Condom Research Articles

Biomacromolecules as green corrosion inhibitors: a review based on mild steel corrosion in acidic media

Abstract Green corrosion inhibitors are produced from economical and renewable sources and concurrently offer high inhibition efficiency and very low negative effects on environment. Various naturally occurring biomacromolecules are employed as corrosion inhibitors for steels. In contrast to small molecule corrosion inhibitors, polymers possess superior film-forming abilities and multifunctional chemistries that have the potential to enhance protective barrier characteristics greatly. Moreover, the biomacromolecules have many sites of attachment which further enhance their inhibition ability. This featured article is dedicated to summarizing the inhibition performance of biomacromolecules to mitigate mild steel corrosion in acidic media. It began by describing the green corrosion inhibitors and the advantages of using biomacromolecules as inhibitors. All naturally occurring macromolecules such as such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, have been focused as inhibitors for mild steel in acidic media with their inhibition action. The factors affecting inhibition efficiency like temperature, inhibitor concentration, exposure time, etc. are also discussed. In the last, the synergistic effect of other ions with macromolecules in corrosion inhibition was also taken into consideration. This review offers insightful observations into the development of biomacromolecules as green corrosion inhibitors.

Recent trends and advancements in the utilization of green composites and polymeric nanocarriers for enhancing food quality and sustainable processing

Abstract Consumers now have access to synthetic natural organic nanofoods with tailored properties. These nanofoods use organic or inorganic nanostructured ingredients to enhance bioavailability, making them more effective than traditional supplements. Common materials include metals like iron, silver, titanium dioxide, magnesium, calcium, selenium, and silicates. Modifying the surface of these nanoparticles can provide unique benefits such as improved preservation, mechanical strength, moisture control, and flavor enhancement. Nanocarriers, such as polymeric, lipid, and dendrimer-based carriers, are used in food production. Common polymers include polyglycolic acid, poly (lactic acid), chitosan, and sodium alginate. Lipid carriers have a hydrophobic outer layer and a hydrophilic core, while dendrimer carriers are made from materials like polyethylene glycol and polyamidoamine. These nanocarriers can encapsulate up to 99% of active ingredients, ensuring precise delivery and stability. The nanocarriers in commercial foods are emulsions, inorganic coatings, and fiber coatings. For instance, cucumbers coated with nano emulsions show up to 99% antimicrobial effectiveness. Inorganic coatings, such as potassium sorbate, calcium caseinate, and titanium dioxide, significantly extend the shelf life of packaged foods. Lipid and protein-encapsulated nanosystems offer complete gas barrier protection. This review highlights the exclusive use of nanoparticles in food processing and packaging to enhance quality, safety, and shelf life.

Effect of Mg content on corrosion resistance of Zn-11Al-XMg coatings

Zn-Al-Mg is one of the most important coating types in hot dipped galvanization. This surface coating also provides surface barrier protection and galvanic protection, which improves the esthetics and service life of the material. In this paper, the corrosion resistance of Zn-11Al-XMg coatings with Mg content (wt. %) of 0, 1, 2, 3 was studied, and the effect of Mg content on the corrosion resistance of Zn-11Al-XMg coatings was analyzed. The results show that Zn-11Al coating is composed of an eutectoid Al-rich phase and a Zn-rich phase. When the Mg content is less than 2 wt. %, the increase of Mg content is accompanied by the decrease of the Al-rich and Zn-rich phases and the increase of the ternary eutectic content. When the Mg content is more than 2 wt. %, the increase of Mg content is accompanied by the decrease of the ternary eutectic content and the increase of the primary MgZn2 phase content. The results of corrosion experiments show that the Zn-11Al-XMg coating is mainly composed of an Al-rich phase and an Mg2Zn11 phase in ternary eutectic as the main anode. The coating after adding Mg forms a denser corrosion product film, among which the Zn-11Al-2Mg coating close to the eutectic point has the best corrosion resistance.

Sodium aluminosilicate synthesised from rice straw as a sorption barrier to protect soil from antimony contamination

ABSTRACT A novel effective sorbent for the extraction of antimony(III) from rice straw has been generated, having a specific surface area of 470 m²/g. The material was subjected to a series of analyses, including scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The sorption properties relative to Sb(III) ions were characterised in dynamic conditions in a column experiment. The total dynamic exchange sorption capacity of 113.92 mg/g renders this material suitable for use as a permeable reactive barrier (sorption barrier) with the objective of protecting soils from antimony contamination. To identify the optimal conditions for soil protection, the chemical composition, acid-base properties, and sorption parameters of soils of varying types were characterised. The sorption properties of the soils were determined in static conditions to obtain the sorption isotherm. The maximal sorption capacity was identified for the soil sample with low base saturation and a high organic component content, a finding that was corroborated by DTA analysis. The results of the column experiment with layers of soil and aluminosilicate sorbent indicate the promising use of the new sorbent as a sorption barrier for the effective protection of soils from antimony contamination.

