Conditions Of Anthropogenic Load Research Articles

Influence of anthropogenic factors on anatomo-morphological and physiological indices of needles of common pine trees

The article presents the results of the influence of anthropogenic factors on the changes in anatomo-morphological and physiological features of the structure of pine needles (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in different habitat conditions in Kstovo, Nizhny Novgorod region. Necrosis and desiccation of needles in places with the most intensive motor transport traffic exceeded the control variant by 30.0-72.0 %, respectively. The experimental variant showed changes in the anatomical structure of pine leaf: epidermis thickness increased (by 60%), the area of assimilation tissue decreased by 34.6%, the diameter of resin passages decreased (by 5.0%) and their number (by 60.0%), the distance between conductive bundles (by 26.7%) and their diameter (by 37.8%), compared to the control variant. Under conditions of anthropogenic load, changes in the pigment composition of pine needles were observed: the content of chlorophyll a decreased by 9.1%, chlorophyll b - increased by 29.1%, carotenoids did not change, compared to the control variant. Thus, the results obtained expand the understanding of morphology, anatomy and pigment composition of needles of common pine growing under urban conditions. Quantitative changes in these indicators depend on the growing area.

Ways of balanced use of vermiculture biotechnology in the conditions of anthropogenic load on the environment

The high energy potential of organic waste allows its use in bioconversion technologies, where waste from one production cycle is a raw material for further production to produce environmentally friendly fertilizers, energy carriers and feed additives. The article presents the results of experimental studies on the environmental efficiency of vermiculture on organic waste from livestock, crop production, gardening and forestry under anthropogenic load. It is proved that due to the biological characteristics of vermiculture, which allows to consume a large amount of organic residues, enrich them with its own microflora, enzymes, biologically active substances and release them as processed products (coprolites), this technology to some extent solves the problems of balanced nature management. It has been determined that in the conditions of intensification of production processes, secondary organic raw materials contain a number of pollutants - heavy metals and toxic metals that can accumulate in coprolites (vermicompost). An approach is proposed that solves the problem of pollutant migration and involves the introduction of 3% zeolite from the Sokyrnytsia deposit in the Transcarpathian region into the vermiculture substrate. Experimental and analytical determination of the environmental efficiency of the proposed approach has shown that its practical application in solving the problems of balanced nature management allows to reduce the accumulation of Plumbum by 13.6 % and Cadmium by 22.6 % in vermicompost, which improves the quality of this organic fertilizer and creates prerequisites for obtaining environmentally friendly products. Key words: ecology, biotechnology, organic waste, red California worm hybrid, bioconversion, natural minerals, minimization of environmental pollution, sustainable environmental management.

The structure of beta-diversity explains why the relevance of phytoindication increases under the influence of park reconstruction

Urbanization causes the highest local extinction rates and often leads to the loss of the vast majority of native species. Plant communities are sensitive to urban expansion and are therefore indicators of human land use. A city park, part of which has undergone reconstruction, was studied. The study found that the changes in ecological conditions caused by the reconstruction of a city park can be detected using phytoindication. The informativeness of phytoindication scales was shown to increase under conditions of anthropogenic load. The phytoindication scales are a reliable source of information for assessing the state of the vegetation cover of park plantations. The ecological regimes were assessed based on descriptions of the vegetation cover using Didukh's phytoindication scales. The phytoindication approach allows one to identify changes in ecological regimes that occur as a result of park reconstruction and to separate them from ecological regimes of natural origin. The study showed that the reconstruction of the park significantly affects the conditions of the park and the diversity of vegetation. The ratio of useful phytoindicative information compared to information noise in the structure of beta-diversity of the park's plantations increases significantly as a result of the park's reconstruction. The reconstruction of the park has led to changes in the spatial organization of the vegetation cover. The results obtained indicate a decrease in soil moisture as a result of the park's reconstruction. The park’s reconstruction leads to a significant change in the light regime of the park’s plantings, which leads to changes in the park’s vegetation and soils. Reducing the density of plantations as a result of their pruning during the reconstruction process also decreases the amount of fallen leaves that form leaf litter. A significant increase in the variability of the moisture regime under the influence of the park reconstruction was found. The phytoindication revealed a decrease in the acidity of the soil solution as a result of the reconstruction. The changes in soil acidity are accompanied by an increase in phytoindication estimates of carbonate content in the soil. The observed increase in carbonate content estimates may be an artifact when representatives of another ecological group also have related ecological properties that can be misinterpreted as indicators of certain regimes. The phytoindication also revealed trends in the variability of microclimatic conditions in the park as a result of reconstruction. The reconstruction of the park leads not only to a change in the modal levels of ecological regimes, but also to the formation of specific patterns of their spatial distribution. The heterogenization of the ecological space under the influence of reconstruction has been established. This heterogenization is evident in the fact that areas with homogeneous vegetation cover are decreasing. The accuracy of the description of the spatial process was found to have decreased after the park reconstruction procedures. Smooth spatial structures of the park’s vegetation cover without reconstruction are changing into rough spatial structures of the park after reconstruction. The park’s reconstruction obviously disrupts the course of long-term processes that structure the vegetation cover, which leads to temporal and spatial desynchronization of the dynamics of ecological processes. The spatial variation of variables that indicate soil processes can best be described. In contrast, the phytoindication scales that indicate climatic factors are much less spatially structured. The best variogram model to describe the spatial process is also changing under the influence of reconstruction. The significant consequences of the park reconstruction are time variability and spatial heterogeneity of ecological processes.

