Process Conditions Research Articles

Monitoring of Directed Energy Deposition Laser Beam of Nickel-Based Superalloy via High-Speed Mid-Wave Infrared Coaxial Camera

Directed Energy Deposition Laser Beam (DED-LB) is a promising additive manufacturing technique that uses a laser source and a powder stream to build or repair metal components. Repair applications offer significant economic and environmental benefits but are more challenging to develop, especially for components that are difficult to process due to their intricate geometries and materials. Process conditions can change precipitously, and it is essential to implement monitoring systems that ensure high process stability and, consequently, superior end-product quality. In the present work, a mid-wave infrared coaxial camera was used to monitor the melt pool geometry. To simulate the challenging repair process conditions of the DED-LB process, experimental tests were carried out on substrates with different thicknesses. The stability of the deposition process on nickel-based superalloys was analyzed by means of MATLAB algorithms. Thus, the effect of open-loop and closed-loop monitoring with back control on laser power on the process conditions was assessed and quantified. Metallographic analysis of the produced samples was carried out to validate the analyses performed by the monitoring system. The occurrence of production defects (lack of fusion and porosity) related to parameters not directly controllable by monitoring systems, such as penetration depth and dilution, was determined.

Production of Starch-Based Flexible Food Packaging in Developing Countries: Analysis of the Processes, Challenges, and Requirements

Biodegradable packaging offers an affordable and sustainable solution to global pollution, particularly in developing countries with limited recycling infrastructure. Starch is well suited to develop biodegradable packages for foods due to its wide availability and simple, low-tech production process. Although the development of starch-based packaging is well documented, most studies focus on the laboratory stages of formulation and plasticization, leaving gaps in understanding key phases such as raw material conditioning, industrial-scale molding, post-production processes, and storage. This work evaluates the value chain of starch-based packaging in developing countries. It addresses the challenges, equipment, and process conditions at each stage, highlighting the critical role of moisture resistance in the final product’s functionality. A particular focus is placed on replacing single-use plastic packaging, which dominates food industries in regions with agricultural economies and rich biodiversity. A comprehensive analysis of starch-based packaging production, with a detailed understanding of each stage and the overall process, should contribute to the development of more sustainable and scalable solutions, particularly for the replacement of single-use packages, helping to protect vulnerable biodiverse regions from the growing impact of plastic waste.

Thickness‐Related Analog Switching in SiOx/Cu/SiOx Memristive Devices for Neuromorphic Applications

This study examines the development of TiN/SiOx/Cu/SiOx/TiN memristive devices for neuromorphic applications using wedge‐type deposition and Monte Carlo simulations. Identifying critical parameters for the desired device characteristics can be challenging with conventional trial‐and‐error methods, which often obscure the effects of varying layer compositions. By employing an off‐center thermal evaporation method, a thickness gradient of SiOx and Cu on a 4 inch wafer is created, facilitating detailed resistance map analysis through semiautomatic measurements. This approach allows for investigating the influence of layer composition and thickness while keeping other process conditions constant. Combining experimental data with simulations provides a precise understanding of layer thickness distribution and its impact on device performance. Optimizing the SiOx layers to be below 12 nm, coupled with a discontinuous Cu layer with a nominal thickness under 0.6 nm, exhibits analog switching properties with an Ron/Roff ratio of >100, suitable for neuromorphic applications, while R × A and power exponent γ analysis show signs of multiple conduction mechanisms. The findings highlight the importance of SiOx and Cu thickness in determining switching behavior, offering insights for developing high‐performance analog switching components for bioinspired computing systems.

Digital Literacy as a Key Factor in the Preservation and Development of the Educational Process in Times of War

