Travel Conditions Research Articles

The Burden of Plastic Surgery in Rural Kenya: The Kapsowar Hospital Experience.

Both governmental and nongovernmental training programs are expanding efforts to train the next generation of plastic surgeons who will work in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Sufficient training is dependent on acquiring the appropriate skillset for these contexts. Few studies have characterized the spectrum of practice of plastic surgeons in LMICs and their relative disparity. We performed a retrospective review on all patients who received plastic surgery at a single institution in rural western Kenya from 2021 to 2023. Data such as diagnoses, procedures, and home village/town of residence were collected. Patient home location was geomapped using an open-access distance matrix application programming interface to estimate travel time based on terrain and road quality, assuming patient access to a private vehicle and ideal traveling conditions. Descriptive statistics were performed. A total of 296 patients received surgery. Common procedures included treatment of cleft lip/palate (CLP), burn reconstruction, and reconstruction for benign tumors of the head and neck. The average distance to treatment was 159.2 minutes. Increased travel time was not associated with time to CLP repair (P > 0.05). Increased travel time was associated with delayed treatment for burns (P = 0.005), maxillofacial trauma (P = 0.032), and hand trauma (P = 0.016). Training programs for plastic surgeons in LMICs should ensure competency in CLP, flaps, burn reconstruction, and head and neck reconstruction. Our novel use of an application programming interface indicates that international partnerships have been more successful in decreasing treatment delays for CLP patients, but not other reconstructive procedure patients. Expanded commitment from international partners to address these reconstructive burdens in LMICs is warranted.

Active travel in the university setting: Assessing the effects of social behavior, socioeconomics, and spatial location

University campuses are pooling efforts to promote active mobility to reduce their negative impacts on the urban environment, which is significantly influenced by the overreliance on motorized modes of transport. Providing sufficient and safe accessibility conditions for active travel has been highlighted as a crucial strategy for transforming campuses into more livable and sustainable areas in cities. To further explore the likelihood of active mobility uptake at university campuses, this study explored university students’ mobility patterns over time, examining the role of social behavior, socioeconomics, and spatial location factors. The Faculty of Engineering at the University of Porto, Greater Oporto, Portugal, provided the empirical focus for this research. The data analyzed were acquired through surveys of representative samples and spatial analysis over the academic years of 2012, 2017, and 2023. The statistical analysis explained the tendencies and multifactorial influences on travel behavior among university students. Results indicated that travel distance is associated with housing options and travel costs, whereas access to a metro station was associated with walking or cycling. Hence, this study contributed to a deeper understanding of active travel behavior. It provided insights to guide planning practitioners and decision makers in creating integrated transport policy packages that address the barriers and needs of the university community and the surrounding neighborhoods.

Ефективність застосування світлофорів та їх роль у забезпеченні безпеки дорожнього руху

Introduction. The development of motor transport inevitably leads to an increase in traffic intensity, resulting in challenges related to ensuring the safety and comfort of road users, particularly at uncontrolled intersections and pedestrian crossings, which are areas of heightened risk for road accidents. Problem statement. The high likelihood of traffic accidents occurring at uncontrolled road intersections and pedestrian crossings necessitates the implementation of measures aimed at ensuring the safety of all road users, particularly pedestrians and cyclists. Purpose. Ensuring road safety, reducing the likelihood of traffic accidents, and providing comfortable travel conditions for road users. Materials and methods. The current regulatory acts and normative documents regarding traffic control devices, particularly traffic lights, as well as statistical information on road accidents in Ukraine, have been analyzed.

Проблемы доступности и комфортности объектов туристической инфраструктуры для развития автомобильного туризма в России

This study examines the potential for the development of automobile tourism in Russia and its surrounding difficulties, focusing on the convenience and accessibility of tourist facilities. The analysis conducted includes a thorough dissection of the theoretical framework and consideration of the practical elements of the industry. The main objective is to improve and modernize road travel conditions in the country through a comprehensive approach. The paper analyzes existing data and conducts a comprehensive assessment that considers the many factors that influence road tourism. Key problems identified include limited development of the road network, regional differences in infrastructure and a lack of quality services in remote parts of Russia. The challenges faced by international tourism are also raised, including strict visa and customs procedures that prevent foreign road tourists from visiting Russia. It is highlighted that solving these problems will require efforts on the part of both the government and the private sector, in the form of partnership programs to improve infrastructure and services. Specific measures are proposed to develop the transportation network, improve road safety, stimulate rural and ecotourism, and support small businesses in tourism. At the same time, the integration of the latest technologies and the establishment of international tourism are emphasized. Emphasis is placed on the importance of environmental considerations for sustainable tourism development, given the growing interest in road travel in Russia. This study aims to develop strategies that can lead to the successful development of automobile tourism, enriching the economic and cultural life of the country.

