Conduct For Responsible Fisheries Research Articles

STUDI TINGKAT KERAMAHAN LINGKUNGAN ALAT TANGKAP PURSE SEINE DI PPI PONTAP KOTA PALOPO

Purse Seine is a fishing gear used to catch fish that have a schooling fish. The purpose of this study is 1) Knowing the composition of the type of fishermen's catch using purse seine fishing gear 2) Knowing the level of environmental friendliness of fishermen's purse seine fishing gear at PPI Pontap Palopo City based on the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF). This research was conducted for 1 (one) month, namely in June-July 2022. The methods used in this study are primary and secondary methods. Based on the results of the study; 1) The composition of the type of catch on the purse seine fishing gear at PPI Pontap caught 8 types of fish including male bloating (Rastrelliger kanagurta) with a total weight of 20 trips from 22 ships was 15,111.2 kg, Tembang (Sardinella gibbosa) 10,705.82 kg, Kite deles (Decapterus macrosoma) 9,213.43 kg, Skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) 822.9 kg, Selar como (Atule mate) 2,008 kg, Yellow selar (Salaroides leptolepis) 4,230.9 kg, Petek (Secutor indicius) 1,823.9 kg and Gutters (Scomberoides tala) 306.5 kg. So the total overall weight for 20 fishing trips reached 44,223 kg. 2) The level of environmental friendliness of purse seine fishing gear at TPI Pontap is included in the category of very environmentally friendly with a total weight value of 29.

Identification Environmentally Friendly Fishing Gear Tools Based on the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries at Aceh Barat Daya

Aceh Barat Daya is a land area of Aceh which is directly opposite the Indian Ocean. The fishing gear in Southwest Aceh Barat Daya includes; hand line fishing gear, long line fishing gear, tug line fishing gear, ring trawl fishing gear, beach trawl fishing gear, floating chart fishing gear, gill net fishing gear. The purpose of this study was to identify environmentally friendly fishing tools based on the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF). Data collection was carried out by interviewing fishermen using descriptive methods. This research was conducted in November 2021. The results of this study indicate that environmentally friendly fishing gear are; tuna longline, tug line, hand line, gill net, floating chart, ring trawler. While fishing gear that is less environmentally friendly are; Beach trawler.Keywords: Aceh, Aceh Barat Daya, CCRF, environmentally friendly, fishing gear

Study of Fishers' Perceptions on Environmentally Friendly Fishing Gear Criteria on The East Coast of North Sumatra

This study aimed to describe the development of types of fishing gear in the waters of the east coast of Sumatra from Belawan Waters to Serdang Bedagai Waters and to examine the perceptions of fishers based on the social characteristics of fishers towards environmentally friendly fishing gear based on the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF). The method used in this research is descriptive research using the survey method. The population in this study were fishers based in Belawan and Serdang Bedagai waters and using traps and gill nets, as many as 6943 people, with the simple sampling method or slovin method, the results of the sample count were 100 people from the population. Based on eight categories (CCRF) to understand fishers' perceptions of environmentally friendly fishing gear, including the level of selectivity, biodiversity, ecological diversity, not destroying habitat, the safety of fishers and consumers, based on social conditions, based on biodiversity, and based on fish quality, the level of very understanding is 13.2 %, understand 25.2%, neutral 26.7%, don't understand 23.3% and don't understand 11.4%. This study results indicate that the respondents, in general, have begun to realize environmentally friendly fishing gear based on the CCRF.

