Conditions Of Social Vulnerability Research Articles

Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead Levels in School Meals and Their Risk Assessment in Municipalities in Bahia, Brazil.

School meals represent a significant supply of nutrients for children in Brazil, especially those in conditions of social vulnerability. This study aimed to assess the levels of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in meals served in public elementary schools in four municipalities in the state of Bahia, Brazil, and assess the risk posed to children's health. Ninety-six samples were collected from 16 schools, freeze-dried, and subjected to microwave-assisted digestion. The As, Cd, and Pb levels were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The risk assessment was based on calculating each element's hazard quotient (HQ). None of the samples reached or exceeded the tolerable levels for the elements analyzed. Pb was the metal that obtained the most significant result, reaching maximum levels of 39-157 µg·kg-1. No element exceeded the PTWI proposed by JECFA; thus, the toxic metal content in school meals poses a negligible risk to children's health.

Assessing wildfire exposure and social vulnerability at the local scale using a GIS-based approach

Exposure and vulnerability analysis are valuable tools for wildfire management, especially important for local communities that suffer from very destructive events and that require mitigation approaches adjusted to their abilities and needs. We present a methodological procedure to analyze wildfire exposure levels, social vulnerability conditions and coping capacity at the local scale, for villages or small human settlements. The procedure was developed using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and programming tools in R and Python, which can be adapted and updated depending on the data available. The development of accessible procedures and easily replicable methodologies facilitates knowledge transfer and supports the application of mitigation and adaptation strategies, tailored to the conditions of the exposed areas.•A step-by-step procedure for the assessment of Exposure, Vulnerability, and Coping Capacity, using Python and R programming language.•Automated processes, easily replicable and adjustable to other areas.•Indications for adapting the methodology using European/international databases.

Fatores determinantes no reconhecimento de uma fonte usual de cuidado por adolescentes brasileiros

Abstract The present study aimed to analyze the demographic, socioeconomic, and health factors and risk behaviors associated with the recognition of a Usual Source of Care (USC), according to gender. This work was a cross-sectional study, based on the National Survey of School Health (2015), conducted with 100,464 Brazilian adolescents. Descriptive analyses were performed based on Pearson’s χ2, and the prevalence ratio (PR) through logistic regression models in Stata 14 for each type of USC (Primary Health Care (PHC), Private Practice, Hospital, and Emergency), stratified by sex. Recognition of a USC was reported by 55.5% of the adolescents, 58.6% of whom were female. In the multivariate analysis, the variables that present social, economic, and risk behavior inequalities showed positive associations for USC PHC for both genders. For the other types of USC, the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics showed negative associations. The results of this study showed that PHC is the service with the highest recognition among adolescents in conditions of social vulnerability. This reinforces the need to consolidate the PHC in order to favor the health care of adolescents, establishing bonds and improving access to health actions.

Determinants factors in the recognition of a usual source of care by Brazilian adolescents.

The present study aimed to analyze the demographic, socioeconomic, and health factors and risk behaviors associated with the recognition of a Usual Source of Care (USC), according to gender. This work was a cross-sectional study, based on the National Survey of School Health (2015), conducted with 100,464 Brazilian adolescents. Descriptive analyses were performed based on Pearson's χ2, and the prevalence ratio (PR) through logistic regression models in Stata 14 for each type of USC (Primary Health Care (PHC), Private Practice, Hospital, and Emergency), stratified by sex. Recognition of a USC was reported by 55.5% of the adolescents, 58.6% of whom were female. In the multivariate analysis, the variables that present social, economic, and risk behavior inequalities showed positive associations for USC PHC for both genders. For the other types of USC, the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics showed negative associations. The results of this study showed that PHC is the service with the highest recognition among adolescents in conditions of social vulnerability. This reinforces the need to consolidate the PHC in order to favor the health care of adolescents, establishing bonds and improving access to health actions.

Resilience and quality of life in a group of older adults displaced by violence in Colombia

Introduction: Resilience is an element that promotes the psychological well-being of people displaced by violence. The quality of life related to health focuses on an individual’s assessment of their quality of life, which becomes essential in evaluating health outcomes in the displaced population. Methodology: This is a qualitative study with a narrative-interpretive design that aims to understand the factors that generate psychological resilience and some connotations or perceptions of quality of life in a group of older adults displaced by violence in Colombia that belong to a support program called “income generation”. Results: Living conditions, such as physical and social-spiritual well-being, affected the groups’ quality of life. Resilience processes favour coping and tolerance to conditions of social vulnerability caused by displacement. Conclusions: The phenomena that help explain psychological resilience in the participants mainly correspond to individual differences, with self-perception of competence, positive perspectives, and projection towards the future as the factors that most boldly explain the resilience characteristics of older adults.

