Conductive Heat Transfer Research Articles

A sizing model for a tube in tube sensible thermal energy storage heat exchanger with solid storage material

Sensible thermal energy storage (STES) systems are generally the most affordable and least complex type of thermal energy storage systems available. The main question when modeling STES systems is the outlet state of the heat transfer fluid for a given inlet condition. Traditional heat exchanger design methods such as the logarithmic mean temperature difference method do not apply to TES systems since these systems do not operate in steady state. Other design methods are only applicable to specific cases such as packed bed systems with a thermocline. The present paper proposes a novel framework for STES system design with solid, stationary storage material. The framework is validated based on the case of a tube in tube STES system. The novel design model characterizes the local conductive heat transfer in the Laplace domain. This local behavior is integrated over the surface of the heat exchanger using three methods: a height split, a height lumped and a fully lumped approach. Each method corresponds to a different assumption regarding the temperature gradient in the storage material and will therefore be applicable to different cases. By numerically inverting the Laplace transform, a prediction is obtained of the outlet temperature of the HTF in the time domain. The solution is compared to the result of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) reference model for five selected cases, with the CFD requiring calculation times in the order of days on a dedicated server while the novel model requires seconds on a laptop. This difference in calculation time is the result of the need of the CFD model to discretize the domain in space and apply a time stepping algorithm. The transfer function approach requires neither discretization nor time stepping but it does require a numerical inverse Laplace transform. The transfer function approach has a good fit with the CFD predictions. Furthermore, the quality of the fit and the behavior of the system is predicted based on the Biot number, the thermocline width ratio and the cross conduction number where the latter two numbers are derived in the present paper. The novel approach can provide a method to obtain sizing models for STES systems with a solid storage material.

Method for predicting conductive heat transfer topologies based on Fourier neural operator

This paper presents an iterative topology optimizer for conductive heat transfer structures based on the Fourier neural operator (FNO). A data-driven model based on FNO is trained to predict the temperature under different material distributions, different boundary conditions, and different thermal loads. A new method is used to generate data, which makes the modeling process of temperature predictor completely independent of the traditional optimization method. Then by coupling the trained temperature predictor with the solid isotropic material with penalization (SIMP) method, a new iterative topology optimizer is formed. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed method can generate heat transfer structures with good performance, and can apply the model trained on low-resolution data to the structural topology optimization with high resolution, which greatly improves the optimization efficiency. In addition to the heat conduction structure optimization problem, the method developed in this paper is expected to be applied to other optimization problems or coupled with other conventional optimization methods

Experimental and machine learning insights on heat transfer and friction factor analysis of novel hybrid nanofluids subjected to constant heat flux at various mixture ratios

This study explores the combined effects of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃)/graphene oxide (GO) hybrid nanofluids in 50:50 and 80:20 ratios, offering a notable improvement over conventional Al₂O₃ or GO nanofluids. It delivers a thorough comparison of thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity and viscosity and heat transfer performance across water, Al₂O₃ nanofluids, and the Al₂O₃/GO hybrids. Nanofluids at 0.1–0.5 % volume concentrations were tested in a horizontal circular pipe under constant heat flux and turbulent flow with an inlet temperature of 60 °C. The maximum Nu enhancements of 64, 56 and 41 % were noted for Al₂O₃/GO (50:50), Al₂O₃/GO (80:20), and Al₂O₃ nanofluids, respectively at 0.5 vol%, compared to water. The maximum pressure drop of Al2O3/GO (50:50) nanofluid is 5.64 and 8.3 % greater than that of Al2O3/GO (80:20) and Al2O3 nanofluid, respectively at 0.5 vol%. The peak thermal performance index of 1.56, 1.48, and 1.33 is observed for Al₂O₃/GO (50:50), Al₂O₃/GO (80:20), and Al₂O₃ nanofluids. The integration of a multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network further enhances accuracy in predicting thermal performance, surpassing the precision of conventional empirical models. The adopted model showed excellent predictive accuracy, with correlation coefficients of 0.98493 in training, 0.9837 in validation, and 0.98698 in testing.