Monitoring of the floristic diversity of the Teremky Tract of the “Holosiivskyi” National Nature Park in the conditions of anthropogenic load

The article presents the results of monitoring the floristic diversity of the Teremky Tract, which is part of the “Holosiivskyi” National Nature Park as a separate territory. The tract is located in the city of Kyiv, directly adjacent to a large residential area and two highways. An analysis of the main factors affecting the ecological state of the territory was conducted. Among the main factors negatively impacting the state of the ecosystem of the Teremky Tract, the following can be distinguished: vandalism, which includes setting fire to old trees and causing various types of damage to them; plucking of flowering plants; environmental pollution with solid household waste; direct and indirect influence of hazardous objects such as boiler plants and gas stations; and the influence of transport infrastructure. The article demonstrates the need for constant monitoring of the ecological state of natural biotopes located within modern megacities. It is shown that the monitoring of floristic diversity, controlling the preservation of valuable and rare plant species, and tracking the appearance and spread of invasive alien species can be effective indicators of the ecological state of the natural biotope. Thus, populations of forest lily (Lilium martagon L.) and cuckoo’s tears (Listera ovata L.) were found on the territory of the Teremky Tract, which are included in the Red Book of Ukraine. Additionally, a group of 400-year-old oak trees grows in this area. However, the presence of invasive alien species such as red oak (Quercus rubra L.), the ash-leaved maple (Acer negundo L.), black cherry (Prunus serotina L.) and Robinia pseudoacacia L. was also observed. Monitoring of floristic diversity in natural biotope areas within megacities plays an important role in timely response to the effects of negative natural and anthropogenic factors for the preservation of the environment of these urban ecosystems. Such monitoring can be conducted both through field observations and using remote methods and analysis of global biodiversity databases such as iNaturalist and GBIF.

Determination of the species structure of phytocenoses of the natural age oak forest of the Dendrological Park "Olexandria" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

The modern species composition of woody plants of the centuries-old oak grove of the State Dendrological Park "Olexandria" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine was studied.
 The work was carried out as part of the study of the dynamics of stands of oak phytocenoses under conditions of anthropogenic load, technogenic pollution and weather fluctuations.
 It has been established that the oak grove of the arboretum with an area of 446 hectares out of 2000 oaks is a complex multi-species planting. The floristic core of the oak forest consists of the main forest-forming species characteristic of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine: Quercus robur, Acer platanoides L. and Acer campestre L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Tilia cordata Mill., Carpinus betulus L., Ulmus scabra Mill. The role of the dominant species and edificator was retained by Quercus robur. In the worst growing conditions, monodominant stands are formed. In more favorable ecotopes in the upper tree layer, the participation of Quercus robur is 70–100 %, and its codominant satellites (Acer platanoides, Tilia cordata, Fraxinus excelsior) are 10 % each. All oak forest phytocenoses have a well-developed multi-species second tree layer: Acer platanoides (15–80 % in various phytocenoses), Acer campestre (10–30 %), Tilia cordata (10–60 %), in some phytocenoses Fraxinus excelsior (10–20 %), Ulmus scabra (10–20 %), Carpinus betulus (30 %).
 The group of asectators is diverse and is represented by small species, local and adventive species, introducers, including invasive species.
 A characteristic feature of the oak forest is its exorbitant crushing, which, along with the massive introduction of introduced species, caused a powerful ecotonization of the oak forest and formed the cells of the greatest mortality of Quercus robur.
 The conducted studies establish the modern species composition of the oak forest and are the basis for the study of succession processes in oak forest phytocenoses.

