Conditions Of Oil Pollution Research Articles

Features of the functioning of microbiocenoses of cultivated soddy-podzolic soil under conditions of oil pollution

The study goal was to explore the characteristics of the functioning of microbiocenoses of well-cultivated soddy-podzolic soil, contaminated with doses of oil under the conditions of a field experiment. The level of initial pollution with petroleum products was in percentage: 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 3.0. Sampling for laboratory research was carried out 14 days, 6 and 18 months after the oil spill. To assess the activity of the microbiota under conditions of soil self-purification from oil pollution, integral indicators were chosen. 1. The amount of carbon dioxide released from the soil, the so-called basal respiration, corresponds to the complete destruction of oil (to CO2 and H2O) by soil microorganisms. 2. The medium-regulating (regulatory) microorganisms’ activity, which is defined as the biological response of the soil to a disruption of chemical balance, was assessed by the quantity of CO2 release after 1% glucose addition. The oil products content was defined in real time mode. Soil microbiocenoses were highly perseverant to the inhibitory effects of oil pollution. Disturbances in the normal functioning of the microbiota as a result of oil pollution were non-critical and reversible. Half-year after the oil spill, at all levels of pollution, there was a sharp increase in basal respiration. Its level exceeded the respiration rate of clean soil several-fold. This indicated the high biochemical activity of hydrocarbon-oxidizing resident microbiota and as a result an active self-cleaning of soil from oil pollution. The negative dynamics of the petroleum products content proved the microbial character of the oil destruction processes in the soil.

Changes in the Vital Signs of Drosophila Oil-Resistant Lines, Depending on the Conditions of Detention

The paper analyzes the effect of oil on the survival and fertility of Drosophila melanogaster lines that differ in oil resistance. A study was made of wing morphoses in female flies of oil-resistant lines and flies, oil-resistant lines in a pure nutrient medium. In studies conducted at the Department of Ecology and Genetics, an oil-resistant line of fruit flies was bred, capable of not only surviving, but also reproducing in conditions of high oil concentration: half of the semi-lethal (2.5%) and semi-lethal (5%). The main indicators of the vital activity of flies reached the level of control (do not differ from the standard) by the 60th - 70th generation of keeping in conditions of oil pollution. Currently, flies kept, living and breeding in an oil-polluted environment have gone through more than 600 generations of development. Options used in the experiment: control contained on a standard nutrient medium; flies adapted to semi-lethal (5%) concentration of oil in the environment; flies adapted to half of the semi-lethal (2.5%) concentration of oil in the environment; flies adapted to 5% concentration, but transplanted to a pure nutrient medium (non-adaptive conditions); flies adapted to 2.5% concentration, but transplanted to a pure nutrient medium (non-adaptive conditions). Of interest was the opportunity to analyze the main indicators of vital activity and the presence of wing morphoses of fruit flies of an oil-resistant line, under conditions of oil pollution and when transferred to a clean nutrient medium (maladaptive conditions).

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ БІОЧАРУ І МІСКАНТУСУ ГІГАНТСЬКОГО (MISCANTHUS GIGANTEUS) ДЛЯ РЕМЕДІАЦІЇ ҐРУНТУ, ЗАБРУДНЕНОГО НАФТОПРОДУКТАМИ

The dynamics of changes in the chemical composition of soils contaminated with oil products during the vegetation of Miscanthus giganteus, as well as under the conditions of adding biochar (biochar) were studied. The possibility of using the culture of Miscanthus giant and biochar for soil remediation under conditions of oil pollution was analyzed. It was shown that the introduction of biochar into the soil enriched it with nitrate nitrogen, which was actively assimilated by giant miscanthus plants during the growing season. The absorption of nitrate anions by plants was especially active in the second series of the experiment, when the soil + biochar was contaminated with diesel fuel. It was established that the content of NH4+ ions in both series of the experiment increased until the end of the growing season. Obviously, ammonium nitrogen is absorbed to a lesser extent by M. giganteus plants, compared to nitrate. The increase in ammonium content can be additionally caused by the activity of soil microbes in the rhizosphere of plants, which contributes to the accumulation of ammonium nitrogen in the soil. It has been shown that miscanthus plants actively absorbed water-soluble forms of phosphorus, especially in the period from June to September. The application of biochar was a significant source of phosphorus, although its release into the soil is a rather slow process. It was determined that additional amounts of potassium were added to the soil with biochar, which was actively used by the M. giganteus culture. The minimum amounts of potassium in both series of studies were absorbed by plants of E groups, where the content of diesel fuel in the soil was the highest. The introduction of petroleum products had a minor effect on the value of exchangeable acidity. The addition of biochar contributed to the shift of the acid-base balance in the direction of alkalinity, but after the end of the miscanthus vegetation (September), a decrease in the pH of the saline extract of the soil was noted. It is shown that the most noticeable decrease in the concentration of diesel fuel in the soil was noted under the conditions of adding biochar and after growing miscanthus, which can be effectively used for the remediation of lands contaminated by oil products.

