Conductive Sheets Research Articles

Effect of electrically aligned polycrystalline diamond flakes on the through-plane thermal conductivity of heat conduction sheets

Heat conduction sheets, which are composed of a thermally conductive filler and a base elastomer matrix, are important for dissipating heat from devices to a heat sink. Alignment of the heat-conducting two-dimensional filler particles enhances the thermal conductivity of the heat conduction sheet. In this study, we prepared polycrystalline diamond (PCD) flakes and then electrically aligned the PCD flakes in the through-plane direction of heat conduction sheet samples. The PCD flakes were fabricated by pulverizing a synthesized PCD thin layer. The typical size of the PCD flakes was ∼1 μm in thickness and ∼35 μm in diameter. The PCD flakes were electrically aligned in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix by applying alternating high voltage with parallel-plate electrodes. The heat conduction sheet containing 20 wt% aligned PCD flakes in the matrix exhibited high through-plane thermal conductivity of 0.47 W m−1 K−1, while that of the heat conduction sheet with aligned granular diamond filler particles was 0.37 W m−1 K−1. The high thermal conductivity comes from the formation of a large contact area between the filler particles and flake network by electrical alignment in the heat conduction sheet.

Novel flexible chemiresistive ammonia sensors based on rGO/ZIF-8 composites deposited on conductive graphite sheets

This work presents novel investigations on room temperature chemiresistive ammonia (NH3) gas sensing capability of composite materials based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and ZIF-8 metal organic framework (MOF), deposited on flexible graphite substrate. These rGO/ZIF-8 composites synthesized via a facile one-pot wet chemical route were found to exhibit a fast, highly sensitive and reversible response over successive exposure cycles towards various concentrations of NH3. The enhanced response is attributable to the synergistic performance of the appreciably conductive rGO and the highly porous ZIF-8. ZIF-8 with its high specific surface area, microporous structure and hydrophobicity, serves to provide greater gas adsorptive capacity as well as resistance to effects of ambient moisture. rGO, on the other hand, has limited specific surface area due to π-π restacking of its sheets but it is capable of providing a conductive template to the hybrid material. Consequently, the NH3 gas sensing performance parameters of rGO/ZIF-8 were measured to be exceedingly better than those of bare rGO and ZIF-8 synthesized separately. A response of 15.98 % was recorded towards 10 ppm NH3 with response/recovery times as 2.8/6 s for the rGO/ZIF-8 composites. The enhanced gas sensing performance is credited to the formation of hierarchical pore structure which allows for greater adsorption at the micropore sites and faster diffusion through the mesopores. The effect of rGO loading in the hybrid materials was also assessed. The composite materials exhibited appreciable stability with respect to ambient aging. The adsorption behaviors and the resultant gas sensing mechanisms have also been discussed for the investigated materials.

High-performance flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator assisted by a three-phase PVDF/WS2/rGO nanocomposite

The emergence of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) presents a promising alternative to supply energy demands within the realms of portable and miniaturized devices. In this article, the role of 2D transition metal dichalcogenide tungsten sulfide (WS2) and conductive rGO sheets as filler materials inside the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix on piezoelectric performances has been investigated extensively. The strong electrostatic interaction between C–F and C–H monomer bonds of PVDF interacted with the large surface area of the WS2 nanosheets, increasing the electroactive polar phases and resulting in enhanced ferroelectricity in the PVDF/WS2 nanocomposite. Further, the inclusion of rGO sheets in the PVDF/WS2 composite allows mobile charge carriers to move freely through the conductive network provided by the rGO basal planes, which improves the internal polarization of the PVDF/WS2/rGO nanocomposites and increases the electrical performance of the PENGs. The PVDF/WS2/0.3rGO nanocomposite-based PENG exhibits maximum piezoresponses with ∼8.1 times enhancements in the output power density than the bare PVDF-based PENG. The mechanism behind the enhanced piezoresponses in the PVDF/WS2/rGO nanocomposites has been discussed.

Enhancing electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of decellularized umbilical cord arteries using graphene coatings.