The ecological and floristic characteristic of the nature monument «Verkhnezaglyadinsky Kinelsky Yar» (Orenburg Region)

The paper presents a floristic analysis of the nature monument Verkhnezaglyadinsky Kinelsky Yar. The taxonomic analysis showed a growth of 107 species of vascular plants from 83 genera from 29 families on this territory. The analysis of life forms according to I.G. Serebryakov showed a predominance of herbaceous perennials, namely short-rooted (24 species) and rod-rooted (19 species) grasses. According to Raunkiers classification, hemicryptophytes (77 species) are the predominant life form. The ecological and geographical analysis showed that the forest-steppe (40 species) and mountain-steppe (20 species) groups were represented by the largest number of species. According to the method of N.M. Matveev a complete ecomorphic analysis was carried out. The chorological analysis showed a predominance of plants with the Eurasian type of habitat in the flora (47 species). Plant species with endemic habitats (18 species), as well as relic plants (5 species) have been noted, which raises this natural monument to a considerable height. The flora of the Verkhnezaglyadinsky Kinelsky Yar includes 3 species from the Red Book of the Russian Federation and 7 species from the Red Book of the Orenburg Region. The studied natural monument is well described from a geological point of view, and our work has expanded its floristic study. In conditions of anthropogenic load caused by the proximity of highways and settlements, it is necessary to organize constant monitoring of the state of the nature monument Verkhnezaglyadinsky Kinelsky Yar.

Research of urban atmospheric aerosols of the Lower Volga under conditions of anthropogenic load and active zones of Earth.

In settlements, special attention is given to the study of anthropogenic aerosol pollution, and insufficient attention is given to natural sources of pollution, especially from active zones of the Earth. The aim of this work was to study atmospheric pollution (the Srednyaya Akhtuba village (Volgograd region, Russia)) using indicators (pH; EC, μS/cm) of aerosol suspensions (washing off aerosols from the leaves of Prunus armeniaca L.) during 2018-2020 and the forecast of pollution sources. Research hypothesis: low mineralization and close to neutral acidity of aerosol suspensions indicate the purity of the atmospheric air, and there is no load of anthropogenic and natural sources. Acid mineralized aerosols were found in the residential area of Srednyaya Akhtuba, which indicates air pollution during 2018-2020. The correlation relationship between pH and EC in μS/cm was investigated using standard least squares regression. The results obtained indicate statistically significant differences between the experimental territory and the (relatively) clean location from 2018 to 2020 in terms of the studied indicators, as well as the revealed correlation between them in Srednyaya Akhtuba village, which indicates the revealed patterns and the influence of the system factor. Anthropogenic and natural sources were the system factors. The authors predict an active underground ancient volcanic zone in the area of Srednyaya Akhtuba with a possible natural load on the residential areas of the village, the assumption of which is based on analysis of heat anomaly maps using the Landsat-8 program and other programs.

