Conductivity Of Irrigation Water Research Articles

Photosynthetic pigments, photochemical efficiency and growth of custard-apple under salt stress and potassium fertilization

ABSTRACT The salt stress caused by irrigation water with high concentration of salts stands out as one of the main limiting factors in agricultural production in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the photosynthetic pigments, the photochemical efficiency, and the growth of custard-apple irrigated with saline water and potassium doses. The research was carried out under field conditions in a randomized block design in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme, corresponding to two values of electrical conductivity of irrigation water - ECw (1.3 and 4.0 dS m-1) and five potassium doses (50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of the recommendation). The dose referring to 100% corresponded to the application of 20 g of K2O per plant per year. ECw of 4.0 dS m-1 reduced the synthesis of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids in custard-apple, at 245 days after transplanting. Fertilization doses of 50 to 150% of the recommendation inhibited the synthesis of chlorophyll b and the absolute and relative growth rates in stem diameter of custard-apple plants irrigated with water of highest electrical conductivity. Reduction in the quantum efficiency of photosystem II in custard-apple cultivated under ECw of 4.0 dS m-1 is related to photoinhibitory damage to photosystem II. Potassium fertilization did not alleviate the stress caused by water salinity on the growth of custard-apple, during 151-245 days after transplantation.

Growth and yield of beet irrigated with saline water in different types of vegetable mulching

ABSTRACT Vegetal mulching can mitigate the harmful effects of salts present in irrigation water. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of irrigation water salinity and mulching on the growth and yield of beet crops. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Redenção, Ceará State. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme, with five replicates, composed of two levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water - ECw: tap water - 0.3 dS m-1 and saline solution - 5.8 dS m-1; and four types of mulching (rice hulls, carnauba bagana, crop residues, and a control treatment without soil cover). The use of vegetal mulching, mitigated the effects of irrigation with saline water on the variables plant height, leaf area, stem diameter, and tuberous root. The increase of the salt concentration in irrigation water negatively affected the number of leaves, length of the tuberous root, and yield. But, it increased the soluble solids in the beet crop.

Saline waters and nitrogen/potassium fertilization combinations on physiological aspects and production of West Indian cherry

This study evaluated the influence of combinations of nitrogen and potassium doses on the physiology and fruit production of West Indian cherry irrigated with waters of different salinities in the second year of cultivation. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Pombal-PB, Brazil, in plastic containers adapted as lysimeters installed in the field, in a randomized block design, 5 x 4 factorial scheme corresponding to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw): 0.3, 1.3, 2.3, 3.3 and 4.3 dS m-1, and four combinations of nitrogen and potassium fertilization: 70% N + 50% K2O; 100% N + 75% K2O; 130% N + 100% K2O and 160% N + 125% K2O of the dose recommended for West Indian cherry, with three replicates and one plant per plot. The cv. ‘Flor Branca’ was grafted on the cv. ‘Junco’, between 420 and 550 days after transplanting. Nitrogen and potassium combinations did not mitigate the deleterious effects of water salinity on the physiology and fruit formation of West Indian cherry. An increase in ECw intensifies the intercellular electrolyte leakage and reduces the water potential in the branch, chlorophyll content in the leaves, CO2 assimilation rate, equatorial and polar diameters as well as the mass of fruits. Fertilization of plants with 70% N + 50% of K2O, compared to the other fertilization combinations, causes less intercellular electrolyte leakage and promotes higher CO2 assimilation rates, higher chlorophyll content in leaves, and fruits of larger size and mass.
 Keywords: Malpighia emarginata D. C, mineral fertilization, salt stress.

