Conditional Process Analysis Research Articles

The Effect of Leverage on Company Value with Dividend Policy as a Mediating Variable and Business Risk as a Moderating Variable

This study aims to find out the effect of leverage on company value mediated by dividend policy and moderated by business risk in infrastructure sector companies listed on the IDX in the period 2017 – 2022. The research uses a quantitative method using secondary data from the financial statements of each company, both obtained through the IDX website and the official website of each company. Sampling uses a non-probability method on companies listed in the infrastructure sector listed on the IDX in 2017-2022. The research data is panel data analyzed using SPSS and Hayes Process with analysis stages, namely descriptive statistics to conditional process analysis. The results of the hypothesis test show that leverage has a negative and significant effect on the company's value, Dividend Policy has a positive and significant effect on the company's value, Leverage has no effect on the dividend policy, Dividend policy is unable to mediate the influence of leverage with the company's value, Business Risk is unable to moderate the influence of leverage with the dividend policy and Business Risk is able to moderate the influence of leverage with the company's value.

Understanding the Role of Visitor Behavior in Soundscape Restorative Experiences in Urban Parks

The restorative effects of soundscapes on human physical and mental well-being are widely recognized, but their effectiveness is influenced by various factors, including external environments and individual characteristics. Despite being a crucial element in environmental experience, the role of individual behavior in the restorative effects of soundscapes has been insufficiently studied. To address this research gap, we conducted a survey in five parks in Fuzhou, China, using questionnaires to assess visitors’ evaluations of soundscape characteristics, their soundscape restorative experiences, and behavioral characteristics. A total of 419 valid responses were collected. Using these data, we employed a structural equation model and conditional process analysis to explore the interaction between visitor behavior and soundscape experiences. The results show that soundscapes with pleasantness and eventfulness promote static behaviors to a certain degree, while dynamic behaviors are influenced solely by eventfulness soundscapes. In the process by which soundscape characteristics influence restorative experiences, static behavior is the only mediating factor, accounting for 8% of the total effect. Additionally, increased visit intensity enhances the impact of pleasantness soundscape on restorative experiences while weakening the mediating effect of static behavior. These findings provide strong support for relevant design considerations.

Mental Health Literacy Reduces the Impact of Internalized Stigma on Older Adults' Attitudes and Intentions to Seek Mental Health Services

ABSTRACT Objectives Older adults are the least likely age group to seek mental health services, and internalized stigma is an important reason why. We sought to further our understanding of which older adults are particularly likely to be affected by internalized stigma, and why, by investigating mental health literacy (MHL) as a moderator within the internalized stigma model of help-seeking. Methods We utilized a conditional process analysis of cross-sectional, secondary data from 350 distressed older adults. Participants completed an online survey consisting of measures of distress, perceived control, experiential avoidance, MHL, public and self-stigma of seeking help, help-seeking attitudes, and conditional help-seeking intentions. Results MHL moderated the internalized stigma model; distressed older adults with lower MHL were more likely to have public stigma internalized as self-stigma, which then reduced their intentions to seek help. More specifically, low MHL magnified the negative effect of self-stigma on attitudes and intentions. Conclusions These results increase our understanding of which older adults are less likely to seek mental health services: distressed older adults with poor MHL and high self-stigma. Clinical Implications MHL is a malleable construct that can be targeted by interventions designed to increase help-seeking among distressed older adults in need of professional help.

Mitigating managerial short-sightedness in green technology innovation and corporate financial performance: The role of “National Team” shareholding

The potential for green technology innovation (GTI) to enhance corporate financial performance continues to be the core motivation for sustained investment by companies. However, the micro-mechanisms to enhancing financial performance have not yet received sufficient attention in the academic literature. Internal corporate governance and corporate management constitute crucial factors that affect the process in which GTI contributes to corporate technological progress, and to the enhancement of corporate financial performance. Specifically, this paper will examine the role of “National Team” shareholding in corporate governance in mitigating managerial short-sightedness in GTI. A two-way fixed effects panel OLS model will be applied for individual-time on 618 listed companies with consistent R&D activities from 2015 to 2022. The results show that corporate GTI promotes corporate financial performance via technological progress. Through the conditional process analysis, it shows that the interaction of CEO narcissism and the “National Team” shareholding proportion together moderate the relationship between corporate GTI and technological progress, with the “National Team” shareholding proportion contributing to the impact of technological progress on corporate financial performance. From a corporate governance point of view, the presence of institutional investors helps mitigate the negative impact of managerial short-sightedness in technological progress.