Composition of fish catches and environmental friendliness levels based on code of conduct for responsible fisheries (CCRF) using traditional set net fishing gear with different depths in Malela waters, Awangpone district, Bone Regency

This study aims to describe the composition, and analysis of environmental friendliness in the waters of Awangpone district, Bone regency, in November- December 2021. This research method uses exploratory case studies and interviews with FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) analysis (1995) with purposive sampling methods. The composition of the traditional set net with a depth of 1.5 meters there are 47 species with a total weight of 469.98 kg. The percentage of the most catch is milkfish and bluespot mullet. The percentage of recessive fish caught were dory snaper, and rebon shrimp. While the composition of the catch traditional set netdepth of 3 meters there are 46 species with a total weight of 151 kg. The highest percentage of catches were jarbua terapon. The percentage of recessive fish caught were fringescale sardinella, Empirang common hairfin anchovy. There are 3 categories that are environmentally friendly, namely; does not endanger fishermen, does not catch protected fish, is socially acceptable and there are 6 categories that are not environmentally friendly, namely; not selective, destroying habitat, not producing quality fish, production endangering consumers, high by-catch and negative impact on biodiversity.

Environmental Friendliness Analysis of Purse Seine Operated by Km Sumber Baru, Belawan, North Sumatera

Purse Seine fishing gear is a fishing gear operated by several fishermen in the WPP NRI 571. Purse seine is a type of fishing gear that classified as surrounding nets, which is an active fishing gear to catch pelagic fish which who generally live in groups in large flocks. The main catch is Mackerel scad (Decapterus spp). The purpose of this study was to determine the level of environmental friendliness of the Purse seine fishing gear in PPS Belawan. The method used in this study is by using a score based on the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) criteria, fish physiology analysis, and also analyze the suitability of fishing gear with the regulation of Permen KP.71 of 2016. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that physiologically fish include into fish fit for catching with a total length ranging from 19-24 cm, the average size of the first caught (Lc) at a length of 15 cmFL, the size of the first sentence gonads (Lm) 19.6 cmFL, Km. Sumber Baru does not meet the Regulations of the size of the vessel, and the Purse Seine fishing gear is very environmentally friendly with a score of 32 points.This Lc value is smaller than the Lm value. From this result, it is known that most of the scads caught have not passed the first gonadal maturity size (Lc<Lm), but in terms of the specifications of the fishing gear, they have adjusted to the applicable regulations

Environmental Management of Fish Cage Aquaculture

Most modern fish culture involves the intensive input of nutrients in the form of feed, yet only a small proportion of these nutrients is converted into the target product; they can be largely lost to bacterial degradation. However, when compared with other livestock production systems, aquaculture has better feed conversion efficiency and feed conversion ratios (FCRs) are continuing to improve. High levels of nutrients from fish cages may cause eutrophication and thus may affect fisheries adversely, but on the contrary, the additional nutrients from the feed may have a beneficial effect, boosting natural productivity including fisheries. The important components of fish farming waste comprise nutrients (dissolved and particulate) resulting from the metabolism of fish food, uneaten food, escapees of farmed fish affecting the genetic diversity of wild fish populations and chemical residues of disease or parasitic therapeutant treatments. Potential management measures to mitigate environmental impacts include public and private sector approaches. The public sector approaches include appropriate and specific aquaculture policies, strategies, regulations, legislation, and management plans, adoption and implementation of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) and Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture (EAA) strategies for planning, management, monitoring, and control. Zoning for aquaculture space is to be based on the allocation of aquafarms on suitable areas, appropriate evaluation of carrying capacity of the ecosystem, planning and management for disease prevention and treatment and environmental control. Appropriate control of farm permits, licences, and registration by the state is necessary to monitor and control aquaculture development. The private sector approaches include improved feed formulation and feeding strategies to reduce the feed conversion ratio and nutrient losses, the use of Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) to utilise nutrient outputs from intensive aquaculture and thus regular environmental monitoring is the key to ensure that impacts remain within acceptable limits.

Praktik Pembederaan Kembali (Reflagging) pada Kapal Penangkap Ikan

The issue of fishing vessel has been a major concern in the coastal state such as Indonesia. In fact it has been considered a serious matter to be governed and regulated in international law regime. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 has enacted that there shall be conservation measures especially in regard to highly migratory fish stocks and straddling fish stock. Unfortunately, there is fraudelent practice of fishing vessel to do a “reflagging” as a means to obtain the right to fish by ignoring the conservation measures upon fisheries resources in the high seas. There are at least four major international measures that have been formed by states to address these problems either directly or indirectly, those are The Agreement to Promote Compliance with the International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas (1993 FAO Compliance Agreement), The Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the 1982 UNCLOS Relating to ther Conservation and Management of Straddling Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks 1995 (UNIA 1995), Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) and International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IPOA IUU).