Traditional decellularized bioscaffolds possessing intact vascular networks and unique architecture have been extensively studied as conduits for repairing nerve damage. However, they are limited by the absence of electrical conductivity, which is crucial for proper functioning of nervous tissue. This study focuses on investigating decellularized umbilical cord arteries by applying coatings of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) to their inner surfaces. This resulted in a homogeneous GO coating that fully covered the internal lumen of the arteries. The results of electrical measurements demonstrated that the conductivity of the scaffolds could be significantly enhanced by incorporating RGO and GO conductive sheets. At a low frequency of 0.1 Hz, the electrical resistance level of the coated scaffolds decreased by 99.8% with RGO and 98.21% with GO, compared with uncoated scaffolds. Additionally, the mechanical properties of the arteries improved by 24.69% with GO and 32.9% with RGO after the decellularization process. The GO and RGO coatings did not compromise the adhesion of endothelial cells and promoted cell growth. The cytotoxicity tests revealed that cell survival rate increased over time with RGO, while it decreased with GO, indicating the time-dependent effect on the cytotoxicity of GO and RGO. Blood compatibility evaluations showed that graphene nanomaterials did not induce hemolysis but exhibited some tendency toward blood coagulation.

Additively Manufactured Stress-strain Dependant Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for Pressure Sensor Applications

A novel additive-manufactured antenna for stretchable sensor application is designed, simulated and measured. The fully transparent antenna has air as a substrate and a conductive aluminium metal sheet as a patch. The layers are defined with thin Thermo Poly Urethane (TPU) material, as its flexible/stretchable property doesn't disturb the actual property of air. The air substrate is locked within the flexible TPU with a thickness of 200 microns, and the conducting patch is also dimensioned with the 3D printing method. The stretchable antenna is fabricated with 3D printing technology, considered a dielectric medium, and the conducting medium is a conducting aluminium sheet. Re-configurability is achieved with the pressure level applied over the air–substrate antenna. Hence, the minimal change in shape changes the dielectric constant, thus changing the antenna parameter and radiation pattern. The antenna achieves improved size and performance with a gain of 7.2 dB, a directivity of 7.574 dB, a radiation efficiency of 95.67 %, and a 12:509 front-to-back ratio. The fabricated antenna is tested for its resonant characteristics and radiation properties. This reconfigurable antenna can be used for various applications, including Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) communication.

MOF-derived NiCo hydroxide for highly efficient non-enzymatic glucose biosensing

An efficient and robust electrocatalyst is significant for glucose biosensing. The emergence of metal–organic framework (MOF) derived materials opens up new avenues for the development of high-performance glucose sensing catalysts. Herein, MOF derived nickel-cobalt hydroxide supported on conductive copper sheet (NiCo-OH/Cu sheet) is prepared at room temperature. The as-obtained NiCo-OH is endowed with three-dimensional network structure which enables the effective exposure of active materials, sufficient contact between glucose molecule and catalyst. The NiCo-OH/Cu sheet is revealed as good glucose electrochemical sensing material with a wide linear range of 0.05∼6.0 mM and a high sensitivity of 1340 μA mM−1 cm−2. Additionally, the as-fabricated NiCo-OH/Cu sheet displays good anti-interference ability and long-term stability.

FSS based high gain optically transparent MIMO antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G mid-band applications

A novel optically transparent Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) antenna design positioned on a Frequency-Selective Surface (FSS) for gain improvement while maintaining a simple fabrication procedure. Transparent conductive materials inherently exhibit higher sheet impedance due to lower conductivity, resulting in decreased antenna gain and radiation efficiency. To address this limitation, an optically transparent FSS is incorporated beneath the MIMO structure to improve radiation characteristics. Utilizing a Malinex substrate and a conductive silver oxide sheet, the 4-element MIMO design achieves both transparency and MIMO operability. The operational bandwidth spans from 3.09 GHz to 3.7 GHz, with a percentage bandwidth of 17.96 %, ensuring port isolation of over 20 dB. With the presence of the FSS, a consistent gain enhancement of approximately 3.46 dBi is achieved, with an average gain within the band reaching 4.56 dBi. The proposed design employs a simplified fabrication process while addressing aesthetic concerns and providing a solution to the existing issue of low gain in conductive metal oxide-based transparent antennas.

Antifreezing, Antidrying, and Conductive Hydrogels for Electronic Skin Applications at Ultralow Temperatures.