Potassium fertilization and salt stress on beet crop

The aim was to evaluate the effect of different doses of potassium in beet crops irrigated with low and high salinity water. The study was conducted in a protected environment, in the Aurora Seedling Production Unit (UPMA), at the University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusophony (Unilab), Redenção-Ceará. The experimental design was completely randomized, with treatments arranged in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, referring to five doses of potassium (24 g, 48 g, 72 g, 96 g, and 120 g) and two levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (A1 = 0.5 dS m−1 and A2 = 5.8 dS m−1). The following variables were assessed: plant height (PH), number of leaves (NL), leaf area (LA), tuberous root length (TRL), tuberous root diameter (TRD), yield (TRY), and soluble solids (SS). Regardless of potassium doses, high salinity water affects plant height and leaf area between 40 and 60 DAS, while low salinity water has increased them. The applied doses maximized the productivity and the SS of the beet crop, however, more efficient with low salinity water. Besides, potassium fertilization increased the length and diameter of the fruit; however, saline stress negatively affected them.

Salinidade da água e ácido salicílico no crescimento de plantas de tomate

The tomato is one of the most important vegetables in Brazilian market. The production of this vegetable can be limited by the excess of salts in the water used for irrigation. The use of phytohormones, such as salicylic acid (SA), is used to minimize the negative effects of excess salts on plants. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the attenuating effect of salicylic acid on tomato plants growth irrigated with saline water. The experimental design was the randomized blocks in an incomplete factorial scheme 5 (SA doses: 0.0, 0.29, 1.0, 1.71 and 2.0 mM) x 5 (electrical conductivities of irrigation water - ECw: 0.5, 1.3, 3.25, 5.2 and 6 dS m-1), combined according to the experimental matrix Central Compound of Box, with four replicates and two plants per experimental plot. Growth evaluations were performed 45 days after the beginning of irrigation with saline water. Plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, absolute and relative growth rate for plant height, root dry mass, shoot dry mass, total dry mass, Dickson's quality index, leaf area, specific leaf area and specific leaf weight were evaluated. The tomato plants growth was reduced by the increase in ECw. Salicylic acid, applied exogenously up to 2.0 mM, did not promote attenuating effect of salinity on tomato plants.

Initial development of watermelon in fuction of substrates and irrigation with saline water

We evaluated the initial development of watermelon cv. Crimson Sweet seedlings grown in different organic substrates and electrical conductivity of irrigation water. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse between January and March of 2017. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with factorial arrangement 3 x 5. The treatments were combinations of three substrates: soil + bovine manure (SBM) (1:1); soil + sheep manure (SSM) (1:1) and commercial substrate Basaplant® (CS), and five electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECiw): C1 – 0.3 dS m-1; C2 – 1.5 dS m-1; C3 – 2.7 dS m-1; C4 – 3.9 dS m-1 and C5 – 5.1 dS m-1. Plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, root fresh mass, stem fresh mass, leaf fresh mass, root dry mass, stem dry mass, and leaf dry mass were evaluated at 37 days after sowing (DAS). The interaction between substrate x ECiw significantly affected the variables plant height, number of leaves, stem fresh mass and leaf fresh mass; all the analyzed variables were affected by substrate factor, while plant height, number of leaves, root dry mass, stem dry mass, and leaf dry mass were affected by ECiw. It is possible to produce watermelon cv. Crimson Sweet seedlings using water with electrical conductivity up to 2.86 dS m-1 associated with commercial substrate and up to 2.67 dS m-1 associated with sheep manure. It can be inferred that the use of commercial substrate is more suitable for the production of watermelon cv. Crimson Sweet seedlings.

Crescimento de morangueiro submetido a níveis de salinidade e adubação orgânica

Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento inicial do morangueiro irrigado com águas salinas em solo com e sem biofertilizante bovino. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido na Estação Agrometeorológica, Ciências Agrárias, da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, no período de setembro a outubro de 2016. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado seguindo o esquema fatorial 5 x 2, com cinco repetições. O primeiro tratamento foi constituído pelos níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação, sendo: 0,5 dS m-1; 1,0 dS m-1; 1,5 dS m-1; 2,0 dS m-1 e 2,5 dS m-1, e o segundo tratamento compreendeu duas condições: sem e com biofertilizante bovino. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: número de folhas, comprimento da raiz, matéria seca da parte aérea, da raiz e total e condutividade elétrica. A salinidade da água de irrigação afetou o número de folhas, área foliar, comprimento da raiz, massa seca da parte aérea, da raiz e total, porém com menor intensidade em solo com biofertilizante bovino, demonstrando que o insumo atenua os efeitos da salinidade no crescimento do morangueiro.