Biogeochemical Engineering: Technologies for Managing Environmental Risks

This research aims at one of the most important economic and environmental problems - the elimination of the consequences in case of emergency spills while cleaning petroleum products. The objectives of the study include the development and production of new biological products and biosorbents based on carbon-oxidizing microorganisms, testing the developed technologies for environmental risk management to eliminate the consequences of emergency petroleum product spills, creating an algorithm for conducting preliminary studies in vitro for their subsequent use in situ. A biological product and a biosorbent were developed to clean soils and water from hydrocarbon pollution were developed based on the developed consortiums of strains of carbon-oxidizing microorganisms. Biogeochemical technologies for producing and applying new biological products and biosorbents have been developed. The natural biogeochemical structure of the ecosystems is restored, and this is revealed by studying the species composition of the microbiocenosis or by analyzing the enzymatic activity of the microorganisms in soil or water. Finally, the effectiveness of the risk management method based on biogeochemical and, in particular, microbial engineering methods under conditions of oil pollution has been proven.

The influence of the association of barley plants with petroleum degrading bacteria on the hormone content, growth and photosynthesis of barley plants grown in the oil-contaminated soil

Maintenance of active plant growth is important for successful phytoremediation of soil contaminated with petroleum oil products. Strains of oil-degrading bacteria introduced into rhizosphere were found to reduce the extent of plant growth inhibition resulting from petroleum stress. The effect was due to combining the capacity for petroleum degradation with promotion of plant growth by bacterial phytohormones. The purpose of this work was to compare the relative importance of these mechanisms in supporting the growth of barley plants against the background of oil pollution of the soil. Plants were treated with bacterial suspensions of four strains capable of petroleum degradation and production of indole acetic acid (IAA, plant hormone of the auxin class). The strains were shown to differ in their ability to support plant growth under conditions of oil pollution. Introduction of bacteria into soil accelerated petroleum degradation. Nevertheless, oil degradation was not the only mechanism behind promotion of plant growth, since the strain with the lowest ability to degrade oil was characterized by a relatively high growth-stimulating activity. The highest ability to stimulate plant growth was detected in the case of strains, which were the most effective in increasing the concentration of IAA in plants and decreasing the stress-induced accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA).

Improving the efficiency of phytoremediation technologies of oil-contaminated soils with the participation of natural sorbents-meliorants

Phytremediation is considered to be a promising and environmentally friendly way to restore oil-contaminated soils. However, the multicomponent nature of oil pollution, its low bioavailability, high stability, hydrophobicity, and toxicity require a comprehensive approach to its implementation. The purpose of the study is to investigate the influence of different types of sorbents-meliorants and their complexes with remediation agents on improvement of the efficiency of phytoremediation technologies of oil-contaminated soils. The study established that the most effective plants for phytoremediation of oil-contaminated soils are Vicia faba var. Minor, Pisum sativum L., Avena sativa L., which are the least exposed to toxic effects of oil among the studied crops, and better adapt to the conditions of oil-contaminated soils. The influence of sorbent-meliorants such as glauconite, zeolite, sawdust, and sunflower husk on the process of phytoremediation of oil-contaminated soils (oil content 5%) was studied. It was proven that sunflower husk is the most promising and available agent for accelerating phytoremediation. The study examined the individual and combined influence of mineral fertilisers, biogenic surfactants of microbial origin, and humates on the growth of Avena sativa plants under conditions of oil pollution, as well as on the process of soil restoration. The best results are obtained by application of the above agents in combination with sunflower husk. This complex (sunflower husk + mineral fertilizers + surfactants of microbial origin / humates) has a positive effect on Avena sativa plants – reduces the rate of oxidative stress, which indicates an improvement in the adaptability of plants to oil-contaminated soil; growth parameters increase; plant biomass accumulation; the total content of chlorophyll a+b increases; and there is an improvement in soil properties by reducing the oil content in soil, reducing phytotoxicity, increasing dehydrogenase activity