The purpose of the article is to explore the role of digital literacy in ensuring the continuity and quality of higher education during the war, to identify the main challenges facing the educational process in times of crisis, and to outline ways to effectively use digital technologies to expand educational opportunities. The article aims to substantiate the need to develop digital skills among students, teachers and administrators of higher education institutions as a tool for adapting to modern challenges under martial law. The research methodology – systematic analysis, generalization, and forecasting were applied, which made it possible to identify opportunities and prospects for the introduction of digital technologies into the educational process in the wartime and post-war period. The scientific novelty is to substantiate the definition of digital literacy as a strategic resource, to develop recommendations for improving the effectiveness of digital literacy in the educational process and the level of digital competence among students and teachers, taking into account the specifics of martial law and post-war reconstruction. Conclusions. In today’s environment, digital literacy is an integral part of information security, data storage, and critical perception of information, and plays a key role in supporting and ensuring the educational process. Teaching basic digital literacy skills should remain a priority for society. The use of distance learning platforms, interactive tools, and cloud services has made it possible to continue learning even in the most difficult conditions. To overcome the digital divide, optimize educational processes and increase the level of digital skills, taking into account the conditions of the educational process in wartime, the following solutions are proposed: cooperation with local authorities and international organizations to expand access to high-speed Internet and technical equipment, especially in rural and remote regions; combining synchronous and asynchronous learning for the convenience of students; use of electronic platforms for distance learning; multimedia adaptation of educational content; and It is noted that the combination of innovative technologies and flexibility in teaching approaches will ensure a gradual reduction of the digital divide, optimization of the educational process and increase of the level of digital skills among students and teachers.

Biosorption, Recovery and Reuse of Cu(II) by Penicillium sp. 8L2: A Proposal Framed Within Environmental Regeneration and the Sustainability of Mineral Resources

The copper contamination of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems is a major global environmental problem. Copper is a metal used in many industrial and agricultural processes that is bioaccumulative and highly toxic, making its elimination, recovery and reuse of great interest for environmental sustainability. At the same time, the use of ubiquitous microorganisms is presented as a crucial tool in the field of the sustainability of mineral resources, which in many cases end up as bioaccumulative pollutants, since they can allow the recovery of metallic ions present in low concentrations and, in parallel, the reconversion of these into crystalline species that can be used in other technological fields. The potential of a ubiquitous microorganism, Penicillium sp. 8L2, to retain Cu(II) ions was investigated, as well as the ability of its cellular extract to synthesize CuO nanoparticles, which were subsequently evaluated as biocidal agents against five microorganisms. A response surface methodology was used to determine the optimal operating conditions of the biosorption process, setting the pH at 4.8 and the biomass concentration at 0.8 g/L and obtaining a maximum biosorption capacity at equilibrium of 25.79 mg/g for the Langmuir model. Different analytical techniques were used to study the biosorption mechanisms, which revealed the presence of surface adsorption and intracellular bioaccumulation phenomena involving different functional groups. The fungal cell extract allowed the successful synthesis of CuO-NPs with an average size of 22 nm. The biocidal tests performed with the nanoparticles showed promising values of minimum inhibitory concentrations between 62.5 and 500 µg/mL. Penicillium sp. 8L2 showed good potential for its application in the field of heavy metal bioremediation and for the green synthesis of nanoparticles useful in biomedicine.

Experimental testing of roughness parameters during vibratory lapping of flat surfaces

The basic design parameters and operational conditions of an enhanced vibratory lapping machine are considered. The main purpose of the research is to define the influence of different machining regimes on the roughness parameters of flat surfaces of parts made of C22 steel. The experiments are carried out at different controllable conditions of the vibratory lapping process: amplitudes of vibrations of the upper lap, forced frequencies, machining durations, and lapping paste types. The obtained results are shown in the form of bar charts describing the dependencies of the surface roughness on the machining conditions mentioned above. The major scientific novelty consists in the further development of the technologies of lapping and polishing of flat surfaces using vibratory machines with an electromagnetic drive. The presented research can be used by engineers and technologists while improving existent designs of vibratory lapping-polishing machines, as well as enhancing the corresponding machining processes.

Co‐encapsulation of vitamins B6 and B12 using zein/gum arabic nanocarriers for enhanced stability, bioaccessibility, and oral bioavailability