Social vulnerability in communities of reformation and his relation with the stress

The article constitutes a result attained of the study accomplished from the Center Especializado in Servicios Educacionales of the municipality San Miguel of the Census to the 19 communities of reformation that are characterized for his conformation with originating residents of communities with socioeconomic unfavorable conditions, with risk factors in the behavior of the same, generated for internal emigration. He shows himself to be transit to new communities still when they improve the socioeconomic conditions of life, they keep on carrying conditions of social vulnerability, in front of lack of legal capacity and conscience of the communal in the solution of his problems of social cohabitation. They examine a set of factors that they have an effect on the prevalence of social vulnerability and relation with the stress that they generate the insecurity, the aggressiveness and the crowding accepts her

Transmission of moral values between generations of families in conditions of social and economic vulnerability

Introduction: this study analysed the transmission of values between generations in groups of people in unfavourable economic and social conditions. It was carried out with grandparents, their children, and their grandchildren who are residents of a peripheral neighbourhood of the capital of São Paulo and live in restricted economic conditions and under the daily impact of violence. The study sought to determine how the passage of values between generations is processed, in view of the exposure to conditions of deprivation to which these people are subjected, while they carry the obligation to ensure the minimum for their children but do not have the necessary resources. This raises the question of how it is possible to affirm a notion of right and wrong within this social framework. The theoretical basis of this study was psychoanalysis, using the concepts of Identification, Ego Ideal, Ideal Ego, Oedipus, and the dynamics underlying the insertion of the father in the Oedipal triad. Methods: interviews were conducted through group meetings to discuss issues related to morals. These discussions involved the three generational components of three families. Different arrangements were made that involved the same generational group in an initial meeting and, in another meeting, the mixture of different generations and different families responding to pre-established themes that involved moral dilemmas focused on the daily cultural and social life of these families. Results: the grandfathers were ambiguous because they have a reference to a law of morals transcending space and time. Parents, realising the ambiguity of these grandparents in relation to reality, reformulate these moral questions, basing their convictions on a law that is established within the contingencies of everyday life and, therefore, changeable. The adolescent grandchildren perceive this ambiguity in the parents and in their speech. Conclusion: There is greater identification of moral standards among grandchildren and grandparents than between children and parents. The interviewed parents were ambiguous in the way they act and speak, with the transgenerational reproduction model being more guided between grandchildren and grandparents than in the sequential temporal generational sequence.

Social Vulnerability and Psychosocial Resilience in Adolescents and Young Adults From a Community Art Network.

Adolescence is a stage of transition with multiple changes and transformations. It is a critical phase to potentiate or disrupt the life course of human beings. In Latin America, adolescents and young adults from countries like Colombia have unequal access to socioeconomic resources, education, and the job market. This may generate social disadvantages and vulnerability. We aimed to identify conditions of social vulnerability and psychosocial resilience in the life course of adolescents and young adults from a community art network in Bogota, Colombia. We conducted a qualitative study with a multivocal design supported by the ethnic-social life history construction. The data were collected using narrative interviews. The interviews were transcribed, coded, categorized, and triangulated according to the principles of grounded theory as an analytical method. We adhered to the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) checklist. Eight adolescents and young adults between the ages of 12 and 24 years participated in the study. Five categories emerged: social vulnerability, social environment, artistic processes, psychosocial resilience, and life course. Social vulnerability and psychosocial resilience coexist during the life course of adolescents and young adults. Social support networks and community art processes have the potential to promote psychosocial resilience in adolescents and young adults.

CONSTRAINTS RELATED TO THE CYTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION THAT FAVOR THE LATE DIAGNOSIS OF CERVICAL CANCER