Возможности интеграции функции обмена местами в мобильное приложение «РЖД пассажирам»

Railway transport is traditionally preferred when travelling between 400 and 1000 km. Depending on financial possibilities and personal idea of comfort, passengers choose different types of cars. Despite the fact that the passenger is familiarised with the conditions of travel in advance (at the time of ticket purchase), requests to change seats with fellow travellers are often noted at the moment of boarding, which complicates the work of the car conductor, provokes violation of the Rules of Passenger Transportation and causes discomfort to persons with whom the passenger wants to agree on such an exchange. Despite the de facto existence of the problem, the carrier does not have statistical data on passengers' perception of seat exchange requests. This paper examines the need to introduce an additional parameter in the menu of the mobile application "RZD to Passengers" to enable early legitimate seat exchange in purchased tickets with provision for compensation for the passenger who expresses consent to the exchange in the incoming request. As a methodology of the research a set of methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction and induction was used. The author proposes to improve the quality of passenger service of long-distance trains by preventive solution of the issue of seat exchange, thereby eliminating the probability of conflict situations during the journey and reducing the number of violations of the Rules of Passenger Transport. This article may be of practical interest to companies providing passenger transport services on long-distance trains (e.g. JSC FPC, TC Grand Service Express, LLC Tverskoy Express).

ERGONOMIC AND LOGISTIC ENSURING THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COMFORT DURING THE ORGANIZATION OF PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION IN A SMALL-CAPACITY BUS

Purpose. The most important advantage of passenger transport by road is the high quality of transport service, which depends on the organization of the transport process, structural features and technical condition of the rolling stock used and the route, the development of the route network and other factors. Comfort reflects the properties of bus passenger transportation, which lead to the creation of the necessary service conditions and convenience for passengers in the bus, at the start-end and transit points on the basis of regulatory documents approved in the prescribed manner. Features of the design of small-capacity buses in terms of comfort and safety of passenger transportation and provision of proper travel conditions mostly determine the scope of use of buses of this class by types of connections and length of routes. The purpose of the paper is the development of a structural model, based on the analysis of the main factors affecting the determination of the comfort of a small-capacity bus for urban transportation during the transportation of passengers. Methods. The analysis of literary sources showed that indicators of comfort (as well as indicators of information service, speed, timeliness, safety of cargo, safety), which refer to indicators of the quality of passenger transportation, are decisive in this group of indicators. From the point of view of Ukrainian legislation and regulatory framework, the concepts of passenger bus capacity and comfort are analyzed. The main factors that determine the comfort of small-capacity buses for urban transportation during the transportation of passengers are determined. Ensuring the comfort of passenger transportation in a small-capacity city bus is determined by compliance with ergonomic requirements, which, in turn, depends on the design features of the arrangement of the area intended for passengers. Scientific novelty. It is proposed to evaluate the comfort category in the urban public road transport system using a structural model that combines two sets of factors – logistic and ergonomic. The logistic set of factors includes characteristics in time and space, that is, characteristics of comfort outside the means of urban public road transport. The ergonomic set of factors includes characteristics that describe comfort in vehicles. Practical significance. On the basis of this model, possible ways of ensuring ergonomic requirements for the layout of the interior and interior of small-capacity buses for urban passenger transportation are proposed. It was established that the main factors of the redistribution of transport mobility between urban passenger transport and transport for individual use are the insufficient comfort of passenger transport or the insufficient density of the route network.

Digital Migration Infrastructure in return-writing: visualizing the migration landscape of India.