AbstractThe present study aimed to fabricate a co‐deliver system using zein/gum arabic (GA) polymers for enhanced stability and bioavailability of vitamins (B6 and B12). The anti‐solvent evaporation method was used for the preparation of PC–ZG NPs (pyridoxine–cyanocobalamin zein–GA nanoparticles). The process conditions were statistically optimized using the design of Box–Behnken. The optimized conditions produced small‐sized particles (∼170 nm) with high zeta potential (−31 mV) and efficient encapsulation for pyridoxine (61.6%) and cyanocobalamin (56.3%). Scanning electron microscopy, x‐ray diffractometry, and Thermogravimetric analysis results confirmed that the developed formulation had a roughly spherical shape and an amorphous character with better thermal stability compared to free‐forms of the vitamins. The results of the storage study showed no significant changes in nanoparticle size at 4, 25, and 37°C over a 90‐day period. However, a slight variation in retention of the vitamins was observed during the initial period. The bioaccessibility of both the vitamins from PC–ZG NPs ranged between 56% and 62% post 6 h simulated digestion. In Caco‐2 cells, the cellular uptake of vitamins was higher from nanoforms compared to the free‐forms. Further, oral administration of PC–ZG NPs in rats exhibited 4.8‐ and 2.2‐fold increases in relative bioavailability of vitamins B6 and B12, respectively. A significant reduction of plasma homocysteine level (p ˂ 0.05) in the treated group was also observed. Together, these results suggest that the developed nanoformulation has improved physicochemical properties with enhanced bioavailability and, hence, could be used as an effective delivery system for the vitamins in food and nutraceutical products.

Marginal ulcer causing anastomotic perforation and delayed penetration following one anastomosis gastric bypass

We report the rare clinical case of perforation and delayed penetration of an ulcer at the gastro-jejunal anastomosis following 14 months after laparoscopic one anastomosis gastric bypass in a young female patient. No significant ulcer predictors at baseline: a chronic ulcer formed within the first six months after one anastomosis gastric bypass against the background of continued proton pump inhibitor therapy, regardless of smoking, helicobacter infection or use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Initially the patient underwent the laparotomy with perforation suturing and Roux-jejunojejunostomy formation to exclude the bile reflux into the gastric pouch. The result of the first surgery (non-healing ulcer with the development of delayed penetration six months later) is agree with the recent literature about the possible overstatement of the role of biliary reflux in ulcer formation after one anastomosis gastric bypass. The follow-up surgery was performed by the laparoscopic approach in condition of pronounced adhesion process in abdominal cavity and included adhesiolysis, resection of the gastric pouch with the anastomosis and reconstructive Roux-Y-gastric bypass. Clinical and endoscopic evaluation of the result of the reconstructive surgery 10 months after indicates the patient's recovery.

Sustainable Synthesis of Diamond-like Carbon and Giant Carbon Allotropes from Hyperbaric Methanol–Water Mixtures Through the Critical Point

Freeform carbon fibres were 3D-printed from CH3OH:H2O mixtures using hyperbaric-pressure laser chemical vapour deposition (HP-LCVD). The experiment overlapped a region of known diamond growth, with the objective of depositing diamond-like carbon without the use of plasmas or hot filaments. A high-pressure regime was investigated for the first time through the precursor’s critical point. Seventy-two C-fibres were grown from 13 different CH3OH:H2O mixtures at total pressures between 7.8 and 180 bar. Maximum steady-state axial growth rates of 14 µm/s were observed. Growth near the critical point was suppressed, ostensibly due to thermal diffusion and selective etching. In addition to nanostructured graphite, various carbon allotropes were synthesised at/within the outer surface of the fibres, including diamond-like carbon, graphite polyhedral crystal, and tubular graphite cones. Several allotropes were oversized compared to structures previously reported. Raman spectral pressure–temperature (P-T) maps and a pictorial P-T phase diagram were compiled over a broad range of process conditions. Trends in the Raman ID/IG and I2D/IG intensity ratios were observed and regions of optimal growth for specific allotropes were identified. It is intended that this work provide a basis for others in optimising the growth of specific carbon allotropes from methanol using HP-LCVD and similar CVD processes.

A review on inverse analysis models in steel material design

AbstractThis paper reviews various inverse analysis models used in steel material design, with a focus on integrating process, microstructure, and properties through advanced machine learning techniques. The study underscores the importance of establishing comprehensive models that effectively link these elements for enhanced materials engineering. Key models discussed include the convolutional neural network–artificial neural network‐coupled model, which employs convolutional neural networks for feature extraction; the Bayesian‐optimized generative adversarial network–conditional generative adversarial network model, which generates diverse virtual microstructures; the multi‐objective optimization model, which concentrates on process–property relationships; and the microstructure–process parallelization model, which correlates microstructural features with process conditions. Each model is assessed for its strengths and limitations, influencing its practical applicability in material design. The paper concludes by advocating for continued improvements in model accuracy and versatility, with the ultimate goal of enhancing steel properties and expanding the scope of data‐driven material development.