Harnessing Hope in Digital Spaces for Health Equity: How Group Comparison Information and Supportive Comments Influence Bone Marrow Donor Intentions for African Americans.

Pursuing health equity necessitates recognizing health disparities that disproportionately impact disadvantaged groups and eliminating their barriers to essential health resources. Interactive digital technologies-specifically, popular social media platforms such as blogs and social networks-can be leveraged to engage underserved minority populations in collective social action aimed at addressing key determinants of health disparities and promoting equitable health outcomes. The present research focuses on the plight of African Americans-a minority group facing significant health disparities. Particularly in the domain of bone marrow donation, African Americans remain the group least likely to find a matching donor. Guided by the social comparison framing literature, we conducted an online experiment to investigate how group comparison information (GCI) emphasizing group-based disparities and supportive user comments on social media platforms influence African Americans' intentions to join a bone marrow registry. In doing so, we considered hope as a mediator and group identification as a moderator. Results based on a conditional process analysis showed that GCI led to greater bone marrow donor intentions in the presence of supportive comments through elicitation of hope, particularly among those low in group identification. The current findings demonstrate that it is important to consider the role of supportive message environments and group identification when addressing health disparities with GCI. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

The impact of negative COVID-19 experiences on cancer survivors' health-related quality of life and psychological distress: a moderated mediation model.

Cancer survivors experienced poorer health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and greater psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic than those without cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms that may explain how negative experiences during the pandemic are associated with distress and HRQoL remain unknown. We examined whether psychosocial risk factors (i.e., healthcare disruption, disruption to daily activities and social interaction [DDASI], and financial hardship) mediated the relationship between negative COVID-19-related experiences and cancer survivors' HRQoL and psychological distress (i.e., depressive symptoms, and anxiety) and whether the mediating effects were moderated by psychosocial protective factors (i.e., stress management ability and social support). A total of 9,651 cancer survivors completed a questionnaire assessing negative COVID-19-related experiences, psychosocial and practical experiences, and HRQoL. Conditional process analysis was used to evaluate the proposed moderated mediation models. Participants had a mean age of 63.8 years (SD = 12.3) and were mostly non-Hispanic White (82.3%). DDASI and financial hardship mediated the relationship between negative COVID-19-related experiences and cancer survivor's HRQoL and psychological distress. Stress management ability buffered the indirect effect of DDASI on cancer survivors' HRQoL and psychological distress. Social support buffered the indirect effect of financial hardship on HRQoL and depressive symptoms. Financial resources and social interactions may buffer negative effects of major disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Future studies should assess the longitudinal impact of these associations.

A Conditional Process Analysis of Siblings’ Religious Communication (Non)accommodation, Surface Acting, and Shared Family Identity

ABSTRACT This study tested the conditional direct and indirect associations between siblings’ religious (non)accommodation and shared family identity (SFI) vis-à-vis surface acting. Participants included 218 young adults who reported on a target sibling’s (non)accommodation of their religious beliefs, as well as their family’s conversation and conformity orientations. Results indicated that the sibling’s religious (non)accommodation was directly and indirectly associated with the participant’s SFI with the sibling via the participant’s surface acting during religious conversations. The associations varied in magnitude, however, as a function of family conversation and conformity orientations. For sibling accommodation, the positive indirect association with SFI grew in magnitude for families low to moderate in conversation orientation as conformity orientation increased. For sibling nonaccommodation, the negative direct association with SFI diminished in magnitude as both family orientations increased, whereas the negative indirect association increased in magnitude for families low to moderate in conversation orientation as conformity orientation increased.

Unravelling the interplay of self-efficacy, self-regulation, metacognition in alleviating math anxiety among primary school student: a conditional process analysis

ABSTRACT This study investigates the relationships between self-efficacy, self-regulation, metacognition, and math anxiety among primary school students. The study investigates the mediating roles of self-regulation and metacognition between math anxiety and self-efficacy using a conditional process analysis. Data from 480 students located in the Cirebon region of West Java, Indonesia were analysed, revealing that higher levels of self-efficacy correlate with reduced math anxiety, with self-regulation and metacognition serving as significant mediators. These findings underscore the importance of fostering self-efficacy, self-regulation, and metacognitive skills in early education to alleviate math anxiety and enhance learning outcomes.

