Cone-beam Computed Tomography Images Of Patients Research Articles

Three-Dimensional Modeling and Quantitative Assessment of Mandibular Volume in Ectodermal Dysplasia: A Case Series.

Background and Objectives: Ectodermal dysplasia (ED)-a genetic disorder-is characterized by severe tooth deficiency. We compared the mandibular volume and the sagittal and horizontal mandibular widths between patients with ED (ED group) and individuals without tooth deficiency (control group) using three-dimensional modeling. We hypothesized that the mandibular volume differs in ED cases owing to congenital tooth deficiency. Materials and Methods: We used previously obtained cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 13 patients with ED. The control group data comprised retrospective CBCT images of patients of similar age and sex with a skeletal relationship of class 1. Further, using the three-dimensional image analysis software, the tooth crowns were separated from the mandible, the mandible was reconstructed and the gonion-to-gonion distance in the mandible was marked, the distance to the menton point was measured, and the distance between the two condyles was measured and compared with the control group. Results: Overall, 46.2% and 53.8% of the participants were men and women, respectively. In the ED group, the mean age of the participants was 15.46 (range, 6-24) years, and the mean number of mandibular teeth was 4.62. Notably, the edentulous mandible volume of the ED group (27.020 mm3) was statistically significantly smaller than that of the control group (49.213 mm3) (p < 0.001). There was no difference between the two groups in terms of the marked points. For data analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test, independent samples t-test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used. Conclusions: It has been considered that mandible volume does not develop in ED cases because of missing teeth. Modern practices, such as the CBCT technique and three-dimensional software, may be effective in identifying the true morphologic features, especially in patients with genetic syndromes affecting the maxillofacial structure.

Noise-Optimized CBCT Imaging of Temporomandibular Joints-The Impact of AI on Image Quality.

Background: Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) is a common medical condition. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is effective in assessing TMD-related bone changes, but image noise may impair diagnosis. Emerging deep learning reconstruction algorithms (DLRs) could minimize noise and improve CBCT image clarity. This study compares standard and deep learning-enhanced CBCT images for image quality in detecting osteoarthritis-related degeneration in TMJs (temporomandibular joints). This study analyzed CBCT images of patients with suspected temporomandibular joint degenerative joint disease (TMJ DJD). Methods: The DLM reconstructions were performed with ClariCT.AI software. Image quality was evaluated objectively via CNR in target areas and subjectively by two experts using a five-point scale. Both readers also assessed TMJ DJD lesions. The study involved 50 patients with a mean age of 28.29 years. Results: Objective analysis revealed a significantly better image quality in DLM reconstructions (CNR levels; p < 0.001). Subjective assessment showed high inter-reader agreement (κ = 0.805) but no significant difference in image quality between the reconstruction types (p = 0.055). Lesion counts were not significantly correlated with the reconstruction type (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The analyzed DLM reconstruction notably enhanced the objective image quality in TMJ CBCT images but did not significantly alter the subjective quality or DJD lesion diagnosis. However, the readers favored DLM images, indicating the potential for better TMD diagnosis with CBCT, meriting more study.

The effects of anatomical location and distance from dental implants on the quality and quantity of metal artifacts in cone beam computed tomography scans: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundArtifacts in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images can cause disruptions in diagnosis and treatment. Multiple factors influence the artifacts, including the quality and technology of devices, positions, patient-related factors, device settings, and bone density. Besides, anatomical area and distance from the implant affect the artifacts. This study aimed to investigate the effects of anatomical location and distance from the implant on the quality and quantity of artifacts.MethodsA total of 200 CBCT images of patients with titanium implants and prostheses in the anterior and posterior regions of the maxilla and mandible were evaluated in this study. Four areas were assessed for each implant in three apical, middle, and cervical regions with distances of 3 mm, 4 mm, and 5 mm from the implant. Besides, the impact of adjacent implants on the artifacts was investigated. An ANOVA test with post hoc Bonferroni correction was used to analyze variable differences between subgroups.ResultsThe differences were statistically significant, except for the difference between the posterior areas of the upper and lower jaws. A comparison of different areas revealed that most artifacts were related to the anterior maxilla, followed by anterior mandibular regions. The results of covariance analysis indicated that region and location had independent effects on the amount of artifacts.ConclusionsArtifacts are more frequent in the anterior region compared to the posterior site. They are also more frequent in the maxilla than the mandible and cervical areas close to the implant than the middle and apical regions.