Assessment of satisfaction of using socially marketed health consumables at government settings among beneficiaries in a rural area of Hooghly District, West Bengal

ABSTRACT Introduction: India is committed to achieving universal health care for all by 2030. The objective of social marketing is to promote public health and its goal is to improve health for all, but there are some challenges like irregular availability, quality issue, inadequacy of marketing causes under- utilization of the government supplied health consumables. Objectives: Present study aims to find out the usage pattern and assess the perceived satisfaction level of beneficiaries of using various socially marketed health consumables at government settings and explore the perception of healthcare personnel regarding barriers to its usage in a rural area of India. Materials and Methods: A community-based, Mixed-Methods study (Convergent parallel design) was done in the service area of the Rural Health Unit and Training Centre (RHU&TC), Singur of Hooghly district, West Bengal, between January 2023 and December 2023, where the quantitative component was carried out by face-to-face interview among 150 beneficiary household respondents selected by two-stage cluster sampling; and qualitative component was done by 4 Key informant interviews (KII) among healthcare personnel (medical officer, public health nurse, pharmacist). Statistical data were analyzed by descriptive statistics using SPSS 16 version and Microsoft Excel for the quantitative part, and thematic analysis was done for the qualitative part. Institutional Ethics Committee clearance was obtained. Results: Ever use of government-supplied contraceptives like Chhaya (Ormeloxifene), Antara (Injectable contraceptive), emergency contraceptive pills, and intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD) was done by only 15.3%, 10.7%, 7.3%, 32% of eligible beneficiary households, respectively. The major reasons cited for irregular use were unawareness of availability of the products (Chhaya = 76.3%, Antara = 64.9%, EC pills = 46.7%), poor faith regarding quality (Male condom = 40%, Generic medicines = 70%), inadequate promotion (IUCD = 53.9%). The majority of users of male condoms (90%), IFA tablets (52.9%), ORS (51.1%), and generic medicines (55.7%) were not satisfied after using those products. Key informant interviews among healthcare personnel revealed avoidance of using modern contraceptive methods and frequent unavailability of some socially marketed health consumables were the predominant causes of reduced uptake of those products by beneficiaries. Conclusions: Proper social marketing strategies, adequate promotion, regular awareness campaigns, and tailored training of field healthcare workers are required to improve the acceptability, availability, and marketing of these health consumables.

Polysulfone-reinforced quorum quenching media with silica cage encapsulation: Advancing biofouling control in anaerobic membrane bioreactors

Microbial quorum quenching (QQ) using live QQ cells entrapped in a hydrophilic polymer network (e.g., hydrogel) reduces membrane biofouling but encounters challenges regarding mechanical robustness and long-term stability. This study addresses this limitation by developing a novel composite biomedia that encapsulates QQ cells (Rhodococcus sp. BH4) within porous silica cages, which act as a protective barrier against solvent exposure, and further reinforces the structure with polysulfone, a thermally and chemically stable polymer. Surface observations confirmed the successful encapsulation of the cells within the silica matrices. Further analyses revealed the distinct nature of the composite media composed of QQ bacteria, silica, and polymer networks with an amorphous structure essential for flexibility and cell viability. The mechanical properties of the polysulfone-reinforced biomedia were significantly improved, with tensile strength nearly four times higher than that of the conventional hydrogel-based biomedia, making it far more durable for long-term applications. When exposed directly to the solvent dimethylacetamide, unprotected BH4 cells experienced severe death and inactivation; however, encapsulation in the porous silica cages maintained 70% cell viability and 77% QQ activity, demonstrating the protective efficacy of the silica matrix. In anaerobic membrane bioreactor applications, the reinforced QQ media showed remarkable biofouling mitigation, extending operational times by approximately threefold and twofold compared to reactors with no media and vacant media, respectively. Using composite QQ media led to significant reductions in the concentrations of biopolymers and quorum-sensing signal molecules, contributing to prolonged membrane service times without negatively impacting overall treatment performance. These findings represent a significant advancement in developing QQ media for antifouling, sustaining the functionality of live QQ cells within durable polymer matrices.