PERKEMBANGAN PENGELOLAAN PERIKANAN GLOBAL

Global fisheries production has been marked by the fast growing pattern of capture fisheries production. During the last five decades marine fisheries production demonstrated an increase of nearly 500% or an annual average increase of 4.5%. this spectacular increase raised a global concern since it accompanied by overexploitation of resources in various parts of the world ocean. This concern has led to a series of negotiation in international arena that resulted in the formulation and finally adaption of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries in FAO in 1995. Elaboration of the implementation of the Code brought about the formulation of International Plan of Action (IPOA) burning issues of priority for which member countries of FAO are encouraged to translate it into National Plan of Action (NPOA). Four NPOA has been available including IPOA for sharks, for seabird bycatch in longline fisheries, for fishing capacity and for IUU fishing. Regional Fisheries Organization (RFO) in recent years has tasked to deal with management of living resources that do not respect administrative boundaries, such as some species of tuna and small pelages. Some of the fish resources exploited by the Indonesian fishers move across EEZ into high seas for which it falls within the responsibility of regional fisheries organization to manage. Indonesia is therefore encouraged to join such RFO to assure active participation in the management of the resources. Nonetheless, the administrative bureaucracy has hindred the process.

The Length-Weight Relationship and Condition Factors of Bullet Tuna Landed at the Tanjung Luar Fishing Port, Indonesia

HighlightBullet tuna (Auxis rochei Risso 1810) has been identified (measured, weighed) and analyzed.The resource status of bullet tuna has been estimated based on body shape and age group.LWR curve is implemented to describe and express the age group of bullet tuna (immature, adult/mature, old)This study has resulted the composition and ratio of bullet tuna that is suitable to be caught, fit for consumption and worthy of maturationAbstractBullet tuna (Auxis rochei Risso 1810) or tongkol lisong (Indonesian) is important for human consumption and health as well as an income source for fishers and coastal communities. Its utilization problems are over exploitation, catch domination by immature groups, and the threatened stock security of the bullet tuna (BLT). This research aimed to determine the status of the prospective parent of bullet tuna caught in the Lesser Sunda region, particularly from the Alas Strait to the Indian Ocean, West Nusa Tenggara (WNT). Meanwhile, the data were collected from July to September 2020 (2nd transitional season) at the Tanjung Luar Fishing Port, East Lombok and a dependent survey method was adopted with sampling, interview, observation, and documentation techniques. Fork length and body weight data were used to estimate the length and weight relationship, growth pattern, condition factor, fish age group, and catch worth. The primary and secondary data were processed quantitatively using several equations. The growth pattern of bullet tuna was minor allometric (b = 2.875), worth selling (K > 1.00), and the majority was adult fish or mature group. The LWR model is . This condition indicates the bullet tuna is worth catching and worth spawning, so that it is eligible to be a potential broodstock candidate to support a sustainable management of BLT fisheries. Furthermore, fishers have applied the code of conduct for responsible fisheries (CCRF) in supporting the sustainable development goals.

Management of environmentally friendly fishing gears based on the code of conduct for responsible fisheries in Pidie District

Fishery management is all efforts that are integrated in laws and regulations in the field of fisheries to achieve sustainable productivity of aquatic biological resources. Fishery management activities in a water area with a high number productivity of fish resources have to pay attention to aspects that can support of goal the achievement of environmentally friendly and sustainable fisheries management. Pidie District is located in the east of Aceh which is directly opposite the Malacca Strait and has a high productivity of fish resources using various fishing gear. The purpose of this study was to determine the management strategy for environmentally friendly fishing gear based on the code of conduct for responsible fisheries (CCRF) in Pidie District. The data analysis method used in this research is descriptive, scoring, and SWOT analysis. The results, strategies used within environmentally friendly capture fisheries management are enhancement, monitoring, and law enforcement upon the un - selective fishing gears that tend to be destructive, optimize human resources in utilizing fish resources to environmentally friendly capture fisheries management in both of pre-production to post – production, improve the capacity of facilities and infrastructure in supporting environmentally friendly capture fisheries operations, monitor fisheries activities as well surrounding areas of port upon the pollution that harms environmental quality order, and socialization upon the used of environmentally friendly current technologies.