The architectural conception drawing in immersive virtual environments

Cognitive processes involved in initiating architectural ideas can be affected by technological incursion. Moreover, technological development of emergent and disruptive tools, such as immersive virtual reality, can further foster these processes. This research argues that the use of a virtual reality environment with HMD, haptic controls, and software created for artistic freehand drawing can generate the necessary phenomenological condition to facilitate the cognitive process of creating the first ideas of the architectural project; furthermore, the creation of such ideas would have the same characteristics of the traditional conception drawing made with pencil on paper. To verify this, experiments were carried out as part of a multiple case study methodology with 28 students in their first and last year of studies in a professionally accredited course of architecture and three instruments. The experimentation involved virtual creation of conceptual drawings of a small architectural project. The results showed insignificant differences in terms of the condition and characteristics of the cognitive creative process, and showed larger, but not significant, differences in terms of the drawing as a final product. While the process of virtual drawing presents some significant advantages that can make this technology an effective complement when creating the first architectural ideas, it cannot fully substitute the creative process.

A sustainable approach for concurrent recovery of metals from H2 reduced bauxite residue (“red mud”): Process optimization

Bauxite residue (BR), a polymetallic waste, offers significant potential for valuable metal recovery. This study introduces a low temperature H2 reduction-alkaline (NaOH) roasting, followed by water leaching - wet magnetic separation, aimed at efficient recovery of Fe, Na, and Al, alongside non-magnetic tailings (Ca, Ti, and Si). To minimize H2 consumption, 5 vol % H2 + 95 vol % N2 with 200 L/kg was sufficient. Utilizing response surface methodology (RSM), the optimal H2 reduction process conditions were determined as a temperature of 600 °C and a time of 120 min with 20 wt% NaOH. Under these conditions, the maximum recoveries achieved were 74.4 % Fe (grade = 63.6 %), 84.6 % Al, and 91.6 % Na, with RSM model predicted Fe, Al, and Na recovery values at optimum conditions closely matching experimental results (<5 % deviation). The proposed sustainable process minimizes waste and offers a possible solution for BR processing.

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT FACTORS ON THE STABILITY BY ROLLING PROCESS IN THE WIRE BLOCK

One of the leading trends in the development of modern metallurgical manufacturing is the improvement of wire rod production using wire blocks. For existing continuous rolling mills, it is important to maximize the use of equipment capabilities both to improve the quality of products and to reduce the loss of metal and other resources for the adjustment and realize of technological modes at production. Effective technical solutions require scientific justification based on research results. To assess the boundary conditions of the stable rolling process, the average integral of the longitudinal forces at the plastically deformed metal is used. In physical terms, the vector of this force, which opposes the movement of the metal, cannot be directed along the motion of the sample, so the values of the force itself cannot be positive. The assessment of the longitudinal stability of the strip in the rolls (the possibility of a stable rolling process) is as follows: the process is implemented at negative values of the force value, zero value is the limit, at positive values the process is impossible. Analysis of the deformation process in the wire block of rolling mill 200 proved that the specific stresses in the stands should be insignificant because the resource of the forces that draw the metal into the rolls is limited. A more significant influence on the longitudinal stability of the process is the back tension. To ensure the stability of the process, especially in the first passes, the grip angle must be close in value to the coefficient of friction. With an increase in the coefficient of friction, the rolling of wire rod in the wire block becomes more stable. The results of the research show that in the case of external actions on the object, it is theoretically possible to find the limits of self-regulation for the rolling process in a wire block.Whenimplemented, thetechnique makes it possible to assess the limits of self-regulation not only by changes in the size of the workpiece, but by the amount of gauges wear in the rolls, in accordance with changes in friction conditions, temperature of the strip and other parameters.