Although conductive hydrogel-based flexible electronic devices have superb flexibility and high conductivities, they tend to malfunction in dry or frigid areas. Herein, an ultralow-temperature tolerant, antidrying, and conductive composite hydrogel is designed for electronic skin applications on the basis of the synergy of double-cross-linked polymer networks, Hofmeister effect, and electrostatic interaction and fabricated by in situ free radical polymerization of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid and acrylic acid in the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol) and conductive MXene sheets, followed by impregnation with LiCl. Thanks to the synergy of LiCl and the charged polar terminal groups of the synthesized polymers, the composite hydrogel can not only bear an ultralow temperature of -80 °C without freezing but also maintain its original mass. Meanwhile, the resultant hydrogel possesses satisfactory self-regeneration ability benefiting from the moisturizing effect of LiCl. The conductive network of MXene sheets greatly improves the ionic conductivity of the hydrogel at low temperatures, exhibiting an ionic conductivity of 1.4 S m-1 at -80 °C. Furthermore, the electronic skin assembled by the multifunctional hydrogel is efficient in monitoring human motions at -80 °C. The antifreezing and antidrying features along with favorable ionic conductivity, high tensile strength, and outstanding flexibility make the composite hydrogel promising for applications in frigid and dry regions.

Synthesis of PVA/TiO2 Composite Layer over Conductive Textile Sheet Using Electrospinning Method for Enhancing Self-Cleaning Properties

The present research used the electrospinning method to apply a polyvinyl alcohol/titanium dioxide (PVA/TiO2) layer over a conductive textile (70 % polyester and 30 % cotton) sheet. PVA with 10, 12.5, and 15 g concentrations was mixed into 100 ml distilled water. Then, each PVA solution was mixed with 1.5 wt.% of TiO2. Afterward, the electrospinning method applied a PVA/TiO2 composite onto a conductive textile sheet. Various characterizations were conducted, such as resistivity, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforming infrared (FTIR), and photocatalytic activity. The resistivity result is 9.5, 10, and 10  for A, B, and C samples. According to SEM investigation, higher PVA concentration leads to higher fiber sizes around 0.65 µm. An increase in PVA content does not affect the bands that were formed. The size of the fiber diameter contributed to the photocatalytic activity of MB. A smaller fiber diameter could enhance photocatalytic activity.

A novel approach using a stacked layer filtration process to desalination from cotton fabric and conductive graphene sheets

ABSTRACT Given the growing water scarcity problem, desalination of seawater offers a promising solution for obtaining potable water. While various methods have been used in the past, membrane technology remains the leading approach. However, challenges persist, including high operational costs, limited membrane durability, and susceptibility to fouling, which require effective management solutions. Graphene oxide membrane desalination and solar desalination have made substantial advancements in converting salt water into fresh water in recent years. This study utilized artificial sea water (ASW) derived from different salt mixes as the primary source for desalination. Two filters were prepared with cotton fabric and conductive graphene sheets, layer by layer. This experimental approach of stacked layer filtration (SLF) desalination demonstrated favorable outcomes, as an outcome of chloride removal has been achieved in all samples. When using ASW samples diluted at a ratio of 20:1, SLF-I was able to remove 42.86% of chloride, whereas SLF-II removed 57.14%. It was observed that the fabric could be cleansed by hand to remove salts that had accumulated as a result of evaporation, thereby making it reusable. At the same time, no swelling was observed in the conductive graphene sheet.

Cost-effective horn antennas; from E-plane sectionalized to octagonal shapes

ABSTRACT In this paper, low-cost methods of improving horn antennas are studied based on the recently introduced E-plane sectionalized rectangular horn antennas. In the beginning, application of E-plane sectionalizing of the rectangular horn antennas on open-boundary E-plane sectoral horn antennas is reexamined and a simple method for obtaining high gain and low sidelobe levels (SLLs) is introduced. Subsequently, effects of removing the conductive sheets from the modified E-plane sectionalized horn antenna are studied and a simple horn antenna with octagonal aperture is obtained with slightly reduced efficiency. Finally, an ultra-low-cost method of improving simple rectangular horn antennas is introduced based on this study. The purpose is to compensate the destructive effects of high SLLs of reference antennas in the antenna measurements, since a common reference antenna type is the rectangular horn antenna, which has high SLLs on the E-plane. In particular, efficiency improvement and SLL reduction of rectangular horn antennas are achieved by adding only four triangular conductive sheets to construct octagonal horn antennas.