Legal Analysis of Current Indonesia's Marine Protected Areas Development

This paper aims to conduct a legal analysis of the development of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Indonesia. This article discusses the international legal framework and national legislation related to MPAs, progress and control, and problems in developing MPAs in Indonesia and its solutions. The international legal frameworks discussed include the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, the Convention on Biological Diversity 1992, and Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries 1995. Subsequently, the Indonesian legislation analyzed includes the Act on Conservation of Living Resources and their Ecosystems, the Act concerning Fisheries, the Act concerning the Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands, and the Act on Marine Affairs. The progress and control of the establishment of MPAs in Indonesia have now reached the target area of more than twenty million hectares. Apart from the success of these achievements, Indonesia also has problems in developing MPAs. Current problems related to MPA development include dualism of permits, conflicts over zoning and regional spatial planning, multiple interpretations of penal sanctions, and overlapping management authorities between government agencies. The solutions offered to solve these problems include synchronizing marine tourism permits, integrating zoning and spatial plans into one regional government regulation, imposing the most severe criminal sanctions for perpetrators of destroying marine ecosystems, and transfer of full authority over the management of seven marine protected areas to the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries.

Implementation of Precautionary Principleon Bycatch Management in Indonesian Policy

Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that around 7 million tons of bycatch discard by the sea. FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries require to suppress the number of bycatch and environmental impact from their fishing methods. The precautionary principle proposed as guides in environmental decision making. This research aimed to analysedthe precautionary principle to implement for fisheries especially for bycatch management. The research method used is normative juridical research, that is documenting the by catch impact and analyzed suitable with the existing regulations, combined with the legal event occurs and interview with the relevant officials to complete the existing document. The results showed that precautionary principle needed as one of procedures to prevention which should be done before the fishermen fishing. Precautionary principle with four element are taking preventive action in the face of uncertainty; shifting the burden of proof to the proponents of an activity; exploring a wide range of alternatives to possibly harmful actions; and increasing public participation in decision making. The procedure of precaution to keep the environment conserved and with efficient cost should be headed. Keywords : Precautionary principle, bycatch, efficient cost, national policy.. DOI : 10.7176/JLPG/93-06 Publication date: January 31 st 2020

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN and Asian LMEs: A commentary

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) leads international efforts to defeat hunger, working with partners, and member countries through its five regional offices including the Regional Office for Asia Pacific (RAP). FAO's goals and strategic objectives along with its mandate in fisheries and aquaculture are complementary with the Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) approach. With respect to fisheries and aquaculture and LMEs, FAO works with member countries and regional bodies to promote implementation of key frameworks such as the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) and its associated instruments. FAO promotes multidisciplinary approaches such as ecosystem approaches in fisheries and aquaculture, Blue Growth and Source to Sea amongst others. These are all well supportive to the LME approach. FAO is the implementing agency for two Global Environment Facility (GEF) International Waters (IW) projects in the region (the Bay of Bengal LME and the Indonesian Sea LME). Both projects bring together their participating countries with the objective of strengthening regional cooperation for ocean governance, developing capacity in natural resource management (fisheries and aquaculture), improving ecosystem health, contributing to Global Environmental Benefits and socio-economic conditions and achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