The heat transfer characteristics of semi-molten wide sieving dilute phase particles between vertical heating surfaces

The high-temperature slag produced during the steelmaking process presents a significant opportunity for waste heat recovery and material utilization. Centrifugal granulation is acknowledged as an effective treatment method for managing this slag. However, the compact design of centrifugal granulation equipment poses a challenge in achieving the necessary cooling rates for high-temperature slag relying solely on gas-solid heat transfer within a confined space. This paper presents a physical model for the gas-solid two-phase interaction of an ultra-dilute high-temperature particle cluster and analyzes its heat exchange with vertical heating surfaces. The research indicates that radiative heat transfer is the primary mode of heat exchange between the particles and the heated surface, constituting more than 50 %. Moreover, heat is transferred from the particles through the air to the heated surface. Significantly, lowering the air inlet temperature and the particle velocity greatly improves the heat transfer performance and overall efficiency. Additionally, increasing the air flow rate can offset the decrease in contact thermal conductivity and radiative heat transfer that may occur due to increased spacing between the vertical tube bundle heating surfaces, thus promoting particle heat transfer. This study is crucial for guiding the improvement of heat transfer techniques for high-temperature molten particles in confined spaces.

Simulation of Magnetic Field Effects on Heat and Mass Transfer in a Porous Spline Half‐Cylinder Using ANN and ISPH Approaches

ABSTRACTThis study utilizes Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (ISPH) simulations to explore the effects of magnetic fields on heat and mass transfer in a porous spline half‐cylinder filled with Nano‐Encapsulated Phase Change Material (NEPCM). Simulations were conducted over a range of physical parameters: buoyancy ratio () from −2 to 2, Darcy number () from 10−5 to 10−2, Hartmann number () from 0 to 50, Rayleigh number (Ra) from 103 to 106, and fusion temperature from 0.05 to 0.9. The results demonstrate that increasing the Ha reduces heat transfer efficiency by up to 15%, as the magnetic field stabilizes fluid flow and enhances conduction. Conversely, increasing the Ra improves heat transfer efficiency by approximately 25% due to enhanced convection and mixing. The buoyancy ratio significantly influences fluid flow, with higher values favoring concentration‐driven buoyancy, while lower values enhance temperature‐driven convection. The Da affects permeability, with higher values promoting convective heat transfer and dynamic flow, whereas lower values result in stable, conductive heat transfer. Fusion temperature impacts phase change behavior, affecting heat capacity and flow dynamics through latent heat absorption. These insights underscore the critical role of optimizing these parameters to enhance performance in applications such as thermal energy storage and industrial processes involving phase change materials.

The effect of ultrasound-assisted freezing, metal plate assisted freezing and conventional freezing on the quality characteristics of beef samples

In this study, the effects of household refrigerator freezing (control group), ultrasound-assisted freezing at different power levels (40 %, 70 %, and 100 %) and metal plate assisted freezing on the quality characteristics of beef samples were investigated. While the freezing time decreased for the fillet samples with ultrasound-assisted freezing (40 % and 70 %, respectively) and for all samples with metal plate assisted freezing, the weight loss and cooking loss values generally decreased compared to control samples. The total color values of the ultrasound-assisted frozen samples were higher than those of the control samples, while the metal plate assisted frozen samples were lower than those of the control samples. The TBARS values were found to be lower in both methods compared to control samples. The hardness values of control samples were generally lower than the samples subjected to both methods after or before cooking. The protein denaturation temperatures of the metal plate-assisted frozen samples were generally higher than others. As a result, ultrasound and metal plate assisted freezing processes preserved the quality characteristics of beef and had significant effects on several quality characteristics of beef. The application of ultrasound at 40 % provides a significant advantage in terms of quality characteristics. The effects of conduction heat transfer with metal plate-assisted freezing processes also provides the positive impact on the freezing of beef samples. Thus, the use of innovative technologies during the freezing of food in household refrigerators were evaluated within the study which brings new idea to integrate them in the production of household refrigerators.