Magnetic properties of nano(iron oxide)-decorated graphene oxide

Graphene oxide (GO) decorated with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles is of great interest due to its potential applications in nanomedicine, electromagnetic insulation, and electro-catalysis. Herein, we studied the effect of the preparation conditions by hydrothermal synthesis on the phase composition of graphene oxide decorated with iron oxide nanoparticles. GO samples using two different amounts of a 2Fe3+/Fe2+ solution were prepared under a pH = 11, whereas hydrazine treatment was done to half the batch. Electron microscopy images show that Fe-oxide nanoparticles with an average size of 5–10 nm appeared decorating graphene platelets. Graphene oxide decorated rolls form in hydrazine-treated samples. Infrared spectra suggest a mixture of iron oxide phases with increased goethite upon hydrazine treatment. X-ray diffraction and X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure spectroscopy (XANES) in the Fe K-edge determined the relative amount of the resulting iron oxide phases. Mixtures of magnetite, maghemite, hematite, and goethite were observed depending on the sample preparation conditions. The effect of phase composition on the magnetic properties was also studied. The saturation magnetization varied from 3.5 to ca. 50 Am2/kg at 300 K; it is proportional to the magnetite/maghemite content and reduces as the amount of goethite increases. The coercive field in the samples increases up to 1.6–2.4 mT at 300 K. The saturation magnetization has a slower decay with temperature when compared to a reference sample of magnetite nanoparticles, which suggests a magnetoelectric coupling due to the nanoparticle distribution onto the conductive graphene sheet.

Crystal-chemical origins of the ultrahigh conductivity of metallic delafossites

Despite their highly anisotropic complex-oxidic nature, certain delafossite compounds (e.g., PdCoO2, PtCoO2) are the most conductive oxides known, for reasons that remain poorly understood. Their room-temperature conductivity can exceed that of Au, while their low-temperature electronic mean-free-paths reach an astonishing 20 μm. It is widely accepted that these materials must be ultrapure to achieve this, although the methods for their growth (which produce only small crystals) are not typically capable of such. Here, we report a different approach to PdCoO2 crystal growth, using chemical vapor transport methods to achieve order-of-magnitude gains in size, the highest structural qualities yet reported, and record residual resistivity ratios ( > 440). Nevertheless, detailed mass spectrometry measurements on these materials reveal that they are not ultrapure in a general sense, typically harboring 100s-of-parts-per-million impurity levels. Through quantitative crystal-chemical analyses, we resolve this apparent dichotomy, showing that the vast majority of impurities are forced to reside in the Co-O octahedral layers, leaving the conductive Pd sheets highly pure (∼1 ppm impurity concentrations). These purities are shown to be in quantitative agreement with measured residual resistivities. We thus conclude that a sublattice purification mechanism is essential to the ultrahigh low-temperature conductivity and mean-free-path of metallic delafossites.

Particle removal performance of a novel ESP type air cleaning system for indoor air quality in a subway station

A novel electrostatic precipitation type air cleaning technology with near zero ozone emission for indoor air quality of a subway station was developed. To minimize ozone emission and achieve high particle removal performance against ultrafine particulate matters (PMs), a multi-channel charging method using soft ionization by micrometre carbon fibers and a narrow gap collection method using high electric field by thin conductive plastic sheets as a high voltage electrode were used. In this study, the novel electrostatic charging and collection technologies were applied to a real scale air cleaning system in an Air Handling Unit (AHU) with air flow rate of 950 m3/min in Yuseong Oncheon subway station with an area of 3000 m2 in Daejeon, South Korea. The particle removal performance of the demonstration system was evaluated with real suspended particles in the subway station during test period with high PM concentrations in Korea over 40 μg/m3. Particle collection efficiency, pressure drop and ozone emission were evaluated, and compared to those of the a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) 10 and 14 filters used in the typical subway stations in Korea. In the field researches, the developed ESP achieved over 80% of the PM collection efficiency higher than those of the filters with MERV-10 and -14, and even 10% higher efficiency against PM1.0, while generating only 10% of pressure drop and also emitting nearly zero ozone. It is concluded that a novel ESP type air cleaning system with near zero ozone emission could be a promising air cleaning method for a large indoor environment such as a subway station where polluted air with ultrafine particles flowed in with a very high flow rate.