UPAYA KONSERVASI INDONESIA ATAS SUMBER DAYA IKAN DI LAUT LEPAS

The principle of freedom of fishing on the high seas was recognized as one of the principles in customary international law, the Geneva Convention on the High Seas1958, and Part VII of UNCLOS 1982. Regarding to thehigh level of utilization of fish led to the crisis of fishery resources, then the responsible fisheries management becomes a common agenda of the international community. Thisresearch is a normative legal research, data collection was done through studyliterature and documentaries on the primary and secondarylegal materials related to this problem.After conductedthe identification and classification of the data, then data was analysed normatively. There are some international conventions as a basis for maintainingthe conservation of fish on the high seas. UNCLOS 1982, the 1993 FAO Compliance Agreement, the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) in 1995, the IPOA-IUU Fishing, 2001. The result showed thatIndonesia has had several regulations concerning to fisheries, such as Law Number 31 of 2004 concerning to Fisheries and Law Number 45 of 2009 concerning to Fisheries, and the Minister of Marine and Fisheries Regulation Number PER.03/MEN/2009 on Fishing and/or Transporting Fish on the High Seas and the Ministerial Regulation Number Per.12/Men/2012 concerning toEnterprises Capture Fishery on the High Seas. The Government of Indonesia should be able to take advantage of such participation and to improve the exchange of information, data, research fisheries, combating illegal arrests, and other forms of cooperation.Keywords: High Seas, Fish Resources, Indonesia, conservation

Compliance of bag net fishery of Maharashtra coast, India with Article 7 of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries

The paper presents the results of evaluation of compliance of the bag net fishery of Maharashtra coast, India with the relevant clauses of Article 7 (Fisheries management) of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF). Questionnaire-based approach that covered ten categories of stakeholders responsible wholly or partially for the management of the bag net fishery was used in the present study. Evaluation of the Code revealed an overall compliance level of 67.52%. The study identified the critical areas of low compliance levels that require immediate attention. Though the bag net fishery is the most common and traditional fishery of Maharashtra that supports livelihood of several fishers, there is no specific policy to regulate, develop and ensure sustainability of the bag net fish resources. Therefore the Code could be taken as a reference document to facilitate responsible management of the bag net fishery taking the local conditions into account. The findings of the present study could be used as a diagnostic tool to help in suggesting measures to ensure sustainability of the bag net fishery resources achievable by making amendments to the fisheries policies of the State.

English

The intention contained in laws and regulations concerning the conservation of fish resources is so that there are activities that lead to protection of fish resources as a whole. During this time the utilization of fish resources more dominant done compared to the protection and preservation, so the impact on the aquatic ecosystem. The purpose of this research is to examine international agreements regarding the conservation of fish resources which have been ratified and implemented into other policies and legislation in order to become a guideline in behavior so bring a change in society. This research is a descriptive qualitative using a data source from an earlier study results and document the latest libraries. Results of the study that the conditions of the CCRF (Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries) became a legal basis in the formulation of the provisions concerning the management of fish resources responsibly. Sustainable fisheries zone were never regulated in the regulation of the management of conservation areas. The Fisheries Act has yet to implement the provisions of the UN fish stocks agreement of 1995 relating to the conservation and management of fish resources in the ZEE and Indonesia on the high seas. Therefore the Fisheries Act require refinement, considering Indonesia has been a member of two regional fisheries management organization and ratify the UNITED NATIONS Agreement on fish stocks of 1995.

SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Fisheries activity has increased significantly in number. As a result, we might see high investment in fisheries is due to the high demand for fish and fisheries products. Therefore, marine resources as well as other living resources are at risk in being harmed by excessive fisheries activities, for example: the use of trawl. Indonesia, as a Maritime State, need to impose sustainable fisheries because the principle of utilizing sustainable fisheries resources as adopted in the Law on Fisheries (Law No. 31 Year 2004 as amended by Law No. 45 Year 2009) to control fishery activities.Fishery activities are regulated not only by the Law on fisheries but also international regulation adopted worldwide such as the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF). CCRF was prepared to include primary principles to elaborate the mechanism of fishery activities which is designated not to cost harmful damages in fisheries activities. CCRF is also accompanied by several technical guidelines that provide certain procedures to be applied to (1) fishing operations; (2) the precautionary approach as applied to capture fisheries and species introductions; (3) integrating fisheries into coastal area management; (4) fisheries management; (5) aquaculture development; and (6) inland fisheries. Consequently, CCRF is intended to cover any kind of fishery anywhere in the world not just marine capture fisheries, but also freshwater fisheries as well as aquaculture both marine and freshwater aquaculture. Excessive fishery activities would then not be harmful if Indonesia is willing to impose regulation which is significantly and effectively to manage these kind of fishery activities. Along with the fact that Indonesia is recognized as a Marine State, there is no reason to hold back in addressing this situation.