Evaluation of the anterior dentoalveolar relationship in skeletal Class III malocclusion patients with different vertical facial patterns using cone-beam computed tomography.

To measure and compare labiolingual inclinations of the teeth and alveolar bone and the anterior dentoalveolar inclination in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusions with different vertical facial patterns using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 84 CBCT images of patients with untreated skeletal Class III malocclusion were selected. There were 28 patients each in the hypo-, normo-, and hyperdivergent groups. The labiolingual inclinations of the teeth, the corresponding alveolar bone, and the anterior dentoalveolar inclinations were measured and analyzed statistically. The inclinations of the mandibular canine and corresponding alveolar bone were smaller in the hypodivergent group than in the hyperdivergent group. The inclination of the alveolar bone and the maxillary dentoalveolar inclination were smaller in the hyperdivergent group than in the hypodivergent group. There were differences in the inclination of the teeth, corresponding alveolar bone, and dentoalveolar inclinations at different positions among skeletal Class III patients with different vertical facial patterns. The roots were generally located on the labial side of the alveolar bone.

Retrospective Analysis of Artifacts in Cone Beam Computed Tomography Images Used to Diagnose Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is frequently used to corroborate the signs and symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, artifacts induced by dental restorations might complicate the diagnosis of CRS. Here, we assessed the frequency and location of artifacts in CBCT images taken to confirm the CRS. All CBCT images of the patients referred to the Emergency Radiology unit, Turku University Hospital, with an indication of CRS in 2017 were re-examined. The prevalence of the artifacts was analyzed in three cross-sectional views and three horizontal levels delimited by anatomical landmarks. In total, 214 CBCT images of patients with CRS were evaluated. The diagnosis of apical periodontitis (AP) was impaired by artifacts present in 150/214 images (70%). The diagnosis of CRS was impaired in 5 of the 214 images (2.3%). The main origins of the artifacts were large dental fillings or crowns, and endodontic fillings were present in 95% (203/214) and 52% (111/214) of the images, respectively. AP as an etiology of CRS is possible to miss because of artifacts originating from dental and endodontic fillings in the CBCT images of the paranasal sinuses.

Cone-beam computed tomographic evaluation of the root canal anatomy of the lower premolars and molars in a Brazilian sub-population.

This study evaluated anatomical variations in the root canals of the lower premolars and molars in a Brazilian sub-population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). In total, 121 CBCT images of patients were selected from a database. All images contained lower first and second premolars and molars on both sides of the arch, fully developed roots, and no treatment, resorption, or calcifications. In each image, the root canals of the lower premolars and molars were evaluated according to the Vertucci classification in On-Demand 3D software in the multiplanar reconstruction with dynamic navigation. Twenty-five percent of the images were re-assessed to analyze intraobserver confidence with the kappa test. Data were statistically evaluated with linear regression to evaluate the correlations of anatomic variations with age and sex, and the Wilcoxon test to analyze the laterality of variations, with a significance level of 5%. The intraobserver agreement (0.94) was excellent. In general, the root canals of lower premolars and molars showed a higher prevalence of type I than other Vertucci classification types, followed by type V in premolars and type II in molars. When the molar roots were evaluated separately, type II was more frequent in mesial roots and type I in distal roots. Although age showed no correlations with the results, sex and laterality showed correlations with tooth 45 and the lower second premolars, respectively. The lower premolars and molars of a Brazilian sub-population showed a wide range of root canal anatomic variations.

Radiographic patterns of periosteal bone reactions associated with endodontic lesions.