Digitization has carved out the migration patterns of immigrants over the recent years of increased technological interventions in human mobility. Migration infrastructures, which typically refer to the physical, commercial, humanitarian, and governmental modes of operation, are multidimensional in nature. Digital infrastructures are equally important to the physical ones as digital technologies facilitate these migration processes through agents like hardware, software, and mediating actors. Amongst the multiple forms of migration, the concept of return-writing and nostalgia-struck-returnees encompass individuals whose life trajectories run parallel to the homeland. The narrative of return to the homeland emerges aβs a dominant motif in literature due to the rising trends of globalization, the writers' reflection on their own migrant experiences, and publishing trends meeting the demand of the global book market. The objective is to assess the role of digital migration infrastructures in return migrations to India through a close reading of the selected texts and review of postcolonial literary theories by using conditional operation in Python. The study here explores the varied nuances of return migration with a primary focus on the external conditions of travel in migration literature. The paper aims to analyze the genre of return-writing in Indian English literature, through three novels over a period of two decades, i.e., from 2000-2023. The selected texts, beginning with Amit Chaudhuri's A New World (2000), Gun Island (2019) by Amitav Ghosh, and Devika Rege's novel Quarterlife (2023), offer a panoramic view of return migration. These novels are extensive in the time period of technological interventions and in depiction of return migration. The Python code examines the extent of existence of a set of digital migration infrastructure keywords by analyzing the content of the novels and creates bar plots and charts to offer a visual representation of the classification results. The resulting trend traces the increased intervention of Digital Migration Infrastructure in the recent migration literature.

A Manuscript of the Arabian Nights and Its Journey to Cambridge

Abstract Cambridge University Library holds an Arabic manuscript of The Thousand and One Nights (Ms Qq.106–109). The library records it as entering the collection in 1819 and codicological evidence shows that the manuscript was copied in Cairo in the early 19th century. This paper discusses the complex narrative of its acquisition, including the roles played by prominent travellers and collectors. The significance of the text of the ‘Nights’ and its popularity in England and Europe are also examined as are the factors that made the Arabic text of this work much sought-after at the time. The influence of the contemporary political situation, the conditions of travel in the Middle East, and the individuals involved with the text’s acquisition are described, focusing on those with a Cambridge connection. A detailed analysis of the activities and twists of fate resulting in the acquisition of this particular manuscript are traced in contemporary sources.

The human microbiome in space: parallels between Earth-based dysbiosis, implications for long-duration spaceflight, and possible mitigation strategies.

SUMMARYThe human microbiota encompasses the diverse communities of microorganisms that reside in, on, and around various parts of the human body, such as the skin, nasal passages, and gastrointestinal tract. Although research is ongoing, it is well established that the microbiota exert a substantial influence on the body through the production and modification of metabolites and small molecules. Disruptions in the composition of the microbiota-dysbiosis-have also been linked to various negative health outcomes. As humans embark upon longer-duration space missions, it is important to understand how the conditions of space travel impact the microbiota and, consequently, astronaut health. This article will first characterize the main taxa of the human gut microbiota and their associated metabolites, before discussing potential dysbiosis and negative health consequences. It will also detail the microbial changes observed in astronauts during spaceflight, focusing on gut microbiota composition and pathogenic virulence and survival. Analysis will then turn to how astronaut health may be protected from adverse microbial changes via diet, exercise, and antibiotics before concluding with a discussion of the microbiota of spacecraft and microbial culturing methods in space. The implications of this review are critical, particularly with NASA's ongoing implementation of the Moon to Mars Architecture, which will include weeks or months of living in space and new habitats.

Research on Train-Induced Vibration of High-Speed Railway Station with Different Structural Forms.