Retinacular Plication for the Treatment of Posterior Tibial Tendon Impingement in Total Ankle Replacement—A Technique Tip

Total ankle replacement has become the standard treatment for end-stage ankle osteoarthritis, but complications like posterior tibial tendon impingement can occur, affecting long-term success. The presented technique involves reinforcing retinacular tissues around the tendon to create a protective barrier between the tendon and prosthetic components. The procedure is discussed in detail, emphasizing careful assessment, surgical steps, and considerations for tensioning. While this technique offers a novel solution to soft tissue impingement, its limitations and the need for long-term outcomes assessment are acknowledged. In conclusion, retinacular plication may help address posterior tibial tendon impingement after total ankle replacement, but meticulous surgical technique and patient-specific planning are essential for favorable results. Level of Evidence: Level Ⅴ.

Atopic dermatitis: pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention.

The skin serves as the first protective barrier fornonspecific immunity and encompassesa vast network of skin-associated immune cells. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent inflammatory skin disease that affects individuals of all ages and races, with a complex pathogenesis intricately linked to genetic, environmental factors, skin barrier dysfunction as well as immune dysfunction. Individuals diagnosed with AD frequently exhibit genetic predispositions, characterized by mutations that impactthe structural integrity of the skin barrier. This barrier dysfunction leads to the release of alarmins, activating the type 2 immune pathway and recruiting various immune cells to the skin, where they coordinate cutaneous immune responses. In this review, we summarize experimental models of AD and provide an overview of its pathogenesis and the therapeutic interventions. We focus on elucidating the intricate interplay between the immune system of the skin and the complex regulatory mechanisms, as well as commonly used treatments for AD, aiming to systematically understand the cellular and molecular crosstalk in AD-affected skin. Our overarching objective is to provide novel insights and inform potential clinical interventions to reduce the incidence and impact of AD.

Konjac Glucomannan‐Based Edible Films: Method, Properties, and Applications

ABSTRACTKonjac glucomannan (KGm) has emerged as a promising candidate in the realm of sustainable packaging materials due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and unique chemical properties. Derived from the konjac plant tuber, KGm is primarily composed of glucose and mannose units linked by β‐1,4 glycosidic bonds, which impart high molecular weight, acetylation levels, and functional characteristics such as viscosity, gel‐forming ability, and water absorption capacity. In the food industry, KGm films serve as edible coatings on fruits and vegetables, extending shelf life by creating a protective barrier against moisture and oxygen. KGm‐based films are used in controlled release formulations, wound healing dressings, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Various manufacturing techniques such as solvent casting, microfluidic spinning, and electrospinning are used to customize the mechanical properties and structure of KGm films for specific applications. Ongoing research aims to enhance water resistance and barrier properties through innovations such as composite formulations and cross‐linking methods. Looking ahead, further developments in KGm‐based edible films hold promise for addressing environmental concerns linked to traditional plastic packaging materials.

Characterization of high-performance composite bricks fabricated from recycled HDPE/PS blends and brick powder

Abstract This study explores the feasibility and benefits of utilizing plastic waste in the production of construction materials, specifically composite bricks. The escalating accumulation of plastic waste poses significant environmental challenges, which necessitates innovative approaches for recycling and re-utilization to mitigate pollution and reduce landfill use. Our research focuses on the synthesis of bricks by incorporating high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polystyrene (PS) with sand brick powder, utilizing a compatibilizer (SBS-g-MA) to enhance interfacial adhesion and mechanical integrity. The experimental methodology involved the preparation of composite materials through melt mixing, followed by molding to form brick specimens. These were analyzed for their mechanical properties, including tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and elongation at break, as well as thermal properties such as degradation temperature and crystallization behavior. Results showed that the inclusion of sand brick powder significantly enhances the thermal stability of the composites, as evidenced by the higher degradation temperatures observed. Specifically, the degradation temperature increased from 300.59 °C in pure HDPE/PS blends to 420.39 °C in composites with 7% brick powder, suggesting the formation of a protective barrier against thermal decomposition. Moreover, mechanical testing revealed that composites with up to 7% brick powder exhibited improved tensile strength and Young’s modulus compared to pure polymer blends.