Heat transfer in large bins during the apples cool-down process

The preservation of apples in cold storage relies deeply on understanding the thermal dynamics governing their environment. Within packaging, apples engage in complex thermal interactions, between themselves and the environment, affecting convective and conductive heat transfer pathways. Challenges escalate in industrial cold storage facilities, manifesting as temperature stratification and non-uniform cooling. Nonetheless, a comprehensive understanding of heat transfer dynamics is vital for optimizing cold storage equipment design and enhancing cooling system operation efficacy. Building upon previous studies validating the use of Peltier elements for detecting and quantifying heat flux in individual apples, this research extends its application to industrial cold rooms. By strategically selecting locations within the apple bin and the storage cold room and comparing changes in total heat content obtained by a conventional method and comparing with the Peltier element for its validation. Results of the convective heat transfer coefficient in an upper-layer bin were in the range of 2.7-5.9 Wm-2 K-1 while in a bin at door level were 5.0-7.0 Wm-2 K-1. The higher values found in the position near the door can be correlated to the faster air speed experienced between the apples in this position. By applying these values in the transient heat transfer model to predict the fruit core temperature during the cooling process, a relatable prediction was found, with apple temperature difference <0.9 °C between predicted by the Peltier element and experimental cooling curves. This study can aid understanding of thermal dynamics in cold storage environments, and support future development for more efficient and sustainable cold storage practices.

Local heat transfer distribution in channel flow through a periodic octet foam with separation of fin and wall heat transfer

This study investigates local heat transfer distribution and pressure drop in octet-structured aluminium foam (AlSi10Mg) within a rectangular channel. The local heat transfer distribution is analysed using a thin metal foil technique and an IR camera. The foam has a thickness of 12.5 mm and 70.6 % porosity. Experiments were performed to study the effect of Reynolds numbers on heat transfer performance and assess the contribution of conductive versus convective heat transfer. A range of Reynolds numbers were tested from 1000 to 25000. The heat transfer coefficient asymptotes to a constant value beyond the Reynolds number of 20000. To segregate the effect of fin and wall heat transfer, separate experiments are conducted using resin foam. The effect of conduction heat transfer (fin) dominates convection heat transfer (wall), with a contribution ratio of 81–19 %. Metal foam exhibits a 3.5–5 times higher heat transfer coefficient than resin foam. The performance enhancement over smooth channels is 5 times higher for resin foam and 18 to 29 times higher for metal foam. The Performance Evaluation Criterion for metal foam ranges from 2.02 to 3.11, while for resin foam, Performance Evaluation Criterion is between 0.56 and 0.63. The Constant Pumping Power Criterion shows a 32 % higher thermal performance than the Performance Evaluation Criterion.

Yielding onset in FGM thick-walled spherical shells under thermo-mechanical loading

Based on von Mises yield criterion, a thermoelasto-plastic analysis of a thick-walled spherical shell composed of functionally graded material (FGM) subjected to internal pressure and thermal gradient is conducted in order to accurately predict the onset radius of yielding within the vessel wall. The modulus of elasticity, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficients, and yield stress of FGM are assumed to follow power-law functions in radius according to Erdogan’s model. The equilibrium differential equation of the shell under thermo-mechanical loading in steady-state conduction heat transfer are derived analytically and then solved to determine through-thickness variations of the radial and circumferential stresses and radial displacement in elastic and perfectly plastic zones in the vessel wall. The presented approach leads to the definition of new formulation to predict the onset radius of yielding. Moreover, a neural network (NN) solution to reliable quantify the influence of all uncertain input parameters with respect to uncertain output parameter is utilized. The numerical results showed that for various FGM parameters and specific thermal gradient, the plastic zone can commence from inside radius, outside radius, simultaneously in both radii, or may be launched in the intermediate radius of the spherical shell wall.

Transient convective heat transfer analysis in dull cornered triangular enclosure with open-cell metal foam and hybrid nano fluid