Elevated stations are integral components of urban rail transit systems, significantly impacting passengers' travel experience and the operational efficiency of the transportation system. However, current elevated station designs often do not sufficiently consider the structural dynamic response under various operating conditions. This oversight can limit the operational efficiency of the stations and pose potential safety hazards. Addressing this issue, this study establishes a vehicle-bridge-station spatial coupling vibration simulation model utilizing the self-developed software GSAP V1.0, focusing on integrated station-bridge and combined station-bridge elevated station designs. The simulation results are meticulously compared with field data to ensure the fidelity of the model. Analyzing the dynamic response of the station in relation to train parameters reveals significant insights. Notably, under similar travel conditions, integrated stations exhibit lower vertical acceleration in the rail-bearing layer compared to combined stations, while the vertical acceleration patterns at the platform and hall layers demonstrate contrasting behaviors. At lower speeds, the vertical acceleration at the station concourse level is comparable for both station types, yet integrated stations exhibit notably higher platform-level acceleration. Conversely, under high-speed conditions, integrated stations show increased vertical acceleration at the platform and hall levels compared to combined stations, particularly under unloaded double-line working conditions, indicating a superior dynamic performance of combined stations in complex operational scenarios. However, challenges such as increased station height due to bridge box girder maintenance, track layer waterproofing, and track girder support maintenance exist for combined stations, warranting comprehensive evaluation for station selection. Further analysis of integrated station-bridge structures reveals that adjustments in the floor slab thickness at the rail-bearing and platform levels significantly reduce dynamic responses, whereas increasing the rail beam height notably diminishes displacement responses. Conversely, alterations in the waiting hall floor slab thickness and frame column cross-sections exhibit a minimal impact on the station dynamics. Overall, optimizing structural dimensions can effectively mitigate dynamic responses, offering valuable insights for station design and operation.

Effectiveness of vibro-impact nonlinear energy sinks for vibration suppression of beams under traveling loads

Effective control of traveling-load-induced vibrations is a challenging issue of special significance in various engineering fields such as railways, bridges, cable systems, etc. Traditional passive strategies that rely on tuned mass dampers are effective over only a narrow traveling velocity range, thus cannot meet the broadband requirement for such problems. In this paper, a nonlinear device termed as vibro-impact nonlinear energy sink (VINES), that including a light-weight mass moving in-between the clearance of the primary structure, is proposed as a mean for the broadband control of vibrations induced by traveling loads. To do this, we considered a coupled system consisting of a beam as a host structure under traveling loads, and coupled to a set of VINESs. The system is modeled in a dimensionless formula in order to gain generalized results, and the vibro-impact dynamics is solved from a measure differential complementarity problem that is given by Signorini’s contact law. Comprehensive analyses are then conducted to investigate the vibration reduction potential of the VINES regarding the underlying nonlinear mechanisms, parametric effects, as well as robustness concerns. It is found that effective vibration reduction could be achieved by adding a simple VINES with a total mass around 10% of the host beam. Moreover, such a simple strategy shows an excellent broadband property to suppress multiple peaks, as well as a desirable robustness to perform well under excitation uncertainty and different traveling conditions.

Histopathological analysis of fuel burns in deceased migrants.

What we mean when we talk about ‘fuel burns’? This pathological condition related to the tragic travel conditions experienced by migrants has not been previously reported in the literature. We encountered this condition in two deceased migrant women in Central Mediterranean Sea, and we were able to describe it histologically.

Analysis of passenger perception heterogeneity and differentiated service strategy for air-rail intermodal travel

Air-rail intermodal services (ARISs) represent a highly promising multimodal solution within the transportation sector. Nonetheless, various uncertainties and challenges persist across multiple dimensions of air-rail interline travel, with discrepancies in passenger perceptions being a notable aspect. In an effort to pinpoint the pivotal factors contributing to these disparities among distinct passenger profiles, this study employs the Structural Equation Modeling-Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause-Artificial Neural Network (SEM-MIMIC-ANN) methodology. This approach explores the impact of numerous attributes on passenger perceptions in the context of air-rail intermodal travel, leveraging questionnaire data gathered from Shijiazhuang multimodal passengers. Furthermore, the study utilizes the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) decision tree algorithm to categorize actual passengers into distinct characteristic groups. Subsequently, the perception levels of these diverse passenger groups are quantified through the calculation of comprehensive evaluation function values. In conclusion, taking into account the real-world conditions of air-rail interline travel, this research formulates a tailored service strategy aimed at enhancing the overall passenger experience.

