language Processing, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Generative Artificial Intelligence.

Cones of invasive pines are significant firebrands in Patagonia

Cones of invasive pines are significant firebrands in Patagonia

Quality Assessment of Edible Plant-Based Fixed Oils Using Different Analytical Techniques and Machine Learning Approaches

Plant-based carrier oils are constantly gaining popularity for their beneficial health effects on human organisms, thus shifting consumers’ preferences to alternative options in the oil market. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of twenty-six edible plant-based fixed oils via chromatographic, chromatic, and spectroscopic techniques, suggesting their potential use as complementary edible oil sources. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and a-linolenic acids were found in considerable proportions, whereas the majority of oils possessed unsaturated (UFA)/saturated (SFA) fatty acid ratio greater than 1.6, suggesting their function in lowering blood pressure and preventing cardiovascular disease. Linseed, chia seed, macadamia, and canola oils provide a balanced intake of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) within the range of 1:1 to 5:1. Oxidative stability was inversely related to oils’ PUFA content, with linseed, chia seed, pine cone, and walnut oils being the least stable oils against oxidation. Chlorophyll content in all oils was below the limit (50 mg/kg), preventing oxidation in the presence of light, whereas the highest values of b-carotene were noticed in soybean, linseed, and canola oils (61.18, 60.42, and 60.12 ppm, respectively). The application of machine learning algorithms for analyzing ATR-FTIR band intensities and FA proportions via discriminant analysis succeeded in discriminating pulp from seed oils, with a classification accuracy of 96.0% and 88.0%, respectively.

Mechanisms of rapid plant community change from the Miocene Succor Creek flora, Oregon and Idaho (USA).

The fossil record of the U.S. Pacific Northwest preserves many Middle Miocene floras with potential for revealing long-term climate-vegetation dynamics during the Miocene Climatic Optimum. However, the possibility of strong, eccentricity-paced climate oscillations and concurrent, intense volcanism may obscure the signature of prevailing, long-term Miocene climate change. To test the hypothesis that volcanic disturbance drove Middle Miocene vegetation dynamics, high-resolution, stratigraphic pollen records and other paleobotanical data from nine localities of the Sucker Creek Formation were combined with sedimentological and geochemical evidence of disturbance within an updated chronostratigraphic framework based on new U-Pb zircon ages from tuffs. The new ages establish a refined, minimum temporal extent of the Sucker Creek Formation, ~15.8 to ~14.8 Ma, and greatly revise the local and regional chronostratigraphic correlations of its dispersed outcrop belt. Our paleoecological analysis at one ~15.52 Ma locality reveals two abrupt shifts in pollen spectra coinciding with the deposition of thick ash-flow tuffs, wherein vegetation dominated by Cupressaceae/Taxaceae, probably representing a Glyptostrobus oregonensis swamp, and upland conifers was supplanted by early-successional forests with abundant Alnus and Betula. Another ephemeral shift from Cupressaceae/Taxaceae swamp taxa in favor of upland conifers Pinus and Tsuga correlates with a shift from low-Ti shale to high-Ti claystone, suggesting a link between altered surface hydrology and vegetation. In total, three rapid vegetation shifts coincide with ash-flow tuffs and are attributed to volcanic disturbance. Longer-term variability between localities, spanning ~1 Myr of the Miocene Climatic Optimum, is chiefly attributed to eccentricity-paced climate change. Overall, Succor Creek plant associations changed frequently over ≤105 years timespans, reminiscent of Quaternary vegetation records. Succor Creek stratigraphic palynology suggests that numerous and extensive collection of stratigraphically controlled samples is necessary to understand broader vegetation trends through time.

Capturing drought stress signals: The potential of dendrometers for monitoring tree water status.