Morphometric responses and tolerance of pomegranate seedlings irrigated with saline water

ABSTRACT Information on the production of seedlings and initial growth of pomegranate irrigated with saline water is scarce in the Brazilian semi-arid region. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation water salinity levels on the growth and tolerance of pomegranate seedlings. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, located at the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region, Mossoró, RN, Brazil. A randomized block design with five treatments [electrical conductivities of irrigation water (ECw) of 0.6, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0 dS m-1] and five replicates, with three plants per plot, was used. At 120 days after sowing, the following characteristics were evaluated: shoot, root and total lengths (cm); stem diameter (mm), dry mass of stem, leaves, root system and total (g); ratio between root and shoot dry mass; Dickson quality index and salinity tolerance. Growth and dry biomass accumulation in pomegranate seedlings were compromised with increased salinity in irrigation water, but with a lower intensity when subjected up to EC of 6.0 dS m-1. Regarding the criterion of evaluation of tolerance to salinity, pomegranate seedlings were moderately tolerant to salinity.

Behavior of Sunflower Irrigated With Salt Water and Nitrogen Fertigation

The sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) crop has been gaining prominence in wastewater research due to its relevance to the production of edible oil, biodiesel and ornamental and decorative material. In the field of floriculture, the crop has been emerging as an alternative offer of a short-cycle product, with contrasting colors and easy identification by the consumer. The objective of this work was to evaluate the different electrical conductivities of water associated with nitrogen fertigation rates on the vegetative, physiological and productive behavior of ornamental sunflower. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a factorial scheme 6x4, referring to six levels of electrical conductivity of water (ECa of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 dS m-1) and four nitrogen fertigation rates, with one control and the other three applications performed every 10, 20 and 30 days after emergence (DAE), with five replications, totaling 120 experimental units. The variables analyzed were: stem diameter, root length, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content, fresh and dry phytomass of shoots, roots and total phytomass, seed mass and capitulum mass. The salinity negatively affected the physiological variables, growth and productivity evaluated, decreasing with increasing electrical conductivity of irrigation water (dS m-1). Nitrogen fertigation at 10 days after emergence resulted in an increase in the stem diameter of sunflower plants.

Photosynthetic pigments and photochemical efficiency of precocious dwarf cashew (<i>Anacardium occidentale</i> L.) under salt stress and potassium fertilization

Cashew cultivation is an activity of great socioeconomic relevance, especially for agriculture in the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil, standing out as an option to generate jobs and income. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the photosynthetic pigments and photochemical efficiency of precocious dwarf cashew under salt stress and potassium fertilization. The study was conducted using a Regolithic Neosol with sandy loam texture, adopting a randomized block design in 5×2 factorial arrangement, which corresponded to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water—ECw (0.4; 1.2; 2.0; 2.8 and 3.6 dS m-1) associated with two doses of potassium fertilization—KD (100 and 150% of recommendation), with three replicates and two plants per plot. Increasing water salinity inhibited chlorophyll synthesis and decreased electron transport rate and quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation in precocious dwarf cashew, at 50 days after sowing. There was significant interaction for chlorophyll a and b contents and the effects of salt stress were intensified by potassium doses on the chlorophyll b content of precocious dwarf cashew. Potassium doses of 100 and 150% of recommendation (150 and 225 mg K2O kg-1 of soil) do not mitigate the effect of salt stress on photosynthetic pigment synthesis and photochemical efficiency of cashew plants in the rootstock formation phase.