Накопление тяжелых металлов и мышьяка лекарственным растительным сырьем лопуха обыкновенного, заготовленным в Воронежской области

The Voronezh region is traditionally the most important area of crop production and agriculture. The purpose of the research was to study the contamination with heavy metals of medicinal plant raw materials of the Voronezh region using the example of the roots of ordinary burdock, prepared in urbo- and agro-ecosystems, which have various anthropogenic effects on themselves. The accumulation of heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, nickel, copper, zinc, cobalt, chromium) and arsenic in 51 samples of raw materials was studied. By comparing the heavy metal content in the upper soil layers of the region and the content of these elements in the roots of the bladder, it can be assumed that there are significant physiological barriers to the accumulation of ecotoxicants in the roots of the bladder, which is especially noticeable for elements such as lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt and chromium. At the same time, this type of medicinal vegetal raw material is able to selectively concentrate some heavy metals included in the active centers of enzyme systems (copper and zinc). Thus, for an ordinary bladder under conditions of anthropogenic load, an edaphotype is formed, which is as a result of selection in conditions of anthropogenic pollution of the external environment and the manifestation of adaptation to these conditions.

Состояние ценопопуляций и изменчивость редкого вида Dactylorhiza viridis (L.) R. M. Bateman, Pridgeon & M. W. Chase (Orchidaceae) в условиях антропогенной нагрузки на луговые экосистемы Центрального Кавказа

We studied the variation of morphological characters, ontogenetic structure and vitality of seven cenopopulations of Dactylorhiza viridis (L.) R. M. Bateman, Pridgeon & M. W. Chase within the Kabardino-Balkar Republic in 2015–2019. The studies were conducted in the meadow plant communities under different conditions of anthropogenic load (recreation and grazing). The species presents medium phytocenotic plasticity of morphological characters (I p=36–70%) and high variation of morphological characters (CVх–ср=18,55–45,22%) under changeable conditions of growth. The intensification of growth processes in the individuals with the maximum increase of the cenopopulation vitality (IVC = 1,12–1,18) is observed in the composition of undisturbed meadows. The portion of generative individuals is 44,8–52,6% in ontogenetic spectra, and the stable seed reproduction of cenopopulations is registered. Under the intensification of the anthropogenic load, the vitality of cenopopulations (IVC = 0,80–1,04) and the density of individuals (0,47–3,20 ind./m2) are decreased; the portion of generative individuals is increased in ontogenetic spectra (65,4–81,6%). The rate of the seed reproduction of cenopopulations, in which the density of individuals accounts for 28,47 ind./m2, is high on the rubbly substrata with low total projective cover.

Variability of Population and Individual Characters of Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br. (Orchidaceae, Liliopsida) under Anthropogenic Load Conditions in Meadow Ecosystems of Central Caucasus

We studied the variability and phytocenotic plasticity of the morphological characters of individuals, and the numbers, density, ontogenetic structure and vitality of 11 coenopopulations of Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br. within the Kabardino-Balkar Republic in 2015–2019. The variability and plasticity of plants features provide their adaptation to various growing conditions and improve the morphological heterogeneity of coenopopulations. The dynamics of abundance, density, age structure and vitality of coenopopulations in the changing conditions of the environment provides information about life strategies of the species. Age conditions, the variability and plasticity of plants were studied on the basis of morphological parameters of the aboveground organs without digging the plants. The studies were conducted in meadow plant communities under various conditions of anthropogenic load (recreation and grazing). The species is characterized by medium-high phytocenotic plasticity of morphological characters (Ip = 38–68%) and high variability of morphological characters (CVх¯ср = 17.10– 33.63%) under changeable growth conditions. Intensification of growth processes in the individuals with the maximum increase of the coenopopulation vitality (IVC = 0.98– 1.16) was observed in the composition of undisturbed highly wet meadows; the portion of generative individuals increased in their ontogenetic spectra (48.6–56.5%). Under the anthropogenic load intensification, the vitality of coenopopulations (IVC = 0.82– 0.95) and the density of individuals decreased; the portion of virginal individuals increased in their ontogenetic spectra (rubbly meadows) or coenopopulations were clearly aging. The rate of the seed reproduction of coenopopulations, where the density of individuals accounted for 16 ind./m2 , was high on rubbly substrata with low total projective cover (60%). Our studies have identified the mixed type of life strategy for Gymnadenia conopsea with stress-tolerant and ruderal components. The ruderal-stress-tolerant life strategy allows the species to grow for a long time in conditions of high interspecific competition and anthropogenic load, spreading quickly to unoccupied territories.