Impact of non-axisymmetric tip clearance on the aerodynamic and aeroelastic stabilities of a transonic compressor

The aerodynamic and flutter effects caused by the circumferential non-uniform tip clearances from the non-axisymmetric casing geometry, which are more representative of real operational conditions, should receive more attention. In this paper, sensitivity analyses on clearance and non-uniformity regarding rotor performance are conducted. The isentropic efficiency, total pressure ratio and stability margin of the rotor are reduced by 1.96%, 1.06% and 6.76% for an increase of tip clearance by 1% tip chord, respectively. The non-axisymmetric configuration reconfigures the interaction between leakage flow and mainstream in each rotor passage and alters the strength and influence range of the low-speed separation region generated by shock wave. The phase lag phenomenon observed in the aerodynamics of the non-axisymmetric layout also manifests in the aeroelastic effects but requires a larger phase shift at the maximum clearance sector, owing to the longer timescales for flow adjustment relative to the local tip gap considering the flow-induced vibration. Clearance sensitivity on flutter stability varies with the direction of the traveling wave: under forward traveling conditions, damping values initially decrease and then increase with increasing rotor tip clearance; while under backward traveling condition, blade damping linearly decreases with increasing rotor tip clearance. Additionally, variations in flow conditions and nodal diameters affect flutter stability by altering the position of shock waves and their work on the suction surface of the rotors. The mechanism responsible for unsteady flows induced by non-axisymmetric clearances from the casing ovalization on flutter stability is discussed for the first time in this paper, which can guide the industry to evaluate its impact.

Toward the Development of an Impact-Based Decision Support Tool for Surface-Transportation Hazards. Part II: An Hourly Winter Storm Severity Index

Abstract In line with the continued focus of the National Weather Service (NWS) to provide impact-based decision support services (IDSS) and effectively communicate potential impacts, a new IDSS forecasting tool for surface-transportation hazards is in development at the Weather Prediction Center: the hourly winter storm severity index (WSSI-H). This second part of the series outlines the current algorithms and thresholds for the components of the WSSI-H, which has been developed in line with the approach and considerations discussed in Part I of this series. These components—snow amount, ice accumulation, snow rate, liquid rate, and blowing and drifting snow—each address a specific hazard for motorists. The inclusion of metrics related to driving conditions for untreated road surfaces and time-of-day factoring for active precipitation types helps directly tie forecasted weather conditions to transportation impacts. Impact severity level thresholds are approximately in line with thresholds used by transportation agencies when considering various mitigation strategies (e.g., imposing speed restrictions or closing roadways). Whereas the product is not meant to forecast specific impacts (e.g., road closure or pileup), impact severity levels are designed to scale with increasingly poor travel conditions, which can prompt various mitigation efforts from motorists or transportation agencies to maintain safety. WSSI-H outputs for three winter events are discussed in depth to highlight the potential utility of the product. Overall, the WSSI-H is intended to provide high-resolution situational awareness of potential surface-transportation-related impacts and aid in enhanced collaborations between NWS forecasters and stakeholders like transportation agencies to improve motorist safety. Significance Statement A new impact-based forecast product designed to aid in situational awareness of potential impacts from surface-transportation-related hazards is in development. In this second part of the series, we outline the algorithms and thresholds for the various components of the product, where each component addresses a unique hazard. Product outputs for three winter events are presented to highlight the potential utility of the product in an operational forecast setting. Ultimately, enhanced collaboration between forecasters and transportation agencies alongside guidance from this product will bolster consistent messaging to motorists and improve safety and mobility on roads.

Gravity train of variable mass

The gravity train is a virtual vehicle that travels in a tunnel across Earth, and its motion due to only gravity is a simple harmonic oscillator. It can run at a constant velocity by appropriately exhausting fuel. In this case, the train obeys the equation of motion for a variable mass system. We discuss the mass and energy reduction of the gravity train during travel and find the optimal conditions for economical travel. This study is suitable for university students in physics classes.

Jūjutsu Tourism: Great Masters and Important Places

Problem: Trips for jūjutsu/jujitsu studies do not only apply to the Japan. What is the specificity of jūjutsu tourism today? What are the characteristics of this type of martial arts tourism?Method: From the perspective of the General Theory of Fighting Arts, an attempt was made to describe and explain the indicated cultural phenomenon. The main method is the author's over 40 years of participant observation in the European and international jūjutsu environment. As is typical of the monographic method, various categories of sources and studies are also included.Results: A description and interpretation of today's travel conditions for practical jūjutsu studies were presented. Examples of famous masters, schools and dōjōs, and other important places are provided. Certain institutions and cyclical events are the driving force of this type of tourism.Conclusions: Jūjutsu tourism is currently multipolar. Trips to masters or to national and international training workshops depend on the location of the organization and the specific master. In search of practical knowledge, students follow masters who are not always of Japanese origin.