Surface engineering-based S, N co-doped biochar for improved anaerobic digestion: Enhancing microbial-pollutant and inter-microbial electron transfer synergistic EPS protection

Enhancing extracellular electron transfer (EET) efficiency is crucial for improving the anaerobic digestion (AD) system's capability to treat recalcitrant wastewater. In this study, a novel S, N co-doped biochar (S-N-BC) was prepared through surface engineering to optimize EET within AD systems. The addition of S-N-BC significantly enhanced the performance of a mesophilic AD system treating Congo red wastewater, increasing the decolorization rate by 78%, COD degradation rate by 82%, and methane yield by 87% compared to the control. Additionally, the shock resistance of anaerobic granular sludge was improved, as evidenced by the formation of the protective extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) barrier and the enhanced activities of the electron transport system. Mechanistic analysis revealed that adding S-N-BC did not alter the Congo red decolorization pathway but significantly enriched various electrochemically active bacteria and established EET pathways between microbial-pollutant and inter-microbial. This significantly accelerated EET efficiency within the AD system, ensuring stable and efficient operation under challenging conditions. This study proposed a novel approach using S-N-BC to simultaneously enhance "dual-pathway EET" between microbial-pollutant and inter-microbial while constructing an EPS protective barrier, addressing the issues of low efficiency and fragile stability of AD systems for treating recalcitrant wastewater.

Evaluation of glycyrrhetinic acid in attenuating adverse effects of a high-fat diet in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) has been shown to promote growth characteristics and play a crucial role in anti-inflammatory responses in animals. To investigate the effects of dietary GA supplementation on growth performance, intestinal inflammation, and intestinal barrier protection in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fed a high-fat diet (HFD), a 77-day feeding experiment was conducted. A total of 750 largemouth bass, initially averaging 17.39 ± 0.09 g in body weight, were randomly allocated to five experimental groups and fed a control diet, a HFD, and the HFD diet supplemented with GA at either 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mg/kg, named as control, HDF, HFD+GA 0.5, HFD+GA 1.0, and 1.5 HFD+GA 1.5, respectively. Each group contained three replicates. The study revealed that dietary GA improved final body weight (P < 0.001), percent weight gain (P = 0.041), and feed intake (P < 0.001), all of which had been affected by a HFD in largemouth bass (P < 0.05). Supplementation of HFD with 1.0 mg/kg GA increased the mRNA expressions and protein levels of corresponding tight junctions, occludin, zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-1 in the intestines of largemouth bass. Furthermore, the addition of HFD with both of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg GA decreased the mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory genes such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-18, and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1 (caspase-1), as well as proteins associated with pyroptosis-induced inflammation, including NOD-like receptor family and pyrin domain contain 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a C-terminal caspase recruitment domain (ASC), gasdermin E (GSDME), and N-terminal domain of GSDME (GSDME-N) (P < 0.05). Finally, dietary GA supplementation alleviated mitochondrial damage and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by the HFD. It is concluded that GA supplementation in HFD enhances growth performance, increases mRNA expression and protein levels of tight junction-related parameters, decreases mRNA expression and protein levels of pyroptosis-related genes, and alleviates intestinal mitochondrial injury and inflammation induced by HFD.

Analysis of coatings with Al and Si additives for high-temperature oxidation of steel

The article presents an analysis of the influence of aluminum (Al) and silicon (Si) coating additions on the process of high-temperature oxidation of steel. After high-temperature oxidation of coatings deposited on steel substrates, the oxidation was carried out in an air atmosphere at 800C for 20 hours. The samples were oxidized on one side, i.e. they were placed on a quartz plate during the test. After oxidation, the unit mass increase of the samples was measured using a laboratory scale with an accuracy of 0.00001 g. It was examined how the addition of these elements affects the formation of protective oxide layers that limit corrosion at elevated temperatures. Aluminum contributes to the formation of stable aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) layers, while silicon supports the formation of silicon oxide (SiO₂). Both oxides act as protective barriers, reducing the penetration of oxygen into the material, which slows down its degradation. The appropriate concentration of these admixtures improves the steel's resistance to oxidation without significantly impairing its mechanical properties. The article emphasizes the importance of appropriate selection of Al and Si content to increase the durability of steel in high-temperature operating conditions.