Water and salt balances of two shallow groundwater cropping systems using subjective and objective irrigation scheduling

Evidence suggests that, in general, subjective rather than objective irrigation scheduling decisions are adopted by farmers. Irrigators have ‘calibrated’ themselves with years of experience to irrigate subjectively according to perceived crop water requirements. This study aimed to determine the associated benefits of objective versus subjective scheduling of two shallow groundwater cropping systems. Weekly measurements included rainfall and irrigation amounts, soil water content, groundwater table depth, artificial drainage volumes, and electrical conductivity of irrigation water, groundwater and drainage water. Simulations of evaporation and transpiration were done with the SWAMP model. Based on soil water and salinity status, matric and osmotic stress during the four cropping seasons is considered unlikely. When rainfall-plusirrigation was compared to evapotranspiration, objective scheduling resulted in an under-supply of 15%, and rainfall and shallow groundwater served as supplementary water sources. Subjective scheduling did not use rainfall efficiently as a source of water and resulted in an over-supply of 10%. Approximately 50% less salt was leached with objective compared to subjective irrigation scheduling. Under shallow groundwater conditions, irrigating subjectively according to crop water requirement results in excessive irrigation, salt addition and leaching compared to objective scheduling. Farmers can address some of the environmental problems associated with irrigation by adopting objective scheduling and reducing the leaching fraction (< 0.15) of shallow groundwater cropping systems. Keywords : evapotranspiration, leaching, salinity, water conservation, water degradation

Biomass and Rootstock Quality of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Saline Water Irrigated under Nitrogen Fertilization

The increase in N concentration in the root zone of plants under saline conditions can inhibit the absorption of chloride and reduce the osmotic, toxic and nutritional effects caused by this ion. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate biomass and rootstock quality of guava. cv. Paluma irrigated with saline water under four N rates. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Center of Science and Agri-food Technology of the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG) at Pombal-PB, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized block with a 5 × 4 factorial arrangement. The treatments were levels of electrical conductivity of water - ECw (0.3. 1.1. 1.9. 2.7 and 3.5 dS m-1), with 70, 100, 130 and 160% of the N rate recommended for guava seedlings (541, 773, 1004.9 and 1236.8 mg N dm-3 of soil) and four replicates totaling 80 plots, each one with five plants. Salt stress caused by electrical conductivity of irrigation water of 1.4 dS m-1 onwards affected negatively the formation of phytomass of guava cv. Paluma rootstock, and this effect was mitigated on root dry matter and Dickson quality index by the increase in nitrogen rate up to 819.38 mg of N dm-3 of soil.

Water Relations and Gas Exchanges of West Indian Cherry under Salt Stress and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Doses

This study aimed to evaluate the interaction between the fertilization with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and irrigation with saline water on the water relations, gas exchanges and chlorophyll a fluorescence in West Indian cherry in the vegetative stage. The study was carried out in protected environment, using lysimeters filled with clay loam Regolithic Neosol, with low P content, installed in a randomized block design, arranged in a factorial scheme with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw), and four managements of P and N fertilization, with three replicates and one plant per plot. Along the experiment, water relations, gas exchanges and chlorophyll a fluorescence were evaluated in West Indian cherry plants. The increase in irrigation water salinity reduces the gas exchanges of the plants, but the increment of 40% in N supply increases the photosynthetic activity of West Indian cherry at recommendation levels higher than 100:100% of the P/N ratio, when irrigated with ECw of up to 3.0 dS m-1. The combined action of N and P, at doses of 140:140% N/P recommendation, increases leaf turgor in the plants, regardless of the ECw level. The increment of 40% in N dose reduces the effects of salinity on the initial fluorescence of chlorophyll a in West Indian cherry irrigated with up to 2.2 dS m-1.