Cervical cancer, also known as cervical cancer, is a malignant tumor that develops in the cervix, mainly caused by persistent infection by some types of Human Papillomavirus, present among the female population and responsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality. mortality in the world. In women, cervical cancer can be more lethal due to low adherence to health services, as well as the lack of periodic Pap smear. Therefore, knowing the relevance of this theme, this study was developed with the aim of identifying, in the literature, the obstacles related to the Pap smear that favor the late diagnosis of cervical cancer. This is an integrative review carried out in scientific data sources: Scientific Electronic Online Library (SciELO), Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS) and Nursing Database (BDENF). Searches for studies were carried out from June to November 2022. The descriptors selected for the data search were: cervical neoplasms, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, late diagnosis, all registered in the Health Sciences Descriptors (DECS). As inclusion criteria for the selection of scientific articles we have: articles published from 2017 to 2022, in Portuguese; available and complete articles. Exclusion criteria were: monographs, thesis, dissertation, publications of repeated articles in the databases. From the analysis of the literature, several obstacles that influence the evasion of women from the health systems were evidenced. In this aspect, the literature has shown that female evasion of the cytological examination is directly related to the lack of information about the importance of the Pap smear. Thus, low adherence to routine consultations and cytological examination is considered a predisposing factor for the occurrence of health problems. Such resistance, which is still quite common in primary care services, is a reflection especially of sociocultural and traditional issues that are related to religious beliefs and archaic practices. In this regard, women have been developing home practices to promote self-care. The search for health services and for gynecological consultations, in most cases, is only sought by women when they develop symptoms of pain, vaginal discharge or complaints related to anomalies, bad smell and bleeding. In addition, recent research indicates that women who live in conditions of social vulnerability are more likely to develop diseases. Faced with this reality, health professionals, especially nurses working in primary care, face numerous challenges for the early screening of cervical cancer.

Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en chilenos de comunas vulnerables

ObjectiveThe COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting social and health crisis impacted the well-being of the population. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) could be affected, mainly in conditions of social vulnerability. The objective was to analyze the HRQoL and the psychometric properties of the EQ-5D instrument in adult Chilean population from vulnerable communes of the Metropolitan Region. MethodCross-sectional study carried out during quarantine period April to June 2021. Five hundred adults residing in Chilean communes were selected and completed a structured questionnaire by video-call, including the EQ-5D instrument. Descriptive analyzes and confirmatory factor analyzes of the traditional reflective model were performed. ResultsThe age of the sample was 36.36±12.41 years, the majority reported having a secondary education level and being employed. Regarding the EQ-5D instrument, the most affected dimensions were pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. The global health status was 73.0±19.71 points. The model showed an adequate fit: χ2=6.992, p=0.221, CFI=0.996, TLI=0.993, RMSEA=0.028 (90% CI: 0.000–0.073) and SRMR=0.067. In addition, the items of the scale were good indicators of the construct of interest. ConclusionsIn a pandemic context, the population was mostly affected by pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. The EQ-5D instrument is a useful tool to estimate CRSV in the Chilean population in the context of pandemic. In addition, the psychometric evidence supports the dimensionality of the construct and the potential utility of decomposing its analysis.

Spatial analysis of the risk for canine visceral leishmaniasis in an urban area in the State of Sergipe.

Visceral Leishmaniasis is included among the neglected tropical diseases, being directly related to conditions of social vulnerability, in urban environments, dogs act as important reservoirs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the distribution of dogs, related risk factors and identify of volatile organic compounds from infected dogs. Peripheral blood samples from 72 dogs were collected for detection using the ELISA test, in addition to hair samples for analysis by GC-MS. Of the evaluated dogs, 13 (18.05%/72) were reactive for canine VL, seven in Aracaju and six in Propriá. Factors related to vegetation, age, place where the dog stays and free access to the street, were associated with a greater chance of the dog becoming infected. Fifty-three compounds were identified from ten canine hair samples, among which 2-butoxyethanol, benzaldehyde, decane, 2-phenylacetaldehyde, nonan-1-ol, 2-phenoxyethanol, nonanoic acid, 8-heptadecene and eicosane were found in seropositive dogs for leishmaniasis. The guardian's posture has been increasingly important, requiring more attention to the dog's health and actions aimed at environmental management in an attempt to reduce cases of canine VL in the state. Even though the identified VOCs have not been associated with leishmanial infection, it is of great use for understanding canine hair substances.