The severity of droughts is expected to increase with climate change, leading to more frequent tree mortality and a decline in forest ecosystem services. Consequently, there is an urgent need for monitoring networks to provide early warnings of drought impacts on forests. Dendrometers capturing stem diameter variations may offer a simple and relatively low-cost opportunity. However, the links between stem shrinkage, a direct expression of tree water deficit (TWD), and hydraulic stress are not well understood thus far. In this study, we exposed two widespread conifers Pinus sylvestris and Larix decidua to lethal dehydration by withholding water and closely monitored TWD, midday water potential ($\psi $), and midday stomatal conductance ($g_{s}$) under controlled greenhouse conditions. We found strong relationships between the three variables throughout the dehydration process, particularly suggesting the potential for continuous $\psi $ predictions and stomatal closure assessments. However, the relationships decoupled during recovery from severe drought. We also identified TWD thresholds that signal the onset of drought stress and tissue damage, providing insights into stress impacts and recovery potential. While these findings are promising, challenges remain in practically transferring them to field set-ups by suitable TWD normalization. Importantly, we observed that midday $g_{s}$ was drastically reduced when TWD persisted overnight, providing a directly applicable drought stress signal that does not require normalization. In conclusion, while challenges remain, our results highlight the potential of dendrometers for monitoring tree water dynamics. Implementing dendrometer networks could support the development of early-warning metrics for drought impacts, enabling large-scale monitoring in diverse settings, such as urban areas and forest ecosystems.

Evaluating sustainability of CO2-mediated pyrolysis of lignocellulose

Despite the growing interest in biomass as a carbon–neutral resource, technical challenges have limited its comprehensive utilization. Pyrolysis has emerged as a promising method for reducing the carbon footprint by more effectively valorizing carbon in biomass. This study investigated the use of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the pyrolysis of pine cone (PC), a lignocellulosic biomass. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed that lignin was the primary component of the PC. Characterization and quantification of the three pyrolytic products (syngas, biocrude, and biochar) revealed that CO2 enhanced CO production and the surface area of the biochar, thereby improving its CO2 adsorption capacity. Additional heat and a Ni catalyst further amplified CO2′s functionality. The sustainability of the proposed pyrolysis system was evaluated by calculating energy requirements of the pyrolysis processes and the net CO2 emissions. Catalytic pyrolysis under CO2 was the most effective, achieving a reduction of 3.34 g of CO2 per gram of PC.

Dyeing of banana-silk union fabrics with cochineal using different concentrations of bio-mordant

Banana (Musa × paradisiaca L.) is a lignocellulosic natural fiber that can be processed to produce eco-friendly and biodegradable hybrid fabrics when combined with other fibers. Natural-dyed banana fiber can be utilized in the production of sustainable materials for wearable products, household linens, technical textiles, and apparel. In this study, banana-silk union fabrics, pre-treated with bio-mordant at concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%, were dyed separately using cochineal insect extract (Dactylopius coccus Costa). To assess the dyeability of the banana-silk union fabric, Anatolian black pine cones (Pinus nigra subsp. pallassiana) were utilized as a bio-mordant, with varying quantities. The CIELab values of the dyeings were measured and compared. Additionally, the chemical composition of the cochineal extract, pinecone mordant, raw fabric, and selected dyed fabrics was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The washing, light, and rubbing fastness properties of the dyed banana-silk union fabrics were also evaluated and compared. This study developed a method for weaving union fabric by blending two distinct natural yarns, namely banana and silk, to reduce dependence on a single fiber and promote the utilization of agricultural waste.

Optimization and Modeling of Bio-coagulation Using Pine Cone as a Natural Coagulant: Jar Test and Pilot-Scale Applications

Optimization and Modeling of Bio-coagulation Using Pine Cone as a Natural Coagulant: Jar Test and Pilot-Scale Applications

Solanapyrone analogues from endophytic Nigrospora sphaerica MZW-A associated with the endangered conifer Pinus wangii

Eight previously undescribed solanapyrone analogues, sphasolanapyrones A–H (1–8), together with four structurally related known compounds (9–12) were obtained from the solid fermentation of Nigrospora sphaerica MZW-A, an endophytic fungus isolated from the fresh branches of the endangered conifer Pinus wangii. This study represents the first investigation on the secondary metabolites of endophytic fungus associated with this precious plant. The structures and absolute configurations of compounds 1–8 were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. 1 and 2 are first examples of 3,4-vic diol solanapyrone analogues, whereas 7 and 8 are rare 17-nor-solanapyrones. Among these isolates, 3, 4, 5, and 11 showed weak inhibitory against Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, compound 5 displayed weak cytotoxic effects against several tumor cell lines.