Fishing for a Future: Searching for a new maxim

Brian O’Riordan has been engaged in fisheries related work for over 30 years, initially in small-scale artisanal fish catching, commerce and fish farming. For the last 20 years his work has focussed on small-scale artisanal fisheries in the developing countries, and for the last 10 years on policy advocacy work in support of small-scale artisanal fisheries and on promoting equitable North-South relations in fisheries. He is currently employed as the secretary, ICSF Belgium Office, a post he has held for 10 years. In 2003, ICSF was awarded the Margarita Lizaraga Award by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) for its contribution to the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. In 2005, the Swedish Trade Association Svensk Fisk conferred the Kungsfenan Swedish Seafood Award for Sustainable Fishing on ICSF.

Responsible Aquaculture and Trophic Level Implications to Global Fish Supply

Hunger and malnutrition remain among the most devastating problems facing the world's poor and needy, and continue to dominate the health and well-being of the world's poorest nations. Moreover, there are growing doubts as to the long-term sustainability of many existing food production systems, including capture fisheries and aquaculture, to meet the future increasing global demands. Of the different agricultural food production systems, aquaculture (the farming of aquatic animals and plants) is widely viewed as an important weapon in the global fight against malnutrition and poverty, particularly within developing countries where over 93% of global production is currently produced, providing in most instances an affordable and a much needed source of high quality animal protein, lipids, and other essential nutrients. The current article compares for the first time the development and growth of the aquaculture sector and capture fisheries by analyzing production by mean trophic level. Whereas marine capture fisheries have been feeding the world on high trophic level carnivorous fish species since mankind has been fishing the oceans, aquaculture production within developing countries has focused, by and large, on the production of lower trophic level species. However, like capture fisheries, aquaculture focus within economically developed countries has been essentially on the culture of high value-, high trophic level-carnivorous species. The long term sustainability of these production systems is questionable unless the industry can reduce its dependence upon capture fisheries for sourcing raw materials for feed formulation and seed inputs. In line with above, the article calls for the urgent need for all countries to adopt and adhere to the principles and guidelines for responsible aquaculture of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries.

Il principio di precauzione: il Codice di condotta della Fao per la pesca responsabile e la politica comunitaria della pesca

- "From ancient times, fishing has been a major source of food for humanity and a provider of employment and economic benefits to those engaged in this activity. The wealth of aquatic resources was assumed to be an unlimited gift of nature. However, with increased knowledge and the dynamic development of fisheries after the Second World War, this myth has faded in face of the realization that aquatic resources, although renewable, are not infinite and need to be properly managed, if their contribution to the nutritional, economic and social well-being of the growing world's population is to be sustained" (Fao Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries - Preface). Thus fishing has to be conducted in a responsible and sustainable manner because fish provides a vital source of food and, at the same time, fishing is closely connected to the environment because, if it is not properly practised can it cause irreparable damage. This work analyses the principle of precaution which was recognized as principle no. 15 in the Declaration of Rio on Environment and Development in 1992 and mentioned at the Conference on Biological Diversity. It represents one of the fundamental principles of the Fao Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and Common Fisheries Policy (Regulation (EC) No 2371/2002 of 20 December 2002). States should apply a precautionary approach choosing the best measures and policy, taking into account the latest scientific evidence available. The aim is «to protect and conserve living aquatic resources, to provide for their sustainable exploitation and to minimise the impact of fishing activities on marine eco-systems.» (article 2 Regulation (EC) No 2371/2002).Parole chiave: scienza, protezione, precauzione, pesca, sviluppo.Key words: Science, Protection, Precaution, Fishing, Development.