Effect of Using Natural Liquid Soap on the Effectiveness of Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteria Control and Skin Health: A Review

The skin is a protective barrier against environmental disturbances and infections. Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterium on human skin that can lead to infections. In light of this, the study investigates the effectiveness of natural liquid soaps in controlling Staphylococcus aureus while promoting overall skin health. The primary objective is to showcase the advantages of using natural ingredients in liquid soap formulations compared to synthetic chemicals. To achieve this, the researchers conducted a systematic literature review (SLR), utilizing reputable databases such as PubMed and Mendeley to gather relevant studies focused on natural liquid soaps. They carefully selected articles based on inclusion criteria established through the PICO framework, emphasizing the antibacterial effectiveness of these natural products against Staphylococcus aureus. The review encompassed ten high-quality studies, revealing that formulations containing natural extracts such as breadfruit leaf, cardamom, aloe vera, and honey exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. These natural ingredients offered effective bacterial control and provided additional benefits, including skin moisturization and reduced irritation, making them preferable to synthetic alternatives. This study introduces a novel perspective by comprehensively reviewing various natural ingredients used in liquid soaps and their comparative effectiveness against Staphylococcus aureus. It underscores the potential of plant extracts and essential oils as safer and more effective alternatives to traditional chemical antibacterial agents in skin cleansers. In conclusion, natural liquid soaps effectively reduce Staphylococcus aureus on the skin while maintaining skin health. Incorporating natural ingredients ensures antibacterial protection without the adverse effects commonly associated with chemical-based soaps, such as dryness or irritation, thereby advocating a shift towards more natural skincare options.

Multi-Scenario Simulation of Optimal Landscape Pattern Configuration in Saline Soil Areas of Western Jilin Province, China

The Songnen Plain is a significant region in China, known for its high grain production and concentrated distribution of soda saline land. It is also considered a priority area for cropland development in the country. However, the Songnen Plain is now facing prominent issues such as soil salinization, soil erosion, and deteriorating cropland quality, which are exacerbated by climate change and intensified human activities. In order to address these challenges, it is crucial to adjust the quantitative structure and layout of different landscapes in a harmonious manner, aiming to achieve synergistic optimization, which is posed as the key scientific approach to guide comprehensive renovation policies, improve saline–alkaline land conditions, and promote sustainable agricultural development. In this study, four scenarios including natural development, priority food production (PFP), ecological security priority (ESP), and economic–ecological-balanced saline soil improvement were set up based on Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) and the Future Land Use Simulation (FLUS) model. The results demonstrated that the SSI scenario, which focused on economic–ecological equilibrium, displayed the most rational quantitative structure and spatial layout of landscape types, with total benefits surpassing those of the other scenarios. Notably, this scenario involved converting unused land into saline cropland and transforming saline cropland into normal cropland, thereby increasing the amount of high-quality cropland and potential cropland while enhancing the habitat quality of the region. Consequently, the conflict between food production and ecological environmental protection was effectively mitigated. Furthermore, the SSI scenario facilitated the establishment of a robust ecological security and protection barrier, offering valuable insights for land use planning and ecological security pattern construction in the Songnen Plain, particularly in salt-affected areas.

γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase-activable nanoprobe crosses the blood-brain barrier for immuno-sonodynamic therapy of glioma

Effective treatment against glioma remains challenging nowadays because the protective blood-brain barrier (BBB) impedes drug penetration into brain and the limited efficacy of conventional chemotherapy. While strong positively charged nanoparticles have good permeability through the BBB, they often come with the caveat of cationic toxicity to healthy tissues and organs during blood circulation. Here we show a neutrally charged nanoprobe with a surface decorated with γ-glutamyl moieties that can be cleaved by γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, an enzyme overexpressed on brain capillaries. Upon the cleavage, positively charged primary amines are generated, facilitating the effective crossing of the nanoprobe through BBB via the adsorption-mediated transcytosis pathway, while avoiding the caveat of cationic toxicity. In addition, when reaching the acidic tumor microenvironment, the nanoprobe co-encapsulating sonosensitizer and immune agonist swells, which results in an accelerated drug release under ultrasound irradiation to induce a combined immune response, ultimately leading to a robust anticancer effect. Overall, we report an effective drug delivery nanoplatform across the BBB for an enhanced therapy of glioma.

A Natural Eumelanin-Assisted Pullulan/Chitosan Hydrogel for the Management of Diabetic Oral Ulcers.