The formation of new bone by periosteum due to an insult is called periosteal bone reaction (PBR). This study assessed the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) patterns of periosteal bone reactions associated with periapical inflammatory lesion (apical periodontitis/periapical rarefying osteitis). Twenty-two small field of view CBCT images of patients with PBR were selected from a database of a private practice limited to endodontics. The volume of the periapical inflammatory lesion, the presence of cortical fenestration, the distance of the root apices to the affected cortex, and the location, pattern, and longest diameter of the periosteal reaction were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon Ranksum, Fischer's exact, Spearman Correlation Coefficient, and paired t-test. In all cases, periosteal bone reaction manifested as either parallel (90.9%) or irregular (9.1%). No correlation was found between periapical inflammatory lesion volume and the periosteal reaction's longest diameter (p > 0.05). Cortical fenestration was noted in 72.7% of the cases. In addition, the findings showed that periosteal reactions were located mostly on the buccal and were present 53.8% and 100% of the time in the mandible and maxilla, respectively. The periosteal reactions of endodontic origin had a nonaggressive form (i.e., parallel or irregular), and none of the lesions resulted in a periosteal reaction with an ominous Codman's triangle or spicule pattern.

Morphometric Analysis of Greater Palatine Foramen and the Adjacent Structures: Forensic Odontology Study using CBCT

Introduction: Sexual dimorphism plays a pivotal role in many instances, including solving medicolegal problems, anthropological studies, sorting out victims of natural calamities and man-made calamities. Among various parameters available for sexual dimorphism, structures of the oral cavity play an important role. The use of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is convenient and provides accurate measurements with the help of digital software. Aim: To determine the role of Greater Palatine Foramen (GPF), its Greater Palatine Canal (GPC) and relation with the adjacent structures like Naso-Palatine Foramen (NPF) and Lesser Palatine Foramen (LPF) in elucidating the level of sexual dimorphism using CBCT images, while enhancing the information on anatomy of Greater Palatine Foramen (GPF). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional forensic odontology study was conducted in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, and was performed using 50 males and 50 females CBCT images of patients between age 18 to 45. The CBCT data were collected from January 2021 till January 2022, and the obtained data were analysed from March 2022 till April 15, 2022. These were analysed using Planmeca imaging software. Measurements of GPF length, angulation with respect to Hard Palate (HP), relation between NPC and GPF, distance between GPC and Mid Maxillary Suture (MMS). Its relation to LPF and dimensions of GPF at opening of oral cavity were done. Finally, all measures were subjected to statistical analysis using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 28.0. Independent t-test was used for analysis of difference between male and female measurements. Results: The GPC length on right (male:13.2570, female:12.3628) and left (male:12.8089, female:12.2780), angulation of GPC left (male: 61.1379, female: 57.4964), angle between GPF and NPC left (male: 28.6208, female: 26.5024), distance between GPC and MMS left (male: 15.1625, female: 14.5350) and Anteroposterior (AP) dimensions of GPF on right (male: 5.5402, female: 4.2314) and left-side (5.4934, female: 4.4576), Transverse (TR) dimension of GPF on right (male: 2.6752, female: 2.0528) and left (male: 5.4943, female: 4.4576) showed statistically significant difference between male and female CBCT images, while the measures were significantly higher in males. Conclusion: The CBCT images provided reliable measurements of the areas of interest. The present study results highlight a statistically significant difference between male and female, where males showed higher measurements in most instances. A more precise morphological measurement of GPF in relation to adjacent structures such as NPC, MMS proves to have sexual dimorphism in humans.

Evaluation of maxillary arch width and palatal volume and depth in patients with maxillary impacted canine by CBCT

IntroductionCanines are the second most common tooth in terms of impaction. Impacted teeth can be associated with some different indices of dental arch and dentoalveolar structures. The aim of this study was to evaluate maxillary arch width as well as volume and depth of palate in patients with maxillary impacted canine by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 45 CBCT images of patients with unilateral maxillary impacted canines were examined. All patients had palatally impacted canines. Three parameters of maxillary arch width, palatal volume and palatal depth were assessed using axial and sagittal incisions on the CBCT images. Then all the measurements on the impacted side were compared with the non-impacted side. Data were entered into SPSS software and paired sample t-test and Student's t-test were used to comparison. The significance level of 0.05 was considered. ResultsThe maxillary arch width on the impacted side was significantly less than the normal side (P < 0.001). The mean depth of the palate was 14.86 ± 3.53 mm. There was a significant correlation between canine impaction and Palatal volume (R = 0.728 and P-value< 0.001), but no significant correlation between canine impaction and Maxillary arch width was shown (R = 0.15 and p-value = 0.326). ConclusionThe impacted canine was significantly associated with a reduction in the width of the maxillary arch on the affected side, and it made no difference if the impacted side was left or right. Also, impacted canine teeth were significantly associated with volume reduction on the affected side.