From Extreme Weather Events to ‘Cascading Vulnerabilities’: Participatory Flood Research Methodologies in Brazil During COVID-19

Extreme weather events are entangled with each other and with other extreme events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, anti-racist protests, drought, a housing crisis, strikes, or climate emergencies, as well as with more general inadequacies due to national, economic, and political upheavals and accreted vulnerabilities from long-term policies or inactions. Effects of extreme weather events are intensified by ongoing social injustices like poverty and structural racism, a housing deficit, and the consequent informal and unplanned occupation of hazardous areas, such as riverbanks, and areas of previous social-environmental disasters. In the context of Brazil, the ongoing deforestation in the Amazon (agribusiness, mining and illegal wood) provoking droughts and energy shortages in the region creates further vulnerabilities that are felt globally. In this paper, our primary contribution to these inter-connected scenarios is to describe methodological interventions that were made in response to COVID-19, and to show how those changes provided new insights into vulnerability processes of both subjects and researchers. During a larger project (Waterproofing Data), focused on the case study research areas of São Paulo and Acre (Brazil) wherein our wider team conducted flood-risk community research, we were forced to rethink our approach. We moved away from the singularity of the flood event and its impacts toward acknowledging the cascading conditions of social vulnerability (caused by weather, health, social and political conditions). In this paper, we directly address the ‘cascade of vulnerabilities’ that the flood-prone communities already encounter when researchers seek to engage with them. We open new avenues to reconsider citizenship, space, and innovation in terms of the key challenges that our methods encountered when conducting participatory flood research methodologies, particularly during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic from March 2020 to November 2021. Through flood research in Brazil, we articulate methodological contributions from the arts, humanities, and social sciences for more realistic, just, and caring research practices within and about weather in the context of ‘slow violence’ [Nixon, R (2013). Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP].

Situação de insegurança alimentar em domicílios de Pernambuco, Região Nordeste do Brasil: contribuições para discussão da violação do direito à alimentação

Abstract This study aimed to investigate factors associated with food insecurity in households in the state of Pernambuco, in the Northeast region of Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study carried out in 1,008 private households. The investigation used the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA) and analyzed associations with socioeconomic and demographic variables, as well as practices related to eating. Prevalence ratio and adjustment were calculated using Poisson regression, and associations where p ≤ 0.05 were statistically significant. Food insecurity prevalence was 68.4%. Variables associated with insecurity were: education of the head of the family; per capita income; participation in the Bolsa Família Program; number of residents; occupation of the household; social class; practices and opinions about family eating habits. The greatest insecurity risk was found in those with the worst economic conditions, in beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família Program and in those who considered the lack of ultra-processed products to improve the family’s diet. Food insecurity was linked to conditions of social vulnerability and to those who did not perceive that they had a good diet. Most of the subjects reported using resources of the Bolsa Família program to purchase food, which reinforces the importance of this strategy in promoting access to food.

Analysis of the Cases of Covid-19 and Environmental Health for 14 Municipalities of the UGRHIs Baixo Pardo/Grande and Pardo

Safety protocols emerged to minimize the spread of Covid-19 and are in force 20 months after the disease exists in Brazil. The occurrence of SARS-CoV2 can be analyzed by the local Environmental Health Indicator (ISA). The objective of this study was to analyze the mortality rate caused by Covid-19 about environmental and sanitary conditions in 14 municipalities in the state of São Paulo, located in the Baixo Pardo/Grande and Pardo UGRHIs. Data from covid-19 (total cases and deaths) were obtained by SEADE (2021) and research by Rezende (2021) and Alvares (2021) provided the ISA parameters. The municipalities were grouped by demographic density and those with up to 50 thousand inhabitants were selected. The fatality rate was obtained as the ratio of the number of deaths to the accumulated cases of Covid-19. Of the 14 selected municipalities, 57,1% met the research hypothesis (municipalities with higher ISA have a mortality rate at covid-19 below the national average) and seven of them are below 20 thousand inhabitants with mortality rates below 2,4 %. Studies based on data from Covid-19, socio-environmental parameters (schooling, income, age group) and social vulnerability conditions can contribute to a better interpretation of environmental health in the pandemic.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE OUTCOMES IN THE TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS IN PEOPLE MONITORED BY PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) represents a challenge that go through the history of mankind. The monitoring in the Primary Health Care (PHC) consists in an important mechanism of accomplishment of the policies on TB, since it provides greater longitudinal care relationship (longitudinality) and closeness to the infected individual. Objective: To analyze TB cases attended by the PHC in Sergipe. Outline: It was performed a retrospective cohort of the TB cases attended by the PHC in Sergipe between 2014 and 2018. Results: 2,172 TB cases attended by the PHC in Sergipe were included, of which 283 (13.0%) abandoned the treatment, 1813 (83.5%) progressed to cure and 76 (3.5%) to death. The factors associated with treatment abandonment were: male, age range of 20 to 29 years, alcoholics, people with diabetes mellitus and persons deprived of liberty. In relation to the mortality, higher rates were found in: male, age range of 70 years and above, illiterate and people with diabetes mellitus. Implications: Conditions of social vulnerability and comorbidities impacted mortality, as well as abandonment of TB treatment.