Carbon-reinforced Ni3S2/Ti3C2Tx MXene composite as an anode for superior-performance lithium-ion capacitors

Lithium ion capacitors (LICs) are a new generation of energy storage devices that combine the super energy storage capability of lithium ion batteries with the satisfactory power density of supercapacitors. The development of high-performance LICs still faces great challenges due to the unbalanced reaction kinetics at the anode and cathode. Therefore, it is an inevitable need to enhance the electron/ion transfer capability of the anode materials. In this paper, to obtain a superior-rate and high-capacity Ni3S2-based anode, highly conductive Ti3C2Tx MXene sheets were introduced to sever as the carrier of Ni3S2 nanoparticles and simultaneously an amorphous carbon layer which coats onto the surface of Ni3S2 nanoparticles was in-situ generated by the carbonization of dopamine reactant. The as-synthesized Ni3S2/Ti3C2Tx/C composite exhibits a high specific surface area (112.6 m2/g) because of the addition of Ti3C2Tx that can reduce the aggregation of Ni3S2 nanoparticles and the in-situ generated amorphous carbon layer that can suppress the growth of Ni3S2 nanoparticles. The Ni3S2/Ti3C2Tx/C anode possesses a remarkable reversible discharge specific capacity (626.0 mAh/g under 0.2 A/g current density), which increases to 1150.8 mAh/g after 400-cycle charge/discharge measurement at the same measurement condition indicating eminent cyclability, along with superior rate capability. To construct a superior-performance LIC device, a sterculiae lychnophorae derived porous carbon (SLPC) cathode with an average discharge specific capacity of 73.4 mAh/g@0.1A/g was prepared. The Ni3S2/Ti3C2Tx/C//SLPC LIC device with optimal cathode/anode mass ratio has a satisfactory energy density ranging from 32.8 to 119.1 Wh kg−1 at the corresponding power density of 8799.4 to 157.5 W kg−1, together with a prominent capacity retention (95.5 %@1 A/g after 10,000 cycles).

Modelling and analysis of the intersecting axis permanent magnet eddy‐current coupler

AbstractThe permanent magnet eddy‐current coupler (PMEC) is a kind of non‐contact, stepless speed regulation device and has been widely used in transmissions. However, the current PMECs are coaxial and cannot achieve transmission and speed regulation in intersecting axes. An intersecting‐axis permanent magnet (PM) eddy current coupler (IPMEC), which consists of a disk‐type PM rotor and a barrel‐type conductive sheet (CS) rotor arranged with intersecting axes, is proposed. It generates eddy currents through the speed difference between the two rotors and uses the non‐contact electromagnetic force between the eddy currents and permanent magnets to transmit torque. During operation, the speed can be adjusted by altering the coupling area or air gap. A theoretical model of the IPMEC based on the equivalent magnetic circuit method is presented and verified by finite element simulation using ANSYS. Then, the effects of the pole number of the PMs, the radius of the CS rotor and the PM rotor on the performance were analysed, and the design method of the IPMEC was proposed. This study can be used to expand the application range of PMECs.

Perovskite oxide-based nanoparticles embedded MXene composites for supercapacitors and oxygen evolution reactions

In this report, perovskite oxide-MnFeO3 nanoparticles embedded MXene sheets were prepared by hydrothermal approach for the effective water splitting and energy stowage uses. The prepared MXene@MnFeO3 hybrid nanocomposites exhibited outstanding 1077 F/g specific capacitance at a current density of 1 A g−1 and excellent cycling solidity (capacitance retention after the 3000 cycle is 96.5 %). In addition, an asymmetric capacitor delivered a ultimate specific energy of 114 Wh/kg at a specific power of 2117 W/kg. MXene@MnFeO3 hybrid catalyst required a credible overpotential of 235 mV to achieve the 10 mA cm−2 current density, along with the small Tafel slope of 41 mV dec−1 for OER in 1 M KOH and long-span 24 h stability. Our proposed strategy of perovskite oxide nanoparticles hybridized highly conductive MXene sheets would be suitable alternative as the potential electrode materials for the efficient energy storage/conversion application.