Индивидуальная и географическая изменчивость шишек Picea obovata в российской части ареала в связи с количеством семян в них

The cone length of Picea obovata Ledeb. is closely related to the seeds quantity that causes the importance of full-scale study of this indicator. Studies were carried out in the entire Russian part of the P. obovata range from Murmansk region to Transbaikalia and Yakutia. It was found that geographical variability of cone length is relatively small (44–77 mm) and significantly inferior to individual variability (45–110 mm). The coefficient of a variation is 10 and 14%, respectively. We found that in the total population of Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. and P. obovata determined by their strong introgressive hybridization, cones of P. obovata is the category small and average. It is reasonable to distinguish an additional category of very small cones. The established categories of cones are characterized by the following length: very small 50 (54 mm and less), small 60 (55–64 mm) and medium 70 (65 mm and more). The approximate number of full seeds in them at good yields is 76 (less in extreme conditions of the Far North), 78–92 and 94–108 pieces, respectively. These figures are important for assessing the processes of spruce forest regeneration. Geographical distribution of average cone length in the studied territory it is not clearly expressed. The smallest cones are characteristic of spruce populations along Arctic Circle and in the Polar Regions, while in populations of the southern part of the range they are much larger. The majority of the Russian populations of P. obovata (about 2/3) have cones 65–70 mm long. The content of full seeds in cones is rather small.

Production and characterization of electro-blown nanofibers incorporated with pine pollen for fast-dissolving applications

This study aims to harness the rapid dissolution capability of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), a versatile and biocompatible polymer, in conjunction with pine pollen, a natural substance rich in antioxidants and offering nutrient-dense advantages for overall health and vitality, for the development of fast-dissolving tablet applications. Employing the electro-blown spinning method, PVP nanofibers were fabricated with pine pollen dust sourced from male pine cones. Through electro-blown spinning (EBS), Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanofibrous mats were produced with varying concentrations of Pine pollen (PP) (1,3 and 5 %). Analyses were conducted to assess the characteristics of the produced nanofibers, including morphology, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and surface wettability. Antioxidant tests and α‐glycosidase inhibition activity tests were performed to explore the health benefits of nanofibrous mats. The water solubility of PVP, PVP/1 PP, PVP/3 PP, and PVP/5 PP was measured to be 6.97, 4.74, 3.03, and 6.67 s, respectively. The antioxidant properties and α-glycosidase inhibition activity were preserved in the developed fibers. Notably, the α-glycosidase inhibition activity test demonstrated promising results, suggesting the potential of these fibers in regulating glucose absorption and enhancing glycemic control, highlighting their prospective benefits in diabetes management.

Effect of Pine Cone Vinegar on The Survival of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium and Some Physico-Chemical Properties in Raw Beef

Pine cones from pine (Pinus) trees contain various bioactive compounds with antibacterial and antioxidant activity. However, the use of pine cone products as functional foods or food additives is limited and there is a paucity of research in the literature. The objective of this study was the evaluation of pine cone vinegar as a marinade against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium in raw beef. For this purpose, raw beef was marinated with pine cone vinegar at three different levels (25%, 50% and 75%) and three different marination times (2, 6 and 24 hours) and L. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium counts, pH and colour values (L*, a*, b*) were determined. Concentration*time interaction was significant for pH and the lowest pH value was found at 75% x 24 hours interaction. Although the marinating process had a significant effect on the colour values of the meat, the concentration x time interaction was not significant for the a* value (p>0.05). The number of S. typhimurium in pine cone vinegar decreased by 3.7 log10 in 2 hours and by 5.26 log10 in 6 hours (p

Theoretical study of the herbicide parachlorophenoxyacetic acid molecule and its removal by activated carbon prepared from pine cone

This study focuses on the conversion of pine cones into activated carbon using potassium hydroxide as a chemical activator with a 1:1 impregnation ratio. The resulting material was characterized for volatile matter, ash and moisture content, apparent density, iodine index, Methylene Blue value, Bohem titration, and pHzpc. BET, FTIR, XRD and SEM-EDS analyses were also performed on the activated carbon for specific surface area determination, surface functional groups analysis, crystallographic strucure and morphology study, respectively. The prepared activated carbon had a BET specific surface area of 430 m2 g−1 and a Langmuir surface area of 313.7 m² g−1 with a yield of 72.25 %), carbon content of 67.25 %, and an apparent density of 0.451 g cm3, a moisture content of 2 %, an ash content of 3 %. and a heterogeneous structure. Iodine number, Methylene blue index, and pHzpc reached 666.38 mg g−1, 72.76 mg g−1, and 7.6, respectively. Batch adsorption tests revealed a remarkable ability of the prepared activated carbon to remove the herbicide para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (P-CPA) from its aqueous solution at an optimized pH of 3.75. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model fitted the experimental data and that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The models of Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin Radushkevich, and Redlish Peterson were found to describe the adsorption process with a removal capacity of 266.5 mg g−1. Monte Carlo calculations highlighted the stability, nucleophilic nature, and strong interactions of P-CPA (C8H7O3Cl) with molecules having a dipole moment (μ) of 3.202 Debye.