Population-ontogenetic aspects of the life strategy of <i>Traunsteinera sphaerica </i>(M. Bieb.) Schltr. (Orchidaceae) under the conditions of anthropogenic pressure on meadow ecosystems of the Central Caucasus

We studied variation of morphological characters, ontogenetic structure and vitality of 10 cenopopulations of Traunsteinera sphaerica (M. Bieb.) Schltr. within the Kabardino-Balkar Republic. The studies were conducted in the meadow plant communities under different conditions of anthropogenic load (recreation and grazing). The species presents medium phytocoenotic plasticity of morphological characters (I p =0,51%) and high variation of morphological characters (CV х ¯ ср =20,08-42,66%). The maximum increase of the cenopopulation vitality with the stable seed reproduction is observed in the composition of undisturbed meadows; the portion of generative individuals is increased in ontogenetic spectra (55,9-65,3%). Under the intensification of the anthropogenic load, vitality of cenopopulations and the density of individuals (0,64 ind./m 2 ) are decreased; the portion of virginal individuals is increased in ontogenetic spectra. The rate of the seed reproduction of cenopopulations, in which the density of individuals accounts for 18,24-23,17 ind./m 2 , is high on the rubbly substrata with low total projective cover (75-80%).

Chemical Composition of Medicinal Plants Growing Under Conditions of Anthropogenic Load (On the Example of the Kursk Region)

in the conditions of the Kursk region, the analysis of soil samples and plant samples for the content of heavy metals was carried out. It is established that the soils of the studied areas are classified as having a high level of pollution in terms of their content. The priority pollutants of the soil are Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Cu, the supply of which is mainly associated with the enterprises operating in this territory. The content of heavy metals in medicinal plant raw materials is estimated. For the first time, depending on the biological characteristics of Tilia cordata, Betula pendula, Plantago major, Urtica dioica, Achillea millefollium, data on the content of biologically active substances in conditions of technogenic pollution are presented, and the antioxidant activity of plants in areas characterized by various anthropogenic loads is studied.

Assessment of the content of pollutants in accumulating natural environments under conditions of anthropogenic load

Introduction. For a comprehensive study of the urban environment, various natural objects, there were used - snow and soil cover, accumulating atmospheric precipitation, which allows assessing the spread of pollutants in the environment. The purpose of the study is to assess the quantitative content of priority pollutants in the snow/soil system as a result of dispersion from man-made sources. Material and methods. Studies of the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), petroleum products (PP), and fluorides in snow and soils under man-made loads were carried out. Snow sampling was performed at sites with undisturbed snow cover during the beginning of snowmelt. Soil samples were taken at the same points where snow samples were previously taken. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, fluorimetric and potentiometric methods were used. Results. The detected PP content in samples of snow/soil samples was in the range of 0.04-0.98 mg/l/2.8-71.2 mg/kg; Σ PAH -2.13-134.76 mg/l/0.13-38.987 mg/kg; fluoride- in the range of 0.68-13.48 mg/l/1.5-61.0 mg/kg. High concentrations of pollutants were registered at points closest to man-made sources, as well as near highways and railway tracks. The composition of PAHs is relatively uniform at all sampling sites. snow samples were mainly dominated by low-molecular polyarenes - from 52.8 to 68.5% of ΣPAH, and soil samples - 5 -, 6-nuclear PAHs, the proportion of which varied from 63.7 to 85.3% of ΣPAH. Conclusion. Analysis of the obtained material shows the maximum concentrations of pollutants (PAH, PP, Fluorides) to be observed for snow and soil samples near the industrial zone: 0.35 km South of the aluminum plant, as well as in a soil sample taken from the village of Olkha, at a distance of 2.5 km from the source.