THE INFLUENCE OF HUMIC ACIDS IN THE PRESENCE OF OIL-DEGRADING MICROORGANISMS OF THE GE-NUS RHODOCOCCUS ON THE SOWING QUALITIES OF COCKWEED IN OIL POLLUTION

By the method of biotesting, it has been established that the addition of oil-degrading microorganisms of the genus Rhodococcus to the soil contaminated with hydrocarbonshas a positive effect on morphogenesis and sowing qualities of the cockweed test culture, which is associated with the microbiological oxidation of oil by bacteria of the studied strains. It was revealed that a positive effect was observed in 5 of 8 variants of the experiment on the medium with hexadecane with the joint introduction of humic acids and microorganisms. Under the conditions of oil pollution, the introduction of Rh. erythropolis X5 and Rh. erythropolis S67 microorganisms into the substrate with the addition of humic acids as a whole has a stimulating effect on the morphogenesis and sowing qualities of cockweed. It should be noted that it was in the “oil + humic acids + microorganism” variant that the indicators were obtained that maximally exceeded the values of the contaminated control. Reducing the toxicity of oil and hexadecane, and in some cases, the complete removal of the negative effects of toxicants in the relation to the test culture are apparently connected with the intensification of the process of oil biodegradation due to the stimulating effect of humic acids on the microorganisms. It is proved that the introduced humic acids act as adaptogens in the relation to the microorganisms Rh. erythropolis X5 and Rh. erythropolis S67, increasing their resistance to stress loads under conditions of oil stress. Thus, the results show that the introduction of humic acids can contribute to more effective biodegradation of oil pollution of soils. At the same time, in order to increase the efficiency of humic acids, the use of humic acids of sphagnum transitional peat + Rh.erythropolis X5, humic acids of sphagnum high-moor peat + Rh. erythropolis X5, humic acids of reed fen peat + Rh. erythropolis S67 in the conditions of oil pollution seems more promising. On a substrate with hexadecane, it is advisable to consider the use of humic acids of sphagnum high-moor peat, because in this variant, the parameters that maximally exceed the contaminated control were noted.

Изменение содержания белка у растений люцерны посевной Мedicago sativa L. под влиянием загрязнения почвы нефтью и рекультивации с применением препарата «Елена»

The study of the adaptive mechanisms of plants in response to the action of oil makes it possible to identify signs that ensure the resistance of plants in conditions of oil pollution, with the aim of using them in the development of methods of reclamation and selection of plants resistant to oil pollution for it. The available data on the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on plants are highly controversial. The species diversity of plants capable of growing on oil-contaminated soils has not been sufficiently studied. Phytoremediation is the most suitable soil purification tool for agricultural areas due to the large extent of the land and the relative cheapness of the method. Physiological, biochemical and morphometric parameters are important indicators of plant resistance to hydrocarbon pollutants. Of great scientific and practical interest is the identification of the resistance of higher plants to exogenous petroleum hydrocarbons (HC) and the identification of the effect of phytoremediation and the effect of the introduction of biological products in case of hydrocarbon pollution of the soil. The aim of the work was to assess changes in the biochemical and morphometric parameters of Medicago sativa L. plants under conditions of soil pollution with oil and reclamation using the biological product "Elena". Determination of the protein content in leaves makes it possible to judge the status of nitrogen metabolism in plants. It was revealed that oil pollution led to a decrease in the protein content of the plant Medicago sativa L. The use of the biological product "Elena" led to the restoration of this parameter. The results showed that the positive effect of the studied biological product depends on the concentration of the pollutant.

THE INFLUENCE OF HUMIC ACIDS ON THE SOWING QUALITIES OF COCKWEED IN OIL POLLUTION

The stimulating effect of humic acids on the processes of growth and development of cress seeds has been revealed. It has been established that use of humic acids of black alder fen peat most effectively affects the sowing qualities of seeds under conditions of oil pollution (an increase in the germination energy and germination capacity compared to the non-humic acid variant by 38%). The minimal inhibitory effect on shoot growth was observed in the soil with hexadecane (20.8 mm less than the control), the maximum – in the soil with oil (22.5 mm less than the control). Humic acids show a stimulating effect on the growth of cress roots under conditions of pollution with oil hydrocarbons. The root length indicators exceeded the values obtained in the version with the pollutant without the use of humic acids from 6% (oil) to 16% of the control (hexadecane). Based on the data obtained during the vegetation experiments, it can be assumed that the stimulating activity of humic acids is more pronounced in stressful conditions for the organism. The biostimulating effect of humic acids was revealed, which manifested itself in an increase in the length of the hypocotyl and root, and the physiological activity of detoxicants was more effectively detected under conditions of pollution with oil hydrocarbons. According to the results of the vegetative experience on a substrate with hexadecane during the irrigation with humic acids of sphagnum high-moor peat, the maximum values of the test responses were determined, corresponding to the control values ​​obtained on the uncontaminated substrate, or higher than the latter. In the variant with oil, the most pronounced effect was achieved with the introduction of humic acids of reed fen and sphagnum high-moor peat, which confirms the hypothesis about the protective effect of humic acids in pollution conditions, which is determined by the binding ability of humic acids in relation to toxicant and their own biological activity in the relation to plants. It is proved that humic acids of peats make a significant contribution to the natural processes of self-purification, causing immobilization and detoxification of petroleum hydrocarbons, which indicates the prospects of their application in technologies of purification and recultivation of polluted water and soil media.