Competition between resprouting chaparral and the recruits of a serotinous conifer following stand-replacing fire

In western North America, fire regimes are shifting towards more frequent, larger, and more severe wildfire. There is concern that this will shift the vegetation type in many areas, especially on the lower, drier slopes. In northern California, mature serotinous conifers and resprouting shrub species easily regenerate in severe patches of any size. There is no consensus, however, regarding the effects of shrub competition on conifer recruitment; conifer response to shade varies with shade tolerance and abiotic factors. Many conifers and almost all chaparral shrubs are shade intolerant, and we expect shading to be the main driver of the inter-species competition between these taxa on dry low-elevation, slopes We chose to examine early post-fire regeneration of knobcone pine (Pinus attenuata), a shade intolerant serotinous conifer, because (a) as a serotinous species we could be assured of a high initial density of recruits, and (b) it is mainly found on lower-elevation slopes in a matrix of chaparral. We examined the competitive interactions of the pine and shrubs within the 2018 Carr and Delta fires at the third and fourth post-fire years, as well as at the 2008 Motion Fire at the 14th post-fire year, focusing on two measurements of shrub shading: inter-shrub porosity (% shrub cover) and intra-shrub porosity (species-specific ground-level light availability). Our response variables included recruitment success (recruits per ovulate cone) and growth (height). We only chose stands where knobcone pine was a minor pre-fire component to ensure a high density of vigorously resprouting shrubs. We found (1) there were significantly fewer pine recruits under shrubs, with the bulk of the shrub-induced mortality of knobcone pine occurring before the third growing season; (2) knobcone pine averaged about six established recruits per burned parent tree by the third year following fire; and (3), extrapolating from height reconstruction of post-fire knobcone pine regeneration from the 2008 Motion Fire, the remaining tree recruits are expected to persist and dominate the stand within a decade of the fire. We conclude that competition with shrubs on low elevation sites in northern California does have a negative effect on knobcone pine density but is insufficient to seriously impede a dramatic post-fire increase in conifer density when conifer regeneration arrives promptly following fire.

Co-MoS2@BC catalyzed ultrafast degradation of tetracycline by peroxymonosulfate: Domination of non-radical pathway based on 1O2

Co-MoS2@BC catalysts were prepared using pine cones as biochar source, and the surface morphology and microstructure of the catalysts were analyzed and the successful preparation of the materials was verified by adopting the characterization means such as BET, SEM, XRD, FTIR, TEM, XPS, Raman. At the concentration of tetracycline (TC) in water of 20 mg/L, the reaction system with catalyst participation resulted in 98.88 % pollutant removal and efficient degradation, and the effects of TC concentration, coexisting chemicals, initial pH, catalyst dosage, PMS dosage, and other factors on the catalytic performance of Co-MoS2@BC were investigated. The results of quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) examinations were combined, the reactive substances whose main roles in the reaction process were identified as single linear oxygen (1O2), and the simultaneous presence of electron transfer-mediated non-radical pathways in the Co-MoS2@BC/PMS/TC system was confirmed using Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The reaction process's intermediates were examined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), which also offered potential degradation routes.

Soil phosphorus cycling microbial functional genes of monoculture and mixed plantations of native tree species in subtropical China.