Stepwise extraction of zinc, indium and lead from secondary zinc oxide dusts experimental study

Secondary zinc oxide dust is rich in high-grade metals such as Zn, In, Pb, and Ga, and in the face of the depletion of ore resources at home and abroad, it is of great significance to seek an efficient process to realize the full resource recovery of valuable metals in secondary zinc oxide dust. In this study, on the basis of the thermodynamic analysis of the wet treatment process, three wet treatment methods, namely “low acid leaching”, “high acid leaching” and “chlorination leaching”, were used to explore the suitable parameters for stepwise extraction of Zn, In and Pb metals. The results showed that the three wet treatment methods could effectively extract the corresponding main elements, and the optimal leaching rates of Zn, In and Pb were 73, 90 and 94%, respectively. Thermodynamic analysis shows that under ideal conditions, the “cascade separation” of some or all metals can be theoretically achieved by using a suitable leaching solvent for zinc oxide dust. The concentration of sulfuric acid, the ratio of liquid solid volume to mass and temperature had great effects on the leaching rate of Zn and In, and the leaching rate of Zn and In also increased with the increase of the values of the three experimental parameters, which was positively correlated. The leaching rate of Pb will increase with the increase of sulfuric acid concentration, but when the pH of the solution system is < 2, Pb will form PbSO4 precipitate, which inhibits the leaching ability of Pb. In the chlorinated leaching system with “ammonium chloride + hydrochloric acid” as the leaching solvent, the excess Cl− and Pb2+ fully coordinated to promote the efficient leaching of Pb metal, and the initial pH value of the solution had a great influence on the Leaching Rate of Pb. The multi-stage combined wet treatment process is an effective solution to realize the full quantitative recovery of valuable elements in Secondary zinc oxide dust, In this paper, the suitable process conditions for stepwise extraction of Zn, In and Pb metals were obtained through wet treatment experiments, and the cascade separation of metals in zinc oxide dust was preliminarily realized, which provided an important idea for the efficient utilization of metallurgical dust and sludge solid wastes, and at the same time provided theoretical support for the industrial practice of recycling valuable elements in metallurgical dust.

Relationship Between Fracture Fractal and Mechanical Properties of 5083 Aluminum Alloy Sheet Prepared by Alternate Ring-Groove Pressing and Torsion

In this study, the tensile fracture morphology of a 5083 aluminum alloy sheet prepared by alternate ring-groove pressing torsion and torsional flattening at room temperature (ARPT-TF-R) under different numbers of torsional flattening passes was analyzed. The box dimension method was used to calculate the fractal dimension, and formulas for the quantitative relationships between the tensile properties and Vickers hardness of 5083 aluminum alloy sheet under different process conditions and the fractal dimension were established. The results indicated that the fracture mode of the sheet prepared by one pass was microporous aggregation fracture, and the number of large-sized dimples was small. The plate prepared by two passes had a greater number of micropores, and the dimple size was relatively small. The fractal dimension of the aluminum alloy sheet prepared by ARPT-TF-R at room temperature was 1.77–1.84. As the number of torsional flattening passes increased, the yield strength, tensile strength, Vickers hardness, and fractal dimension of the aluminum alloy sheet increased.

Effect of Elevated Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hot-Rolled Steel

The mechanical properties and microstructure of hot-rolled steel are critical in determining its performance in industrial applications, particularly when exposed to elevated temperatures. This study examines the effects of varying temperatures and soaking times on these properties through a series of controlled experiments. The primary objective was to optimize the key response parameters, including tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation, by analyzing the influence of temperature and time. A full factorial design approach was used, applying the desirability function theory to explore all possible combinations and identify optimal processing conditions. The experimental results showed that the soaking time played a critical role, significantly influencing the mechanical properties with an impact ratio of 62%. The microstructural analysis displayed that higher temperatures and longer soaking times resulted in the formation of coarser ferrite and pearlite grains, contributing to a decrease in strength and an increase in ductility. The optimum process condition - 650 °C for 60 min - produced the highest values for tensile strength (400.32 MPa), elongation (36.78%) and yield strength (288.52 MPa). The study also highlighted the temperature-dependent nature of the mechanical behavior of hot-rolled steel. While tensile strength and yield strength initially increase with temperature, prolonged exposure, particularly at 600 °C and 750 °C, results in significant grain coarsening and a corresponding degradation of these properties. Conversely, elongation improves at moderate temperatures (150 °C to 300 °C) but decreases with prolonged exposure, especially at higher temperatures. These findings underscore the importance of precise control of thermal processing parameters to optimize the mechanical properties of hot-rolled steel. The findings offer significant insights that can be leveraged to optimize material performance in industrial applications, where thermal exposure is a critical consideration.