Inexpensive Fabrication of Sn-Ag- Cu/Cu:ZnO/Al/PET Memristive Devices through Unconventional Synthesis Techniques

In the last few decades there has been rapidly growing research interest in resistive switching devices which led to tremendous technological advancements. In this work, copper (Cu) doped zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film was deposited on Aluminum coated PET conductive sheets having a sheet resistance of 20 Ω. Soldering balls of 2 mm diameter consisting of 96.5% Sn, 3% Ag and 0.5% Cu alloy were dropped into this thin film to form the Sn-Ag- Cu/Cu:ZnO/Al/PET memristive devices. No additional annealing temperature was required as the heat transfer from 350 C hot soldering ball onto the Cu:ZnO thin film was sufficient to anneal the thin film. The electronic characteristics of the device were obtained by employing a function generator and an oscilloscope instead of an expensive source meter. The elimination of redundant hot furnace (for annealing) and source meter (for I-V characterization) resulted in the improvement of total equipment expenses by ~96%.

Development of Triboelectric Nanogenerators Using Novel 3D Printed Polymer Materials

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are becoming attractive devices for harvesting mechanical energy. 3D printing (3DP) is a newly reported technique for the development of this device. This technique is not fully explored for the fabrication of triboelectric materials and compatible printing processes. Herein, three main 3DP techniques including powder‐based multijet fusion, resin‐based polyjet fusion, and filament‐based fused deposition modeling are utilized to investigate new sets of 3DP triboelectric materials. Mechanical to electrical conversion efficiency of 3D printed and commercially available negative and positive triboelectric materials are compared and investigated. Polyamide ‐12 (PA12), Veroclear, acrylonitrile‐styrene‐acrylate (ASA), copper‐coated polylactic acid (Cu‐PLA), polycarbonate (PC), and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) are fabricated using compatible 3D printing techniques. 3D‐printed PA12 is considered as a reference positive triboelectric layer. Meanwhile, 3D‐printed Veroclear, ASA, Cu‐PLA, PC, PETG, and commercial materials like Teflon sheets, PA6,6 conductive sheets, indium tin oxide‐coated polyethylene terephthalate, conductive‐nylon sheets, and PVDF membrane are selected as negative triboelectric materials. The maximum AC voltage of 80 V and maximum instantaneous current of 0.9 μA are produced by pairing 3DP‐PA12 and 3DP‐Veroclear under open circuit condition. This AC output is further converted to DC output using brdige rectifier circuitry to efficiently charge up the capacitor and glow series of 16 LEDs.

Flexible Ti3 C2 Tx MXene Bonded Bio-Derived Carbon Fibers Support Tin Disulfide for Fast and Stable Sodium Storage.

High energy density and flexible electrodes, which have high mechanical properties and electrochemical stability, are critical to the development of wearable electronics. In this work, a free-standing MXene bonded SnS2 composited nitrogen-doped carbon fibers (MXene/SnS2 @NCFs)film is reported as a flexible anode for sodium-ion batteries. SnS2 nanoparticles with high-capacity properties are covalently decorated in bio-derived nitrogen-doped 1D carbon fibers (SnS2 @NCFs) and further assembled with highly conductive MXene sheets. The addition of bacterial cellulose (BC) can further improve the flexibility of the film. The unique 3D structure of points, lines, and planes can not only offset the disadvantage of low conductivity of SnS2 nanoparticles but also expand the distance between MXene sheets, which is conducive to the penetration of electrolytes. More importantly, the MXene sheets and N-doped 1D carbon fibers (NCFs) can accommodate the large volume expansion of SnS2 nanoparticles and trap polysulfide during the cycle. The MXene/SnS2 @NCFs film exhibits better sodium storage and excellent rate performance compared to the SnS2 @NCFs. The in situ XRD and ex situ (XRD, XPS, and HRTEM) techniques are used to analyze the sodiation process and to deeply study the reaction mechanism of the films. Finally, the quasi-solid-state full cells with MXene/SnS2 @NCFs and Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 @carbon cloth (NVP@CC) fully demonstrate the application potential of the flexible electrodes.