PATTERN AND PREVALENCE OF C-SHAPED CANAL IN MANDIBULAR SECOND MOLARS IN PATIENTS ATTENDING SAIDU COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY SWAT, USING CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY.

Objectives: To determine the types and prevalence of C-shape canal in lower second molars in patients attending Saidu College of Dentistry Swat, using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).Materials and Methods: A total of 200 CBCT images of patients with age range 15 to 60 years, both genders, local residents and clear images having lower second molar area with complete anatomy were included. Images with incomplete root formation, presence of root canal fi llings, deep caries, open apices, and root calcifi cation in lower second molars were excluded. Presence and type of C-shape canal in mandibular second molar along with gender and age of the participants were recorded. Classifi cation of C-shaped canal was done according to Fan et al. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Presence and type of C-shaped canal were stratifi ed among genders to see eff ect modifi ers using Fischer exact test.Results: The mean age of the participants was 32.26 ±8.84 years. The males were 116(58%) and females were 84(42%). The C-shaped canal was present in 16(8.0%) participants. The pattern of C-shaped canal showed that C1 was present in 6(37.5%), both C2 and C3 in 4(25%) and C4 in 2 (12.5%) participants.Conclusion: In mandibular second molars the occurrence of C-shaped canal is relatively common and the most common type of C-shaped canal is C1 and C2.

Relationship between palatally impacted canines and dimensions and morphology of sella turcica: A cone-beam computed tomography study

This study aimed to analyze the association of unilateral and bilateral palatal canine impaction with the dimensions and morphology of sella turcica from 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. CBCT images of patients with bilateral (BPI) (n= 12; 9 female 3 male; 20.75 ± 5.88 years) and unilateral (UPI) (n= 35; 22 female 13 male; 19.28 ± 5.57 years) palatally impacted canines were compared with a control group (n= 56; 34 female 22 male; 20.82 ± 4.88 years). Linear measurements regarding sella turcica were made, and its morphologic variations were categorized. Two group comparisons were made with the Student t test or Mann-Whitney U-test, whereas one-way analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for multiple group comparisons. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square or Fisher exact test as appropriate. The binary logistic regression analyses and correlations using Spearman or Pearson correlation analyses were used to determine associations between variables (P<0.05). Sella diameter was significantly smaller in the BPI group compared to UPI and control groups. There was a significant association between sella diameter and BPI when compared with the control group (χ2[1]= 9.150; P= 0.008). There were no significant differences between groups in the distribution of sella turcica morphology. Despite the similar genetic origin of the sella turcica region and teeth, the association of palatal canine impaction with dimensions and morphology of sella turcica was weak. Both local and genetic factors might contribute to the ectopic position of the canine.

Assessment of Buccal and Palatal Alveolar Bone Thickness in Maxillary Anterior Teeth on Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Introduction: Evaluating the dimensions of buccal and palatal alveolar bone in the anterior maxillary teeth is very important in patients who are candidates for immediate implant replacement. The aim of this study was Assessment of buccal and palatal alveolar bone thickness in maxillary anterior teeth on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).&#x0D; Materials &amp; Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 78 CBCT images of patients referred to Radiology Department of Khorasgan Dental Faculty were evaluated. The collected data included the measurement of the bone thickness of the alveolar buccal and palatal anterior maxillary teeth at three locations of the crest, the middle region of the root and apex with the Sidexis software. Then, the measurements were compared between males and females. The data were analyzed by T-test statistical methods.&#x0D; Results: The mean thickness of the buccal alveolar bone in the crest region and the middle region of the central, lateral and canine teeth was less than 1 mm. The mean thickness of the buccal alveolar bone at the apex site of the central, lateral and canine teeth was more than one mm. The mean thickness of the palatal alveolar bone in the crest region of the central, lateral and canine teeth was less than one millimeters. The mean thickness of the palatal alveolar bone in the middle region of the root and apex was more than one mm. There was no statistically significant difference between the sex and thickness of the buccal alveolar bone, except at the apex of the central and lateral teeth (p value &gt; 0.05). Between sex and thickness of palatal alveolar bone, in the crest of lateral and canine teeth and in the middle root and apex area of all three central, lateral and canine teeth in men were significantly more than women (p value &lt; 0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: The buccal alveolar bone was present in most of the points examined at the crest and mid-root site, and the palatal alveolar bone was at the crest site at most checked points with a thickness of less than 1 mm.&#x0D;

Volumetric Analysis of the Jaws in Skeletal Class I and III Patients with Different Facial Divergence Using CBCT Imaging.