Innovative ammonia harvesting from wastewater: A controlled closed-loop process at high pH for enhanced nutrient recovery

This study presents a new, sustainable, high-pH recirculating batch process for the regeneration of NH4+-laden cation exchange resins, while recovering the ammonia as a pure, reusable, solid salt (NH4Cl). The process efficiently recycles a minimal volume of regeneration solution while reducing NaCl consumption between cycles. The regeneration solution, containing a high concentration of NaCl maintained at high pH (pH > 11) allows Na+ to replace the desorbed NH4+, which, due to the high pH, completely transforms into NH3. Real time pH monitoring of the regeneration solution and the column effluent provided accurate tracking of the regeneration rate and allowed concise endpoint determination. Ammonia was recovered by evaporation of the exhausted regeneration solution followed by sublimation (and thereafter deposition) of NH3 and HCl, which produced pure NH4Cl salt.The optimal working conditions for the cation exchange regeneration were identified as 1 M NaCl, pH 12.0, and regeneration solution volume of 1 bed volume. Single-column application of six adsorption-regeneration cycles (no zeolite replacement) showed that the process conditions do not degrade the resin’s adsorption performance. Cost assessment of two possible ammonia recovery options indicated that while stripping NH3 from the regeneration solution and reabsorbing it in an acidic solution is operationally easier, the sublimation-based approach yields a more valuable product. For an optimized sublimation approach, a low regeneration solution volume, combined with a high resin capacity for NH4+, are essential.This process demonstrates a sustainable solution for ammonia salt recovery from wastewater, offering a circular approach that does not only add an important control to the regeneration step, but also harvests ammonia as a reusable product.

Microbial xanthan production from forage sorghum straw: Influence of substrate, strains, and process conditions on xanthan properties

Microbial xanthan production from forage sorghum straw: Influence of substrate, strains, and process conditions on xanthan properties

Advancing sustainable ammonia synthesis with the magnetic La-doped Ti3C2O2 MXenes

Developing an easy ammonia (NH3) production method to circumvent the demanding conditions of the Haber-Bosch process is a significant stride towards self-sufficiency in NH3 production and environment preservation. In pursuit of this goal, we carried out a theoretical approach to investigate the electrocatalytic N2 reduction reaction (eN2RR) using the magnetic La-doped Ti3C2O2 (La-Ti3C2O2) MXene electrocatalyst. The first principle calculations of the DFT, conducted using the Vienna Ab-Initio Storage Package (VASP) were instrumental in assessing the performance of ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) configurations of La-Ti3C2O2. While Ti3C2O2 reveals limitations in eN2RR efficiency attributed to its suboptimal surface reactivity, both FM and AFM structures of La-Ti3C2O2 exhibit enhanced electronic properties, enabling improved electron transfer features. La-Ti3C2O2 demonstrates heightened N2 adsorption capabilities and reduced energy barriers for transitional species towards NH3 production, presenting superior performance to Ti3C2O2. The density of states (DOS) analysis of La-Ti3C2O2 provided outcomes supporting the AFM as the credible magnetic configuration, a statement reinforced by the superior N2 conversion performance in the AFM structure compared to FM. During this process of eN2RR, a study focused on the favorable pathway with less energy consumption is directed.

Comprehensive model for multi-fracture localization based on water hammer signals: Evaluation and field application

Determining fracture locations in hydraulic fracturing is essential for diagnostic purposes. Water hammer waves generated during pump shut-in in hydraulic fracturing create pressure fluctuations as they pass through fractures. The pressure signals collected at the wellhead contain valuable information about subsurface fracture positions. This study, based on the water hammer equation, establishes an internal flow model within pipelines, considering both the pump shut-in process and subsurface fracture boundary conditions (fracture permeability, fracture storage, and fracture inertia effects). The method of characteristics (MOC) is employed for numerical discretization to simulate the wellhead pressure fluctuations during pump shut-in. A novel fracture localization method is proposed, combining comprehensive filtering, cepstral analysis, and velocity conversion. Comprehensive filtering effectively removes various noises present in the collected signals. Subsequently, cepstral analysis identifies negative peaks in the cepstral domain generated by pulse functions at fracture locations. This information is then used to determine the propagation time of pressure waves from fractures to the wellhead, which is converted to depth by wave velocity. Through numerical simulations and field experiments, the method's effectiveness is validated, demonstrating its capability to efficiently filter out signal noise, identify cepstral negative peaks from pulse functions at fractures, and provide precise inversion of fracture locations. This method holds significant guidance for practical field applications.