ЭКОЛОГО-БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ NEOTINEA USTULATA (L.) R.M. BATEMAN, PRIDGEON ET M.W. CHASE (ORCHIDACEAE) В ЛУГОВЫХ ФИТОЦЕНОЗАХ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОГО КАВКАЗА

We studied variation of morphological characters, ontogenetic structure and vitality of six cenopop-ulations of Neotinea ustulata within the Kabardino-Balkar Republic in 2017–2019. The studies were conducted in the meadow plant communities under different conditions of anthropogenic load (grazing, recreation). The species presents low phytocenotic plasticity of morphological characters (Ip = 17–46%) and high variation of morphological characters (average value of CVх¯ср is 22.90%) under changeable conditions of growth. The intensification of growth processes in the individuals with the maximum increase of the cenopopulation vitality (IVC= 1.03–1.08) is observed in the composition of undisturbed meadows. The portion of generative individuals is 60.4–65.2% in ontogenetic spectra, the weak seed reproduction and the low density of cenopopulations (3.38–4.62 ind./m2) is registered. Under the intensification of the anthropogenic load, vitality of cenopopulations (IVC= 0.92–0.95) is decreased; the portion of pregenerative individuals in ontogenetic spectra (77.4–82.7%) and the density of individuals (8.22–12.34 ind./m2) are increased within the meadow with low total projective cover.

Ресурси та якість поверхневих вод України в умовах антропогенного навантаження та кліматичних змін (за матеріалами наукової доповіді на засіданні Президії НАН України 31 травня 2017 року)

Ресурси та якість поверхневих вод України в умовах антропогенного навантаження та кліматичних змін (за матеріалами наукової доповіді на засіданні Президії НАН України 31 травня 2017 року)

Antimutagenic Effect of Afobazole on Blood Leukocytes in Individuals with Reproductive Dysfunction under Conditions of Anthropogenic Load.

Increased frequency of cells with chromosomal aberrations was revealed in 48-h cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated North Ossetia residents with impaired reproductive function. After 2-week treatment with antimutagenic drug Afobazole, the percentage of cells with chromosomal aberrations significantly decreased from 3.77±0.20 to 2.48±0.24% (p<0.001). Significant differences between chromosome damage levels before and after administration of the drug suggest that Afobazole could be recommended for protective purposes to this group of patients.

Подбор ассортимента декоративных растений в условиях антропогенной нагрузки на примере жилой застройки г. Воронежа

Подбор ассортимента декоративных растений в условиях антропогенной нагрузки на примере жилой застройки г. Воронежа

Изменение основных свойств и характеристик черноземов степной зоны

Целью работы являлось изучение основных показателей плодородия черноземов степной зоны. Исследования проведены в Таловском и Богучарском районах Воронежской области, в Ростовской районе Ростовской области (ботанический сад ЮФУ) и Кущевском районе Краснодарского края. В условиях степной зоны исследованы основные показатели плодородия обыкновенных и предкавказских черноземов. Установлено, что при движении с севера на юг снижается потенциальное плодородие черноземов, сокращается мощность гумусового горизонта. Наиболее высоким содержанием гумуса характеризовались почвы залежного участка Каменной Степи — 9,67 %. Распашка обыкновенных черноземов в условиях Докучаевского лесомелиоративного стационара вызывает существенное его снижение. Потери содержания гумуса пропорциональны длительности распашки. При сроке использования пашни 20 и 50 лет снижение составило соответственно 1,1 и 1,45 раза. В черноземах юга Воронежской и Ростовской областей количество гумуса было существенно ниже — 4,46 и 4,24 % соответственно. На общем фоне сохранения закономерностей формирования почвенно-поглощающего комплекса черноземов отмечается изменения его качественного состава. Происходит увеличение доли обменного натрия на длительно используемой пашне. В черноземах Каменной Степи значения pH водной вытяжки было близко к 7,0, повышаясь до 8,0 в почвах Ростовской области и Краснодарского края. Увеличение содержания подвижного фосфора на длительно используемой пашне составило 4-кратную величину; по обменному калию — 2 – 3 раза. Исследования показали на сохранение достаточно высоких показателей плодородия черноземов. Вместе с тем необходимы постоянные мониторинговые исследования трансформации почвенного покрова в изменяющихся условиях антропогенной нагрузки.

The geoecological aspects of bacteriocoenosis in Volga delta in conditions of anthropogenic load

The geoecological aspects of bacteriocoenosis in Volga delta in conditions of anthropogenic load

The condition of small lakes in urban landscapes and their protection in conditions of anthropogenic load (by the example of the lakes Ak-Gel and Bolshoe Turali)

The condition of small lakes in urban landscapes and their protection in conditions of anthropogenic load (by the example of the lakes Ak-Gel and Bolshoe Turali)