The effect of earthquake exposure on PTSD symptoms is mediated by intrusive rumination and moderated by gender: a cross-sectional study on the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake survivors

BackgroundEvidence suggests that natural disasters, such as earthquakes, can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with women being particularly vulnerable. However, there is a dearth of knowledge about the underlying mechanisms linking traumatic experiences to PTSD as well as gender differences in the operation of these mechanisms. This study examined the mediating effect of intrusive rumination and the moderating effect of gender on the relationship between earthquake exposure level and PTSD symptoms.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted 12 months after the devastating earthquake in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. The sample included 632 adult survivors of the earthquake, including 374 females (59.2%) and 258 males (40.8%). Participants completed a set of questionnaires assessing their demographic information, level of earthquake exposure, intrusive rumination, and PTSD symptoms. Correlation analysis, mediation analysis, and conditional process analysis were employed to evaluate the research hypotheses.ResultsFindings revealed significant associations between the level of earthquake exposure, intrusive rumination and PTSD symptoms. The level of earthquake exposure significantly predicted PTSD symptoms. Moreover, intrusive rumination partially mediated the relationship between earthquake exposure level and PTSD symptoms. Additionally, the mediating effect of intrusive rumination was more pronounced among females than males.ConclusionThis study revealed the significant mediating role of intrusive rumination in the development of post-earthquake PTSD symptoms. By uncovering gender differences in this mechanism, it also emphasized the importance of designing interventions that are sensitive to the varying needs of different demographic groups affected by the disaster in post-disaster mental health interventions.

Unpacking the relationship between cultural diversity and workgroup creativity

PurposeThis study aimed to illustrate the conditions under which cultural diversity enhances workgroup creativity. It does so by investigating the impact of ethnic diversity on workgroup creativity through the mediating mechanisms of cognitive diversity and information elaboration, while also exploring the role of inclusive leadership in this process.Design/methodology/approachMulti-source data was collected from a sample of 338 employees nested within 56 workgroups across three distinct organizations. Conditional process analysis was used to empirically test the proposed hypotheses.FindingsThe results show that ethnic diversity, a surface-level cultural attribute, contributed to diversity in deep-level cognitive resources, and that workgroups were able to capitalize on these variations in deep-level cognitive resources to enhance their creativity when they engaged in the elaboration of task-relevant information. Results also demonstrated that the effective management of workgroup processes through inclusive leadership helped materialize the performance-promoting effects of cultural diversity. Overall, the findings support the notion that cultural diversity is indeed beneficial to workgroups.Originality/valuePrior research has typically examined cultural diversity in workgroups from the perspective of either surface-level or deep-level cultural attributes, leading to conflicting findings. Our study takes a multifaceted approach to cultural diversity and its influence on workgroup creativity, offering a more nuanced understanding. Additionally, by integrating the concept of inclusive leadership, a relatively new conceptualization of leadership specifically relevant to diverse workgroups, we clarified strategies for fostering positive workgroup performance.

Disability, health-related quality of life, and self-concept change in people with multiple sclerosis: A moderated mediation

BackgroundDisability is a key factor related to self-concept change following a Multiple Sclerosis (MS) diagnosis. Psychosocial factors (e.g., social integration, marital support) are also associated with changing self-concept in people with MS (pwMS). What remains unclear however, is whether psychosocial factors account for the relationship between disability and self-concept change. The current study aimed to investigate the potential mediation effect of Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) on the relationship between disability and self-concept change in pwMS, and whether relationship satisfaction is a moderator of the mediated relationship. MethodNine hundred and ninety-five pwMS (79.5 % female; Age M = 59.72 years, SD = 11.15) completed measures of disability, HRQoL, and self-concept change. Of these participants, seven hundred and twenty-six pwMS who indicated they were currently in a relationship also completed a measure of relationship satisfaction. ResultsA moderated mediation (conditional process) analysis indicated that the relationship between disability and self-concept change was partially mediated by HRQoL. A further parallel mediation found that across the eight subdomains of HRQoL, only participants’ reported levels of ‘relationships’ and ‘coping’ significantly mediated the relationship between disability and self-concept change. However, for those participants in a relationship, relationship satisfaction did not moderate any mediation effects. ConclusionThe findings highlight the role that perceptions of HRQoL in some domains may have in explaining the relationship between disability and self-concept change. Further research is needed to explicate the causal direction of these relationships through longitudinal studies.

Negative life events, sleep quality, and depression among older adults in Shandong Province, China: A conditional process analysis based on economic income.