English

Licania rigida Benth. (oiticica) is a native species from the Northeastern Brazil. In this sense, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of irrigation with saline water and organic matter on the growth and quality of oiticica seedlings. The experiments were laid out in randomized complete block using a 5 × 2 factorial design related to electrical conductivity of irrigation water at 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1 in a substrate with and without organic castor bean compost (Ricinus communis) and soil in a volume ratio of 0:1 and 1:1 v/v. Growth in height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll indices, shoot and root dry matter and Dickson Quality Index were evaluated. The increase in water salinity inhibited biometric growth, seedlings production of root and shoot biomass, chlorophyll content and Dickson Quality Index. Increase in water salinity, except for root biomass, inhibited biometric growth, shoot biomass accumulation, chlorophyll a, b and total, chlorophyll indexes and quality index of oiticica seedlings. In the results, although the Dickson Quality Index did not decrease with increasing water salinity and did not vary among treatments with and without organic compost, the transplanting of seedlings in the field was found to be suitable. Key words: Salinity, organic compost, oiticica.

Photosynthetic pigments and biomass in noni irrigated with saline waters with and without leaching

ABSTRACTThe response of plants to salt stress is an extremely complex phenomenon that involves morphological, physiological and biochemical changes, modifying the leaf contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids, among others and affecting plant growth, development and production. An experiment was carried out from July 2010 to June 2011, in order to evaluate the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, the chlorophyll a/b ratio and biomass accumulation of shoots and roots of noni plants, when subjected to irrigation and leaching with water of increasing salinity. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, at the Center of Agricultural Sciences of the Federal University of Paraíba, in the municipality of Areia-PB, Brazil. Treatments were distributed in randomized blocks, in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme with four replicates and two plants per plot, and corresponded to levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (0.5; 1.5; 3.0; 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1) in pots with and without leaching. The increase in irrigation water salinity impairs the leaf contents of chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and biomass production of noni plants, but to a lesser extent in all the treatments in which same irrigation water was used for leaching.

Interação entre salinidade da água de irrigação e adubação nitrogenada na cultura da berinjela

Propôs-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a interação de níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação associada a doses de nitrogênio sobre a produção de frutos de berinjela. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido do Departamento de Ciências Ambientais e Tecnológicas - UFERSA. O experimento obedeceu a um delineamento de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4 x 6, com quatro repetições e quatro níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (0,5; 2, 4 e 6 dS m-1) além de seis doses de nitrogênio (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 g planta-1). Seis colheitas foram realizadas nas quais se analisaram as seguintes variáveis: número de frutos, comprimento, diâmetro e massa média de frutos e produção total de frutos por planta. Após a análise estatística dos dados verificou-se efeito negativo da salinidade sobre todas as variáveis analisadas. Doses de nitrogênio acima de 5 g planta-1 não aumentaram a produção de frutos da berinjela mas aumentaram o efeito deletério da salinidade sobre o seu rendimento. A eficiência agronômica do nitrogênio é reduzida com o aumento na dose de N e da salinidade.

Yield analysis of bread wheat under saline conditions using some statistical procedures

Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Study on the interrelationships between yield and related yield traits will improve the efficiency of breeding programs through the use of appropriate selection indices. In this research, the relationship among wheat seed yield and its contributing components under salt stress condition were investigated by using three statistical procedures including; principal components, factor analysis and cluster analysis. The experiment was conducted under saline field conditions based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Electrical conductivity of irrigation water was 10ds.m-1. Results indicated that biological yield, plant height and chlorophyll content were the most effective variables influencing seed yield. Based on the results, it seems that high yield of wheat plants under saline field conditions can be obtained by selecting breeding materials with high biological yield, harvest index and chlorophyll content.

The Using of Controlled Cavitation Processes in Some Engineering and Agricultural Applications