Transient convective heat transfer is a type of heat transfer that occurs when fluid convection changes in temperature, heat flux, or velocity over time. However, the heat transfer phenomenon in porous media under transient situations has not been extensively examined in current research, and only a few studies have focused on triangle enclosures. Thus, a novel Dull Cornered Triangular Enclosure with Bottom separated Open-Cell Aluminum Metal Foam and Hybrid Nano Fluid is introduced. Neglecting viscous dissipation and thermal dispersion in porous media in the prevailing studies leads to underestimated temperature rises. Hence, a novel DMW-GO-MWCNT nanofluid is used as a coolant, featuring 2% graphene oxide (GO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), enhancing convective heat transmission. Including viscous dissipation and thermal dispersion in transient simulations accurately models temperature rises, avoiding suboptimal designs. The sharp lower corners in traditional triangle enclosures create stagnation points, disrupting uniform heating or cooling and reducing heat transfer efficiency. Thus, a Dull Cornered Triangular Enclosure is designed to eliminate recirculation zones by rounding the bottom corners, improving heat transfer efficiency. The placement of porous media in contact with heating surface enclosures hinders transient convective heat transfer, leading to dominant conductive heat transfer, increased cavitation risk, reduced Nusselt number, and impaired overall convective heat transfer efficiency. Therefore, incorporating Bottom Separated Open-Cell Aluminum Metal Foam in the proposed triangular enclosure lowers pressure drop and increases the Nusselt number with increased convective heat transfer efficiency. The results show that the proposed model has improved the overall transient convective heat transfer performance with a high Nusselt number, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient, effectiveness, heat transfer coefficient, heat transfer rate; and low deviation time, skin friction coefficient, and pressure drop.

Analytical generalized thermal resistance model for conductive heat transfer in pebble beds based on heat flux weighted temperature difference

A novel model for inter-particle contact thermal resistance based on analytical solutions is proposed. By applying the concept of heat flux weighted temperature difference in thermal resistance modeling for the first time, this model offers greater physical significance than traditional thermal resistance models. It effectively describes the dissipation in the heat transfer process and the influence of particle radius on thermal resistance, making it a generalized thermal resistance model suitable for multi-dimensional systems. The impact of applying different levels of uniform heat flux boundary conditions on thermal resistance is analyzed from the perspective of energy dissipation, revealing that a more uniform heat flux input results in lower thermal resistance. The effects of contact radius and particle size on the dimensionless generalized thermal resistance of inter-particle contact were studied, showing that the dimensionless resistance increases with larger particle contact radius and smaller particle size. Using the thermal discrete element method, the thermal resistance model with uniform heat flux density boundary conditions was applied to calculate the effective thermal conductivity of the pebble bed. Considering the distribution of contact radius, differences in effective thermal conductivity at various heights of the pebble bed due to different contact radii were examined and compared with the traditional fixed-coefficient contact resistance model. It was found that the difference between the two models decreases as the contact radius decreases. Finally, multiple sets of fixed contact radii were established under three different particle sizes, revealing that as the contact radius increases, the deviation between the new generalized resistance model and the traditional fixed-coefficient model rises from 8.18 % to 14.64 % for different particle radii.

Thermal processes affected by carbon dioxide near ground surface

This study provides penetrative investigation of the effects of carbon dioxide concentration on time-dependent temperature and energy fluxes on the ground surface subject to solar irradiation. While global warming significantly impacts human life, the factors responsible remain controversial. This work considers unsteady one-dimensional heat conduction and radiative heat transfer, including collimated and diffuse components as functions of longitude, latitude, and altitude. Diffuse radiation depends on the different absorption bands of carbon dioxide and water vapor, as functions of wavelength, temperature, concentrations or pressure. The predicted results using COMSOL computer code show that the effects of carbon dioxide concentration on ground surface temperature are negligibly small, for example, over a 5-year period. Time-dependent ground surface temperature strongly depends on the absorption or dissipation of diffuse radiation and heat conduction. Diffuse radiation has a damping effect on temperature variation. Temperature changes due to solar irradiation absorption in the atmosphere are also negligibly small, despite solar irradiation being much greater than diffuse radiation and heat conduction. The absorption or dissipation of diffuse radiation depends on the dominant absorption bands centered at 4.3 and 15 μm of carbon dioxide at different times. This study, from the viewpoint of energy conservation, identifies diffuse radiation as a critical factor influencing the rate of temperature change at the ground surface, without assuming radiative or thermal equilibrium or modeling convection. Poor management of this radiation would hinder efforts to avoid droughts, water scarcity, severe fires, rising sea levels, flooding, catastrophic storms, and biodiversity loss.