Negative life events have been reported as a risk factor for depression. However, the mechanism between negative life events and depression is still unclear. This study aimed to explore the mediating role of sleep quality and the moderating role of economic income in the association between negative life events and depression among older adults aged 60 years and over. A multi-stage stratified sampling method was used to select elderly individuals over 60 years old in Shandong, China, making use of the Household Health Interview Survey (2020). In total, 3868 older adults completed the measures of negative life events, sleep quality, depression, and economic income. Negative life events positively predicted depression among the elderly (proportion of direct effect, 55.12%), and poor sleep quality could mediate this association (proportion of indirect effect, 44.87%). Economic income played a moderating role in the relationship between negative life events, sleep quality, and depression (the first and second half of the mediating effect, the direct effect of negative life events on depression). Both effects were weaker among the elderly with higher economic incomes. Negative life events had positive effects on depression in older adults. Economic income moderated the direct effect of negative life events and the mediating effect (first and second half) of sleep quality on depression. When the elderly experience negative life events, interventions for improving their sleep quality and financial support could effectively prevent depression. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 751-757.

The Role Of Financial Capability And Non-Impulsive Behavior In Moderated Mediation Model On The Effect Of Financial Literacy On Financial Well-Being

This study examines the moderated mediation model to determine the effect between variables partially as well as the role of non-impulsive behavior and financial capability on the effect of financial literacy on financial well-being in the moderated mediation model. This research uses a quantitative approach designed in survey research. The population of this study were students studying higher education in the Special Region of Yogyakarta totaling 129,853 students with the sampling technique using Convenience Sampling. The sample size of this study was 399 students determined by the Slovin formula. The data collection technique used a questionnaire. The instrument validity test is based on Confirmatory Factor Analysis, with the reliability test using Cronbach's Alpha. The data analysis technique uses Conditional Process Analysis with the PROCESS Macro Model 8 syntax developed by Andrew F. Hayes in 2013. The results of this study indicate that: (1) Financial literacy has a positive and significant effect on financial capability; (2) Financial literacy has a positive and significant effect on financial well-being; (3) Financial capability has a positive and significant effect on financial well-being; (4a) Non-impulsive behavior moderates the effect of financial literacy on financial capability; (4b) Non-impulsive behavior moderates the effect of financial literacy on financial well-being; (5) Financial capability mediates the effect of financial literacy on financial well-being.

Psychological Protective and Risk Factors for Depression, Anxiety and Mental Well-Being in Social Workers

Abstract Social workers worldwide experience high rates of depression, anxiety and deficits in well-being. Depression, anxiety or poor mental well-being can have a significant effect on the individual social worker, and the quality of care they can provide. There have been limited attempts to examine and understand the underlying psychological protective and risk factors for depression, anxiety and poor well-being amongst social workers. Using the clinically modified Buddhist psychological model (CBPM) as a theoretical framework, this cross-sectional study examined a range of potential psychological protective and risk factors for depression, anxiety and mental well-being of 121 social workers in Northern Ireland, using structural equation modelling, and conditional process analyses. Mindfulness, acceptance, attention regulation/decentering skills, self-compassion, non-attachment and non-aversion could act as protective factors against depression, anxiety and poor mental well-being in social workers. Results also indicate that each of these variables could reduce the extent to which social workers worry and ruminate, further reducing the risk that social workers might experience depression, anxiety, or poor mental well-being. This study offers promising preliminary evidence that the CBPM is a useful explanatory framework which helps to explain variation in depression, anxiety and mental well-being amongst social workers.

How do dual sustainable-labeling strategies enhance products’ perceived value?

PurposeThis paper aims to understand how dual sustainable-labeling strategies influence perceived value dimensions (i.e. quality, emotional, social and price) across vice vs virtue products and level of consumers’ consideration of future consequences.Design/methodology/approachTwo online experiments are conducted with private label brands: one with organic and Fairtrade labels and one with organic and local labels. For each experiment, a conditional process analysis was used with the labeling strategy (i.e. no label vs organic label vs Fairtrade/local label vs organic label + Fairtrade/local label) as the independent variable, the product types (i.e. vice vs virtue) and level of consideration of future consequences as moderators, the dimensions of perceived value (quality, emotional, social and price) as the dependent variables.FindingsDual sustainable-labeling strategies lead to higher positive perceived value levels on all dimensions compared to no-labeling strategy. They however do not necessarily lead to higher levels compared to mono-labeling strategies such as organic labeling strategy (except for social dimension). Additionally, the positive effect of dual sustainable-labeling is lower for virtue products compared to vice products and is stronger for consumers with high level of consideration of future consequences for vice products for the social-value dimension.Originality/valuePrior research has focused on the effect of multi-labeling strategies on willingness to pay with mixed results. This study brings insights to literature by testing the impact of dual sustainable-labeling strategies on the dimensions of perceived value as well as the moderating effects of the product types and consideration of future consequences.