On the basis of information on impact of ultrasonic and hydrodynamic cavitation on water in various engineering and agrochemical applications parameters of the frequencies favoring to an intensification of growth of some grades of tomatoes, shanks of decorative roses and saplings of a pine ordinary are defined. The example of the engineering application of operated hydrodynamic cavitation on the basis of the independent generator of warmth for heating is presented. This example was patented and successfully used further for water structuring in some agrochemical applications. Results of researches of influence of acoustic radiations in the range of frequencies of 20 Hz - 50 kHz and operated hydrodynamic cavitation on growth of some types of plants and data on influence of the specified private range on some physical and chemical properties of irrigation water are presented. It is shown that for a productive drop irrigation of skilled plants the range of ultrasonic radiation in a range close to 20 kHz which leads to increase of concentration of microcells of the metals dissolved in irrigation water is most effective and also influences favorable change of pH of irrigation water. Experimentally an established fact of increase of productivity of tomatoes for 15 % at rather short-term period of watering by the structured water and considerable effect of increase in growth of root system at saplings of decorative roses. Also established an experimentally fact of decrease in an electric conductivity of irrigation water after hydrodynamic cavitational impact on 18-23 %, along with favorable change of pH of water. Some factors influencing an intensification of growth of saplings and development of root system with considerable decrease in pathogenic micro flora are analyzed and revealed.

Altura de planta, diâmetro caulinar e produção do pinhão-manso irrigado sob diferentes níveis de salinidade

O pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) é uma planta oleaginosa, adaptada às condições do semiárido brasileiro, com potencialidades para a produção de biodiesel. Com o objetivo de se avaliar parâmetros de crescimento e produção de pinhão-manso, em lisímetros de drenagem, conduziu-se um experimento em lisímetros de drenagem, em ambiente aberto, entre janeiro/2009 e janeiro/2010, na área experimental da Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola/CTRN/UFCG. Foram estudados os efeitos da salinidade da água de irrigação sobre variáveis de crescimento e de produção do pinhão-manso. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa: 0,6; 1,8; 3,0; 4,2 e 5,4 dS m-1), distribuídos no delineamento experimental em blocos inteiramente casualizados, com quatro repetições, sendo a parcela constituída de uma planta por lisímetro. A coleta de dados se estendeu no período de 210 aos 360 dias após o transplante; ao final do período de estudos, não se verificaram efeitos significativos dos tratamentos sobre altura de plantas e diâmetro caulinar. A produção de sementes foi afetada, significativamente, com coleta de maior quantidade nas plantas irrigadas com água de 2,28 dS m-1 de condutividade elétrica.

Influence of Saline Irrigation Water and Gypsum on Leaf Nutrient Accumulation, Protein, and Oil Seed in Soybean Cultivars

ABSTRACT Due to the limitation of irrigation water, irrigating with saline water is a common practice used by farmers. Application of saline irrigation water has undesirable effects on growth and yield of plants. Some amendment materials such as gypsum can adjust the undesirable effects. In addition, some plant varieties are tolerant to saline conditions. In this regard, in 2001–2002 growing season three soybean cultivars (‘Sahar’, ‘JK’, and ‘Hill’) were selected, three levels of gypsum (0, 1.5, and 3 g pot− 1), and four levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water namely 0.7 (well water), 2.5, 4, and 7 dS m− 1 (mixture of Caspian seawater and well water) were applied in a completely randomized factorial design with three replications in a greenhouse experiment. The results showed that with increasing saline irrigation water the amounts of potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2 +), and sodium (Na+)/Ca2 + ratio increased in leaves. The yield, oil, and protein in seed and the K+/Na+ ratio amounts accumulated in leaves decreased. Interactive effects of salinity and varieties in K+ and Ca+ 2accumulated in leaves and grain protein and oil were significant. Concentrations of K+ in leaves of the ‘Hill’ cultivar were more than in the ‘Sahar’ and ‘JK’ varieties. Calcium accumulation in ‘JK’ leaves was more than in the other varieties. The protein content in ‘JK’ was more than other varieties and the amount of oil seed in ‘Hill’ and ‘JK’ varieties was more than in the ‘Sahar’ variety. Application of gypsum increased the yield, Ca2 +, and K+ concentrations in leaves and grain protein, but decreased the amount of oil seed (not significant). Meanwhile, interactive effects of salinity, variety, and gypsum in increasing the accumulation of Ca2 +, K+, Na+, and Na+/Ca2 + in leaves were significant.