Incorporating numerical method for analyzing the conduction heat transfer during solidification loading nanoparticles

This study examines the freezing within a tank with a curved cold surface, integrating an innovative use of fins. The addition of fins and the careful introduction of nanomaterial knowingly enhance solidification efficiency, with potential applications in areas such as cryopreservation and thermal energy storage. To further optimize the solidification process, various types and concentrations of nano-powders were dispersed into the water, serving as heat transfer enhancers. The mathematical model was refined through specific assumptions, leading to the derivation of two principal equations. These equations were then effectively solved using the Galerkin method, offering a novel optimization approach for solidification. The enhancement in conductivity due to the modifications plays a key role in improving the productivity of the system. Furthermore, the addition of nanoparticles resulted in a notable extension of freezing time around 26.71 %. The use of an adaptive grid method during grid generation, coupled with the successful verification of the final model, strengthens the reliability of the research. By increasing the parameter "m" (shape factor) from 4.8 to 8.6, the solidification time was reduced by approximately 6.96 %, demonstrating a significant improvement in the system's efficiency.

Implicit modular coupled heat transfer analysis for functionally graded materials using the SVC-FMC method

Functionally graded materials have found extensive applications in the aerospace industry and solar energy systems due to their excellent performance in enhancing heat transfer/insulation. Developing corresponding theoretical frameworks for the coupled radiation and conduction heat transfer (CRCHT) is crucial for unlocking their full potential and expanding their applicability in various high-performance and critical applications. Considering the limitations of existing frameworks in addressing CRCHT problems in practical applications, such as the explicit iteration procedure and the linearization assumption, a fully implicit framework as the source value caching function Monte Carlo (SVC-FMC) method is proposed based on the null collision reverse Monte Carlo and the Green's Function Markov Superposition Monte Carlo, which are suitable for solving the radiative transfer equation and the energy equation within non-uniform media. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated with different heat transfer systems. It was observed that the maximum root mean square error during the verification process did not exceed 0.08, thereby demonstrating the efficacy of SVC-FMC in analyzing CRCHT processes involving gradient materials. Results reveal that the material properties that transcend the functional distribution form will augment the strengthening effect of heat transfer/insulation. The scattering characteristics significantly influence the strengthening effect caused by refractive index distribution.

Development of a test rig for the study of gas-based nanofluids

Abstract Nanofluids, comprising nanoparticles suspended in conventional heat transfer fluids, reveal significant increase in thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer. This research article investigates the application of gas-based nanofluid in concentrated solar power plant (CSP) technologies. Traditional heat transfer fluids, like synthetic oil and molten salts, present limitations such as flammability, toxicity and operational temperature. In contrast, gas-based nanofluids show improved thermal and optical properties making them a promising alternative for high-temperature solar applications. In this research, an innovative open circuit test bench operating with gas-based nanofluid as heat transfer fluid is presented. Particularly, an open circuit test bench was designed for experimental analysis, incorporating a solar simulator to control sunlight intensity in a laboratory setting. A theoretical model was developed based on solar simulator irradiance, and numerical analysis was conducted. Nanofluids containing CuO nanoparticles exhibited an optimal extinction distance within a few centimeters at a volume concentration of 0.50f. Besides, also the temperature increase achievable with this concentration of nanoparticles is compatible with various thermal and electrical power generation applications.

A detailed optical thermo-electrical model for better thermal analysis of bifacial PV systems

Converting sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic (PV) technology is an effective solution to address the challenges of energy shortage and environmental protection. Bifacial (bPV) is a new type of solar cell that has advantages over monofacial (mPV) generation in that it can receive energy from both sides and produce more electrical energy, which has given rise to hope for PV. Thermal analysis, optical and electrical analyses are essential for bPV modeling. As temperature increases, the performance of a solar module decreases. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of a 550 W bPV panel in Tehran, Iran through optical, thermal, and electrical evaluations. In addition to the produced power and bifacial gain for the electrical measurement of the panel and comparing it with the mPV, thermal resistance has also been studied to investigate the importance of conductive, convective, and radiant heat transfer. It was discovered that the bPV produces 13.90 % more energy per year than the mPV. In terms of heat transfer, radiative thermal resistance contributes 63.08 % while conductive thermal resistance contributes only 0.57 %. This exhibits that the solar panel can be viewed as an integrated layer to simplify modeling.