Existing methods for treating diabetic oral ulcers often fall short in clinical environments due to potential bacterial contamination, oxidative harm, and hindered angiogenesis throughout the healing process. Here, a hydrogel patch (HYG2) have been developed for local in situ application. HYG2 comprises oxidized pullulan, quaternized chitosan, and eumelanin nanoparticles derived from cuttlefish ink. These components work together to efficiently heal wounds associated with diabetic oral ulcers. Application begins with a simple local injection that quickly forms a protective barrier over the mucosa, effectively stopping bleeding and counteracting inflammatory agents. HYG2 is distinguished by its strong antibacterial properties and capacity to eliminate reactive oxygen species, promoting bacteria clearance and managing oxidative stress, which accelerates the healing phase from inflammation to tissue regeneration. Additionally, HYG2's 3D structure, incorporating elements from natural sources, offers exemplary support for structural and nutritional cell needs. This enhancement fosters cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation, along with further angiogenesis during mucosal remodeling. Ultimately, HYG2 is fully absorbed by the body after serving its therapeutic functions. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies shows that HYG2 hydrogel markedly accelerates mucosal wound repair, making it a promising treatment for diabetic oral ulcers.

The Effect of Protective Barriers on the Dynamic Response of Underground Structures

Engineers have dedicated considerable attention over the past ten years to studying the influences of dynamic loads caused by both intentional and unintentional events on infrastructures. As a result, determining how buried structures react to explosions and enhancing their security against blast loads have become crucial subjects in defensive engineering. To achieve this goal, constructing a protective barrier, which is known as a blast wall, in front of structures can be an effective measure. This research focused on examining the impact of a protective barrier on the response of a box-shaped tunnel located in Kobe, Japan, using a comprehensive numerical approach. The results revealed that incorporating a barrier with widths of either 1 m or 2 m resulted in a significant reduction in peak pressure. Specifically, the use of a 1 m wide barrier resulted in a 77% decrease, while a 2 m wide barrier achieved an even greater reduction of 84%. Additionally, it was observed that minimizing the distance between the barrier and the explosion point, as well as increasing the width of the barrier, resulted in reduced peak pressure throughout all sections of the tunnel.

Eco-friendly pyridine-derivatives for corrosion inhibition of carbon steel during acidic treatments: mechanistic insights from electrochemical, surface, and computational studies

Pyridine and urea derivatives have emerged as valuable corrosion platforms ascribed to exceptional coordination potential, and environmental friendliness. Two novel structures of pyridine-carbamides (MS30 & MS31) were synthesized and used as green corrosion inhibitors for the carbon steel in 1M HCl. Electrochemical measurements determined the increase in efficiency with concentrations, reaching 95.3% and 97.1% at 200 mg L −1 and 298 K for MS30 and MS31. Despite the reduced performance with increasing temperature to 303 and 313 K, results revealed improved inhibition at 323 K. At the highest temperature of 323 K, MS30 and MS31 proved their influence in maintaining 97.6% and 93.4% efficiency, highlighting their suitability for treatments in oilfield downhole regions. The adsorption of both inhibitors fitted the Langmuir model and was attributed to chemisorption, as inferred from thermodynamics. Corrosion kinetics and activation energy also verified the chemical interaction of the Fe–inhibitor complex. Spectroscopic surface evaluation interpreted the surpassed metallic dissolution by MS30 and MS31 through protective barrier formation, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) determined the existence of the Fe–N bond. The sustained viability of human cells affirmed the nontoxic nature of MS30 and MS31 after treatment with 0.2 mg mL−1 of MS30 and MS31 compounds. DFT calculations revealed that both inhibitors exhibited strong adsorption on the metal surface (− 9.5 eV), classified as chemisorption. Overall, the experimental findings are well supported with surface and computational studies. These pioneering compounds are introduced herein to advance state-of-the-art inhibitors, providing high efficiency under challenging environments.

Acetamide-based hydrated eutectic electrolytes for supercapacitors with high voltage and low self-discharge

Hydrated eutectic electrolytes (HEEs) hold promise as green, safe and affordable electrolytes for high-voltage electrochemical energy storage. The water molecules in HEEs participate in the solvation structure of cations, which is critical to the electrolyte performance. We hereby report HEEs consisting of NaClO4, N-methyl acetamide (NMAc) and water. By adjusting the ratio of the ingredients, the optimized HEEs-5 shows a wide electrochemical potential window, lowered viscosity and non-flammability. Spectroscopic analysis and molecular dynamics simulations reveal that NMAc and H2O form the inner solvation shell of Na+, while the free ClO4– result in enhanced ionic conductivity. Moreover, NMAc molecules form a protective barrier on the surface of carbon upon charging, inhibiting the activation-controlled faradaic self-discharge reactions caused by free water molecules. The supercapacitor with HEEs-5 electrolyte shows a high voltage of 2.3 V, ultra-long cycle life and low self-discharge. This work reveals the crucial roles of NMAc, but also shed light on the design and optimization of other HEEs.