Aim The main objective was to evaluate any possible maxillary or mandibular volumetric difference between hyperdivergent skeletal Class III (CIII), normodivergent skeletal CIII, hypodivergent skeletal CIII, and normodivergent skeletal Class I (CI) patients using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Also, the secondary objective was to investigate any possible correlation between CBCT-derived lateral cephalometric variables and the mandibular and maxillary volumes (MdV and MxV, respectively). Materials and Methods 80 CBCT images of patients between 18 and 32 years of age were taken with one CBCT imaging device (Scanora 3D®, Soredex, Tuusula, Finland). The sample consisted of four groups: 20 hypodivergent skeletal CIII (11 males and 9 females), 20 normodivergent skeletal CIII (7 males and 13 females), 20 hyperdivergent skeletal CIII (8 males and 12 females), and 20 normodivergent skeletal CI (5 males and 15 females). The volumes of both jaws and the ratio of MxV/MdV were obtained using Mimics™ 19 software (Materialise, NV, Belgium), and 2D variables were obtained from CBCT-derived lateral cephalogram using AudaxCeph™ software (Orthodontic software suite, Ljubljana, Slovenia). One-way ANOVA test and Kruskal–Wallis analysis were employed to detect any possible significant difference between the volumetric variables, whereas Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated to detect any possible relationship between the 2D variables and the volumetric measurements. Results There were no statistically significant differences in the maxillary volume or maxillary/mandibular ratio between the four groups (p=0.081 and 0.432, respectively). There was a significant difference in MdV between CIII hypodivergent (higher mean) and CIII hyperdivergent (p=0.039). There were some correlations between the MdV and 2D variables in the four studied groups especially in the posterior facial height (S-Go) and the facial depth (N-Go). There were some weaker correlations between the MxV and some 2D variables in the CIII hypodivergent and hyperdivergent groups. Conclusions The mandibular volume of the Class III hypodivergent patient was significantly greater than that of the Class III hyperdivergent patients. Correlations between the maxillary or mandibular volumes were found with some of the 2D variables. The volume of both jaws increased when the maxillofacial complex moved toward a horizontal growth pattern.

A novel approach to assess volumetric bone loss at immediate implant sites and comparison to linear measurements: A pilot study

ObjectivesStudies have evaluated changes in hard tissue following immediate implant placement (IIP) through cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging. This study compared the 3D volumetric changes of the alveolar bone at immediate implant sites with 2D linear measurement outcomes by using a novel image analysis workflow. MethodsPreoperative and 6-month postoperative CBCT images of patients who underwent IIP and bone grafting in the maxillary esthetic area were acquired. Linear and volumetric measurements of buccal bone dimensions were taken using a specially designed workflow. The 2D and 3D measurements were compared, and their correlations were determined. ResultsImages from 13 patients (13 implants) were analyzed. Linear measurements revealed that the general linear buccal bone loss was less than 1mm in all segments. The 3D volumetric bone reduction (reported as median [first quantile, third quantile]) in the vertical, cervical, middle, and apical segments was 14.27 [11.33, 30.66] mm3 (51.30 [42.78, 66.91]%), 16.20 [10.35, 30.52] mm3 (18.20 [9.88, 24.74]%), 17.48 [8.42, 21.17] mm3 (24.05 [12.39, 28.22]%), and 6.87 [3.88, 9.45] mm3 (11.34 [5.14, 22.54]%), respectively. Significant positive correlations between 2D and 3D measurements were consistently identified in the cervical and middle segments, but no significant correlation was noted in the vertical segment. ConclusionsThe results revealed that linear measurements could not fully represent volumetric bone dimensional changes. Performing volumetric measurements and 3D rendering could be valuable in presenting the actual amount and topography of peri-implant bone remodeling. Clinical SignificanceLinear measurements only partially represent the real-life event of 3D bone changes at immediate implant sites. Factors affecting hard tissue alterations following IIP should be reassessed using 3D volumetric measurement outcomes.