Peculiarities of determining the capacity of land urban passenger transportation vehicles

Introduction. In the conditions of motorization growth the necessity to improve the quality of passenger service by public transport increases significantly. The determining factor for finding the design capacity of vehicles (TC) is the comfort provided to passengers. On the one hand, in order for public transport to be popular in comparison with private motor transport, it must provide comfortable travel conditions, which are ensured by the provision of free places for sitting and (or) the availability of sufficient space for standing. On the other hand, guaranteed provision of all passengers with seats with a comfortable interval between rows of seats, requires an increase in the number of vehicles to master the same volume of transportation and can lead to a sharp increase in the cost of transportation and fare, at which the economic advantages of public transport over private transport will be less obvious. The aim of the study was to find a compromise calculated occupancy rate of vehicles, at which public transport provides the necessary attractiveness and comfort for passengers and the required carrying capacity.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the work was general scientific principles and research methods: empirical (expert evaluation) and theoretical (analysis, synthesis, systematization) methods. In order to achieve the set goal, the following tasks were solved: 1. The methods of determining the quality of occupancy quality of the vehicle interior were analyzed. 2. The maximum acceptable capacity of the considered public transportation vehicles was determined. 3. The proposals on the use of the calculated indicator of the density of standing passengers placement in determining the carrying capacity of public transportation are given.Discussion and conclusion. The conducted analysis of manuals on operation, repair, acting in corresponding periods of operation of the chosen vehicles shows that the capacity of vehicles according to norms of manufacturers of vehicles and social standard of the Ministry of Transport does not allow to reach the necessary quality of transportation. The performed research has allowed to establish a comfortable level of occupancy of vehicles for a passenger and a calculated indicator of the density of standing passengers.Practical significance. The established comfortable for passengers occupancy of vehicles can be used in the development and updating of social standards of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation.Originality. There is an assessment of the travel conditions depending on passenger occupancy in different types of public transport vehicles operated in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus.

A Novel Technology Stack for Automated Road Quality Assessment Framework using Deep Learning Techniques

Road infrastructure plays a pivotal role in supporting societal, economic, and cultural progress. The capacity of a road refers to its ability to handle vehicular volume. Inadequate road capacity and the presence of defects like potholes and cracks result in suboptimal travel conditions and pose significant safety risks for drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians. The regular evaluation of these road quality aspects is essential for effective maintenance. However, current methods for assessing road capacity are time-consuming, subjective, and heavily reliant on manual labor. Moreover, existing deep learning-based approaches for detecting road defects often lack accuracy. To overcome these challenges, a fully automated and accurate system for evaluating road quality is imperative. Thus, the objective of this research work is to propose a novel technology stack for a comprehensive Automated Road Quality Assessment (ARQA) framework designed to assess road quality. The experimental findings demonstrate that the suggested vehicle detection and pothole detection methods work effectively and exhibit enhancements of 18% and 6%, respectively, in comparison to existing approaches.

Recovery Scheduling of Road Networks Considering Day-to-Day Flow Evolution

Natural disasters can lead to substantial disruptions in road networks, making many critical links unusable. It is important to timely repair the damaged links as they allow transportation of emergency services, relief materials, and so forth, after disasters. Many existing studies that focus on optimal recovery of damaged links after disasters assume that only a single agency is available for repair. Moreover, most of the existing studies do not consider travel time on links to be a function of traffic flow passing through the links and assume that the traffic flow gets distributed based on user equilibrium each time a link is repaired. However, such a traffic distribution is unrealistic as it assumes that the traffic flow remains the same across all the days for which a link is repaired and the traffic distribution gets suddenly modified whenever a link is fully repaired. The goal of this paper is to address these gaps in the literature of disaster recovery. We study the problem of determining the optimal repair scheduling of damaged links to minimize the sum of the total system travel time over the repair duration given that multiple repair agencies are available for recovery. Also, we consider a day-to-day traffic flow evolution where the route choices of travelers depend on the travel conditions of the previous day. We formulate this problem as a mixed-integer non-linear program. We proposed two solution methodologies to solve the problem: a genetic algorithm and a greedy algorithm. We tested these methodologies under different settings.