Transforming coniferous plantation into broadleaved or mixed broadleaved-coniferous plantations is the tendency of forest management strategies in subtropical China. However, the effects of this conversion on soil phosphorus (P) cycling microbial functional genes are still unknown. Soil samples were collected from 0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm (topsoil, middle layer, and subsoil, respectively) under coniferous Pinus massoniana (PM), broadleaved Erythrophleum fordii (EF), and their mixed (PM/EF) plantation in subtropical China. Used metagenomic sequencing to examine the alterations of relative abundances and molecular ecological network structure of soil P-cycling functional genes after the conversion of plantations. The composition of P-cycling genes in the topsoil of PM stand was significantly different from that of PM/EF and EF stands (p < 0.05), and total phosphorus (TP) was the main factor causing this difference. After transforming PM plantation into EF plantation, the relative abundances of P solubilization and mineralization genes significantly increased in the topsoil and middle layer with the decrease of soil TP content. The abundances of P-starvation response regulation genes also significantly increased in the subsoil (p < 0.05), which may have been influenced by soil organic carbon (SOC). The dominant genes in all soil layers under three plantations were phoR, glpP, gcd, ppk, and ppx. Transforming PM into EF plantation apparently increased gcd abundance in the topsoil (p < 0.05), with TP and NO3 --N being the main influencing factors. After transforming PM into PM/EF plantations, the molecular ecological network structure of P-cycling genes was more complex; moreover, the key genes in the network were modified with the transformation of PM plantation. Transforming PM into EF plantation mainly improved the phosphate solubilizing potential of microorganisms at topsoil, while transforming PM into PM/EF plantation may have enhanced structural stability of microbial P-cycling genes react to environmental changes.

Investigation of the 5-hydroxymethylyfurfural value and antioxidant properties of Kazdaği Fir cone syrup

Background and aims Cone syrup, unlike cone molasses, is a food product prepared without adding beet sugar. The use of high temperatures in the production of syrups and molasses causes the formation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which causes serious toxic effects on the human body, from glucose, fructose aldose and ketose monosaccharides. Although pine cone syrup is just becoming widespread in our country, it is a new food that is in high demand during the winter months. Therefore, in the study, HMF levels, sugar content, phenolic content and antioxidant levels in Kastamonu local cone syrup prepared without adding beet sugar were experimentally determined. Methods The color intensity resulting from the reaction of hydroxymethylfurfural, paratoluidine and barbituric acid was determined by reading the absorbance at a wavelength of 550 nm with a spectrophotometer. HMF measured spectrophotometrically was detected at very low levels in the syrup. Brix value, phenolic content and antioxidant values of fir syrup were also evaluated. Results Spectrophotometric analysis, the HMF content of traditional fir syrup was found to be very low, 8.1 mg/L. In addition, the total phenolic content value of locally produced fir cone syrup was found to be 6,050 mg GAE/g and the % inhibition value calculated by the DPPH method was 48,553, thus shedding light on its potential nutritional content through antioxidant activity analyses. Conclusions This study is the first to investigate fir syrup. As a result of the study, antioxidant activity analyzes shed light on its potential nutritional content. More importantly, this study was the first to show that fir syrup has a low glycemic index with a % Brix value (2.370±0.058) and that diabetic patients can safely use it instead of molasses.

Carboxymethyl cellulose/activated carbon/hydroxyapatite composite adsorbent for remediation of methylene blue from water media

In the present study, activated carbon (AC), activated carbon/hydroxyapatite (AC/HAp), and carboxymethyl cellulose/activated carbon/hydroxyapatite (CMC/AC/HAp) composite adsorbents were prepared to remediation of methylene blue (MB) from water media. The pyrolysis method used the Pine cone as a natural precursor to synthesize AC. FTIR, XRD, Raman, BET, TEM, and SEM-Dot mapping techniques were applied to characterize synthesized adsorbents. Experimental results demonstrated that the maximum removal efficiency of AC, AC/HAp, and CMC/AC/HAp adsorbents under optimum conditions of pH 8, adsorbent dose 1 g/L, contact time 60 min, initial concentration 10 mg/L, and temperature 25 °C was computed to be 98.75, 98.86, and 98.93 %, respectively. Kinetic and equilibrium data were well-fitted with pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models, respectively. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of AC, AC/HAp, and CMC/AC/HAp was determined to be 40, 44.248, and 43.86 mg/g, respectively. FTIR results showed that hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions are the main mechanisms of the adsorption process. Results of the thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and exothermic. Finally, AC, AC/HAp, and CMC/AC/HAp composite adsorbents can be used as promising adsorbents for the remediation of MB from wastewater.