The elusive retromolar foramen and retromolar canal: A CBCT study

This study aims to evaluate the presence of retromolar foramen (RMF) and retromolar canal (RMC) in the mandible using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in Chhattishgarh population and to correlate its possible clinical impact. 175 CBCT images were collected from which 100 bilateral CBCT images of patients were retrospectively selected from the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology of the Chhattishgarh Dental College and Research Institute and evaluated bilaterally which were taken for diagnostic purposes from maxillofacial radiology clinic and data were statistically analyzed. This was an observational descriptive study and all the images were processed and analyzed on CS3D imaging software. The data was analyzed using chi square test. The prevalence of RMF and RMC was observed in 8.5%, of which 10 were in females and 7 in males. The RMCs traversed in different directions – horizontal, vertical and angular. Based on the subjective assessment, each of these canals was further subclassified into straight and curved canal. In the present study in 12 of the cases angular curved type was found and in 3 cases, vertical straight was noticed. The bifurcation of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) canal was observed in 15% of the scans and remaining 85% had single mandibular canal. The proximity of RMF from buccal and lingual cortical plates was found buccally in 16 cases and in single case was found to be lingually. Position of RMF might change with the presence and absence of third molar. The absence of third molar results in anteriorly located RMF. In majority of cases it was found that RMF was located more buccal than lingual. The parameters considered in the current study will guide the oral and maxillofacial surgeons while giving incisions in 3molar impacted cases, other pathologies and ease to preserve the retromolar foramen.

Mesiodistal Width of Mandibular Central Incisors between Different Genders in Chennai Population Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Background: Using the CBCT, this technique has the ability to identify the proper dimensions of themesiodistal width of the tooth and other clearing techniques that in the past have been of higher value tothe other conventional techniques that can be implemented to give a three-dimensional perspective of thecomplete morphological details. With this, analysing the mesiodistal width of mandibular central incisorsbetween male and female based on CBCT can be accomplished.Methods: One hundred Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images from different patients areselected randomly from Department of Oral Radiology of Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, India.All the CBCT images of patients are examined for the inclusion criterias in the mesiodistal width of themandibular incisors between different genders. All mesiodistal width of mandibular central incisors betweendifferent genders are investigated and compared.Conclusion:When both the genders were compared in terms of the number of canals, there was a significantdifference seen (p-value: 0.000002208). With the p-value calculated, it was found that there was a significantdifference between the genders in terms of the distance between the occlusal pit to the pulp chamber (p-value:&lt;0.0000001). Overall, there is no significant difference between the two genders at the level of the cervicalthird (p-value: 0.6554).

Evaluation of Root Canal Morphology of Maxillary 2ndPremolars Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Chennai Population

Background: Using the CBCT, this technique has the ability to identify the root canal morphology asdetailed as using the root canal staining and other clearing techniques that in the past have been of highervalue to the other conventional techniques that can be implemented to give a three-dimensional perspectiveof the complete morphological details. With this, analysing the variation in root canal morphology of humanmaxillary second premolar between different gender in Chennai population can be done.Methods:One hundred Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images from different patients areselected randomly from Department of Oral Radiology of Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, India.All the CBCT images of patients are examined for the inclusion criteria in maxillary second premolarsbetween different genders based on Vertucci classification. All root canal configurations of maxillary secondpremolars between different genders are investigated and compared withVertucci Classification.Conclusion: Of all the 100 maxillary second premolars, the most common type of canal configuration forboth the genders is Type I (41%), Type III (22%), and Type V (22%). In females, the most common type ofcanal configuration discovered is Type I (35%), Type III (63.6%) and Type V (83.3%). In males, the mostcommon type of canal configuration determined is Type I (65%) and Type III (36.4%).