Possible use of oil-degrading microorganisms for protection of plants growing under conditions of oil pollution

When entering soil, oil-degrading microorganisms come into contact with plants growing in polluted areas. We have studied the protective effect of oil-degrading microorganisms on plants growing under the conditions of model oil pollution. It has been shown that the treatment of the studied plants’ seeds with a suspension of Rhodococcus at a concentration of 107 CFU eliminates the negative effect of oil and restores germination and morphological parameters of their seedlings. The content of chlorophyll a and b as well as carotenoids increased in plants treated with a suspension of Rhodococcus cells. That indicates the ability of Rhodococcus strain obtained to synthesize substances similar to cytokinins.

Ecological Functions of Marsh Ecosystems (the Case of Sakhalin Island)

The issues of ecological regulation and assessment of soils in conditions of oil pollution are discussed. The role of soils in the functioning of marsh ecosystems in the context of their ecological functions and ecosystem services is considered. An assessment of the state of marsh ecosystems and their ecological services through a hydrosphere function providing a sorption, protective barrier to migration of pollutants, as well as conditions for the normal functioning of the ecosystem based on marsh soils in the northern part of Sakhalin Island in conditions of oil pollution. It is proposed to use the migration water indicator to establish the permissible content of petroleum products in soils, in case of not exceeding which, sustainable functioning of soils is provided with preservation of the hydrosphere function. The permissible content of oil products, in which top marsh peaty soil retains its stable functioning, in terms of performing hydrosphere function, established according to the water migration index, is 60 g/kg soil; for marsh lowland peat soils – 15 g/kg.

Fauna of chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) of the Kolva River (Pechora basin) in conditions of oil pollution

The data on the taxonomic composition of chironomids of the Kola River and its tributaries in the Pechora basin under conditions of oil pollution is presented. The list of identified chironomids includes 121 species and forms of five subfamilies. Most species and larval forms belong to subfamilies Chironominae (57) and Orthocladiinae (43). Long-term qualitative and quantitative changes in the larval Chironomidae in the composition of zoobenthos in relation to oil pollution are analyzed. It is shown that the species diversity and number of chironomids grow at moderate oil pollution but decrease at heavy pollution. It is determined that the chironomid fauna in the watercourses is distributed in a mosaic manner.

The metabolic activity of cells of Fucus vesiculosus Linnaeus, 1753 (Phaeophyta: Fucales) from the Barents Sea under conditions of oil pollution

The metabolic activity of cells of brown seaweed was studied. The metabolic activity of cells of F. vesiculosus increased in an oil-polluted environment. The period of formation of the response to the addition of a toxicant depends on conditions in the algal habitat. Metabolic activity increased during several minutes in samples that were taken from a clean area and on the third day of exposure in samples from an oilpolluted area. The level of metabolic activity of cells of F. vesiculosus can be used as an indicator of the presence of stress factors in the algal habitat.

Parameters for the ecological and genetic screening and monitoring of organisms under the conditions of oil pollution

Results of the analysis of variability of organism characteristics (plants and Drosophila melanogaster) under the action of Tyumen oil are presented. Estimations of fertility, account of mutation frequency, and analysis of early ontogenesis are the most adequate to the goals of the ecological genetic screening and monitoring.

Levels of trace element accumulation in Chamaenerion angustifolium, Plantago major, Artemisia vulgaris plants under the conditions of oil pollution of environment

Concentrations of Pb, V, As, Se, Cd, Sn, and Hg in plants growing on oil-polluted territories of the West Surgut deposit in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District (KhMAD) were determined. Differences between plant species in accumulation of trace elements have been revealed. A strong correlation exists between LOI of soil and concentrations of heavy metals in plants.