Correction to: The Subjective Well-Being of Chilean Children Living in Conditions of High Social Vulnerability

Correction to: The Subjective Well-Being of Chilean Children Living in Conditions of High Social Vulnerability

Identifikasi Bencana Rob dan Pengaruhnya Pada Kerentanan Sosial di Kecamatan Semarang Utara Kota Semarang

Coastal innudation which is still happening today in the coastal area of Semarang City has caused the affected area to become socially vulnerable. This study aims to identify the effect of coastal innudation on conditions of social vulnerability in North Semarang District, Semarang City. The method used in this study is a quantitative method using quantitative descriptive analysis techniques and scoring analysis. The analysis was carried out using descriptive analysis of the condition of coastal innudation which caused social vulnerability and scoring analysis which resulted in the level of social vulnerability in the District of North Semarang. The result of this research is that the coastal innudation in North Semarang District affects social vulnerability which is classified into 3 categories, namely high, medium and low social vulnerability. High social vulnerability dominates the social vulnerability value in North Semarang Sub-District because 4 out of 9 urban villages in North Semarang Sub-District have a high vulnerability value due to coastal innudation.

The Subjective Well-Being of Chilean Children Living in Conditions of High Social Vulnerability

The Subjective Well-Being of Chilean Children Living in Conditions of High Social Vulnerability

Journalistic narratives about health, care and risk, according to adolescents living on the outskirts of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The scope of this article is to analyze the meanings constructed by adolescents living in Maré, in the outskirts of Rio de Janeiro, based on their access to journalistic coverage on health care and risk, available on different technological platforms and social media. The discussion stems from more comprehensive qualitative research, supported by two theoretical axes: the discursive construction of the concept of health risk in contemporary times; and the role of journalism as a prominent actor in the production and circulation of information and its approach on the subject. The main empirical research resource was discussion groups with teenagers aged between 14 and 16. This technique seeks to observe the interactive and discursive processes of the research participants. The analysis of the materials, among other findings, shows that: a) the presence of journalism in the daily lives of these young people is not without criticism of its modus operandi, irrespective of the reliability of each specific vehicle; b) the criticism extends to other actors used as sources of the articles/reports, especially when addressing issues related to conditions of social vulnerability; c) the repetition of warnings about health risks in the news has considerable potential for excess coverage and burnout.

Spatial clustering and temporal trend analysis of international migrants diagnosed with tuberculosis in Brazil.

Tuberculosis (TB) in migrants is of concern to health authorities worldwide and is even more critical in Brazil, considering the country´s size and long land borders. The aim of the study was to identify critical areas in Brazil for migrants diagnosed with TB and to describe the temporal trend in this phenomenon in recent years. This is an ecological study that used spatial analysis and time series analysis. As the study population, all cases of migrants diagnosed with TB from 2014 to 2019 were included, and Brazilian municipalities were considered as the unit of ecological analysis. The Getis-Ord Gi* technique was applied to identify critical areas, and based on the identified clusters, seasonal-trend decomposition based on loess (STL) and Prais-Winsten autoregression were used, respectively, to trace and classify temporal trend in the analyzed series. In addition, several municipal socioeconomic indicators were selected to verify the association between the identified clusters and social vulnerability. 2,471 TB cases were reported in migrants. Gi* analysis showed that areas with spatial association with TB in immigrants coincide with critical areas for TB in the general population (coast of the Southeast and North regions). Four TB clusters were identified in immigrants in the states of Amazonas, Roraima, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro, with an upward trend in most of these clusters. The temporal trend in TB in immigrants was classified as increasing in Brazil (+ 60.66% per year [95% CI: 27.21-91.85]) and in the clusters in the states of Amazonas, Roraima, and Rio de Janeiro (+1.01, +2.15, and + 2.90% per year, respectively). The cluster in the state of São Paulo was the only one classified as stationary. The descriptive data on the municipalities belonging to the clusters showed evidence of the association between TB incidence and conditions of social vulnerability. The study revealed the critical situation of TB among migrants in the country. Based on the findings, health authorities might focus on actions in regions identified, stablishing an intensive monitoring and following up, ensuring that these cases concluded their treatment and avoiding that they could spread the disease to the other regions or scenarios. The population of migrants are very dynamic, therefore strategies for following up them across Brazil are really urgent to manage the tuberculosis among international migrants in an efficient and proper way.