Evaluation of Retromolar Canals using Cone Beam Computer Tomography/ Avaliação do canal retromolar por meio de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, location and clinical implications related to the presence of the retromolar canal (RMC) on cone beam computed tomography(CBCT). CBCT images of patients from Latin America Institute for Dental Research and Education - Curitiba,Pr,Brazil, was performed from June/2008 to February/2013. The interpretation was performed by a calibrated examiner, according to the criterias: presence, location and classification of the RMC variation, as well as, measurements of horizontal distances of the RMC in relation to the buccal bone cortical and diameter of these canals. A total of 751 CBCT images were interpreted: 486(64.7%) from females and 265 (35.3%) from male patients, with mean age of 54.57 (±13.23) years. The presence of RMC was observed in 58 (7.7%) patients, 23 men and 35 women. A total of 1502 hemi- mandibles were analyzed. The RMC was identified in 69(4.6%) hemi-mandibles, 44(63.8%) from females and 25(36.2%) from males. Thirty (42.8%) RMC were observed on the right side and 40 (57.2%) on the left one. The type B1 (n=33; 47.1%) was the most common, followed by the type A1 (n=18;25.7%). The mean diameter of RMC was 0.97mm (±0.44), and the mean distance between retromolar foramen and the buccal cortical of the mandible was 4.12mm (±1.35). There were no significant differences between the distances and genders, and distances and sides (p 0.05). The prevalence of RMC was 7.7% in the studied sample; they were predominantly unilateral and showed to be type B1.

The frequency of maxillary sinus pathologic findings in cone-beam computed tomography images of patients candidate for dental implant treatment.

Background Maxillary sinus pathologic conditions increase the risk of complications during sinus augmentation surgeries in the posterior maxilla. The present study aimed to determine the frequencies of maxillary sinus pathologic findings on patients’ cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images to receive dental implants. Methods In this descriptive/cross-sectional study, 140 CBCT images of patients who were candidates to receive dental implants were evaluated for the presence of maxillary sinus pathologic entities during 6 months, were divided into five categories: mucosal thickening of >5 mm, retention cyst, partial or complete opacification of the sinus, polypoidal mucosal thickening, and healthy patients. Age, gender, and dental status were evaluated in terms of relationship with the sinus pathologic findings. Absolute and relative frequencies were used to describe data. The chi-squared test was used to analyze the variables. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Results The frequency of maxillary sinus pathologic entities on CBCT images was 63.5%. The pathologic conditions in descending frequency were as follows: mucosal thickening (31.4%), retention cyst (17.1%), partial or complete opacification of the sinus (9.3%), and polypoidal mucosal thickening (5.7%). The frequency of pathologic findings in the maxillary sinus was higher in the <46-year age group and subjects with partial edentulism; however, the differences were not significant. Conclusion In the present study, the most frequent maxillary sinus pathologic entity was mucosal thickening. There was no relationship between age, sex, and dentition status and maxillary sinus pathologic findings.

Prediction of treatment response to transarterial radioembolization of liver metastases: Radiomics analysis of pre-treatment cone-beam CT: A proof of concept study

PurposeTo investigate the potential of texture analysis and machine learning to predict treatment response to transarterial radioembolization (TARE) on pre-interventional cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images in patients with liver metastases. Materials and MethodsIn this IRB-approved retrospective single-center study 36 patients with a total of 104 liver metastases (56 % male, mean age 61.1 ± 13 years) underwent CBCT prior to TARE and follow-up imaging 6 months after therapy. Treatment response was evaluated according to RECIST version 1.1 and dichotomized into disease control (partial response/stable disease) versus disease progression (progressive disease). After target lesion segmentation, 104 radiomics features corresponding to seven different feature classes were extracted with the pyRadiomics package. After dimension reduction machine learning classifications were performed on a custom artificial neural network (ANN). Ten-fold cross validation on a previously unseen test data set was performed. ResultsThe average administered cumulative activity from TARE was 1.6 Gbq (± 0.5 Gbq). At a mean follow-up of 5.9 ± 0.8 months disease control was achieved in 82 % of metastases. After dimension reduction, 15 of 104 (15 %) texture analysis features remained for further analysis. On a previously unseen set of liver metastases the Multilayer Perceptron ANN yielded a sensitivity of 94.2 %, specificity of 67.7 % and an area-under-the receiver operating characteristics curve of 0.85. ConclusionOur study indicates that texture analysis-based machine learning may has potential to predict treatment response to TARE using pre-treatment CBCT images of patients with liver metastases with high accuracy.