Evaluation of GPU-based Conductive Heat Transfer Algorithms

Evaluation of GPU-based Conductive Heat Transfer Algorithms

Time-dependent three-dimensional conductive heat transfer of flat plate and vertical cylinder with different thermal conductivity and heat source

This research aims to numerically analyze the temperature distribution in a geometry consisting of a rectangular cube piece and a cylindrical piece with different thermal conductivity coefficients. The studied geometry is in three-dimensional space and in the time interval of 0≤t≤0.01s and has been analyzed with special boundary conditions. The material of the rectangular cube piece is made of Copper-Aluminum Bronze material (95 % Cu, 5 % Al) and with thermal conductivity coefficientk1=83W/m.k, and the material of the cylindrical piece placed on the rectangular cube and in its center is made of Aluminum-Silumin material (87 % Al, 13 % Si) with a thermal conductivity coefficientk2=164W/m.k. The boundary conditions of the rectangular cube piece are assumed so that the lower face and the two side faces facing each other have a constant heat flux (Dirichlet boundary condition), and the upper face and the other two faces facing each other are low-temperature faces. The side face is insulated in the cylindrical piece, and the upper face is considered high-temperature. The upper side of the rectangular cube piece and the connection point of the cylindrical piece also have a low temperature. All dimensions of the desired geometry are taken into account at the micro level. The results show that by choosing the parts that have a higher thermal conductivity but have a smaller volume and are located in the upper part of the geometry and its upper face has a high temperature, the temperature distribution is done in a fraction of a second and the heat has also spread to the lower part.

Investigation of the melting and solidification processes of a phase change material in cylindrical annular enclosures: A parametric study for energy densification in hot water tanks

The present study focuses on the analysis of the effect of the phase change material (PCM) cavity size on the melting and solidification processes for application to thermal energy densification in a hot water tank through latent heat thermal energy storage in cylindrical annular cavities. A 2D axisymmetric composite geometrical pattern is considered, formed by a phase change material surrounded by a conductive and an insulating material. A parametric study is conducted on the phase change material cavity size, and the results are presented using non-dimensional numbers: Fourier number, Rayleigh number, and aspect ratio. Two approaches have been developed based on local and global analyses. The local one showed the predominance of the conductive or convective heat transfer process concerning the influence of the phase change material size, and thus the Rayleigh number, on the evolution of the solid/liquid interface and streamline shapes. The global one allowed correlations for melting and solidification Fourier numbers with respect to the Rayleigh number and aspect ratio to be built from simulation data. Two parameters for each process have been identified and defined from the present study: the critical Fourier number and the aspect ratio constant. The critical Fourier number corresponds to the maximum Fourier number that the phase change material needs to achieve for a melting or solidification process. The aspect ratio constant provides information on the phase change material aspect ratio value where the Rayleigh number no longer influences the process. In the case of the melting process, this parameter is an indication that convection has reached a maximum intensity and no longer influences the process. Finally, this study proposes a suitable aspect ratio for optimizing the melting process: 19.32, and another for optimizing the solidification process: 16.29.

Effect of dual NEPCM and tapered fins on thermal runaway control in lithium-ion batteries

This research investigates the thermal performance of dual phase change materials (PCMs) RT82 (PCM1) and RT27 (PCM2) using tapered fins and nanoparticles to improve their thermal management capabilities, specifically for controlling excessive heating in lithium-ion battery cells. The primary objective is to enhance heat transfer efficiency and melting characteristics of dual PCMs by incorporating alumina (Al2O3), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) nanoparticles at varying volume fractions and configuring tapered fins in different arrangements. A series of parametric studies were conducted to analyze the impact of these modifications on the thermal transport and solid-liquid transition characteristics of the PCMs. The key findings indicate that the incorporation of nano-sized particles significantly enhances the thermal conductivity of PCMs, with SWCNTs showing the highest improvement. The PCM system with 6 % SWCNTs nanoparticles exhibited a 41.85 % increase in melting characteristics compared to the baseline PCM. The study also reveals that increasing the number of fins from two to eight results in a 94.28 % increase in the melting rate for RT82 and a 50 % increase for RT27. Furthermore, the combination of increased nanoparticle concentration and fin number leads to a 12.17 % rise in melt pool temperature distribution for 2 % SWCNTs and 14.08 % for 6 % SWCNTs. The enhanced thermal conductivity and efficient heat transfer due to the synergistic effect of fins and nanoparticles result in faster phase transitions and improved temperature regulation within the system. These findings underscore the potential of optimized PCM configurations with advanced materials for superior thermal management solutions in high-heat applications, effectively extending the operational efficiency and lifespan of thermal systems like lithium-ion batteries.