Analysis of EAC Using Multiple Regression and Conditional Process: A Statistical Approach

In the modern world of increased competition, evolving technologies and volatile environment every institution must poise themselves to innovate and change, not only to prosper but merely to survive. The situation is more acute in institutions of higher education in India where things are changing with unprecedented speed. The survival of the institutions will depend upon the adaptability of their employees to embrace the change. However, employees’ acceptance to change cannot be developed overnight and also in isolation. It requires intensity and persistency of efforts in the right direction from the management. In the present paper, the researchers have identified the role of emotional intelligence and locus of control in enhancing employees’ acceptance to change in HEIs, Uttarakhand using multiple regression and conditional process analysis. The data for the present study were collected using stratified sampling and structured questionnaires from 432 employees from various HEIs in Uttarakhand. The finding revealed that EI enhances the EAC in HEI. Further, it also revealed that Job Satisfaction acts as a partial mediator in the relation between EI and EAC.

Exploring Relations Between Unique Patient Characteristics and Virtual Reality Immersion Level on Anxiety and Pain in Patients Undergoing Venipuncture: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Control Trial.

Virtual reality (VR) is a well-researched digital intervention that has been used for managing acute pain and anxiety in pediatric patients undergoing various medical procedures. This study focuses on investigating the role of unique patient characteristics and VR immersion level on the effectiveness of VR for managing pediatric pain and anxiety during venipuncture. The purpose of this study is to determine how specific patient characteristics and level of immersion during a VR intervention impact anxiety and pain levels for pediatric patients undergoing venipuncture procedures. This study is a secondary data analysis of 2 combined, previously published randomized control trials on 252 pediatric patients aged 10-21 years observed at Children's Hospital Los Angeles from April 12, 2017, to July 24, 2019. One randomized clinical trial was conducted in 3 clinical environments examining peripheral intravenous catheter placement (radiology and an infusion center) and blood draw (phlebotomy). Conditional process analysis was used to conduct moderation and mediation analyses to assess the impact of immersion level during the VR intervention. Significant moderation was found between the level of immersion and anxiety sensitivity when predicting postprocedural anxiety (P=.01). Patients exhibiting the highest anxiety sensitivity within the standard of care yielded a 1.9 (95% CI 0.9-2.8; P<.001)-point elevation in postprocedural anxiety relative to individuals with high immersion levels. No other significant factors were found to mediate or moderate the effect of immersion on either postprocedural anxiety or pain. VR is most effective for patients with higher anxiety sensitivity who report feeling highly immersed. Age, location of the procedure, and gender of the patient were not found to significantly impact VR's success in managing levels of postprocedural pain or anxiety, suggesting that immersive VR may be a beneficial intervention for a broad pediatric population. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04268901; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04268901.

Avatars’ impacts in retail: a study within regulatory engagement theory

PurposeThis study aims to test the impact of avatars on consumer psychological states, engagement, and purchase intention in the online retail environment with reference to the Regulatory Engagement Theory.Design/methodology/approachOne-factor between-subject experimental design was used to test research hypotheses. Two versions of an experimental merchant website have been designed for the purpose of the study: with and without the avatar. Participants were randomly assigned to experimental conditions and responded to an online questionnaire displayed during the visit. SEM analyses with AMOS 24 and SPSS Macro Conditional Process Analysis for bootstrapping were used to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe results confirm the avatar’s positive impact on perceived enjoyment and immersion, both positively affect consumer engagement and purchase intention. The mediating role of psychological states in the impact of avatars on consumer engagement is also confirmed.Originality/valueThis study advances the interactive marketing literature by focusing on avatars as an emerging interactive technology in the virtual retail context. Unlike previous studies on virtual agents, which primarily focused on their utilitarian role in online customer support, this study investigates how avatars influence consumers' psychological states, engagement, and purchase intention.

Does physical activity and inflammation mediate the job stress-headache relationship? A sequential mediation analysis in the ELSA-Brasil study

BackgroundEvidence indicates that physical activity reduces stress and promote a myriad of health-enhancing effects through anti-inflammatory mechanisms. However, it is unknown whether these mechanisms interfere in the association between psychosocial job stress and headache disorders. ObjectiveTo test whether physical activity and its interplay with the systemic inflammation biomarkers high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and acute phase glycoproteins (GlycA) would mediate the associations between job stress and headache disorders. MethodsWe cross-sectionally evaluated the baseline data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) regarding job stress (higher demand and lower control and support subscales), migraine and tension-type headache (ICHD-2 criteria), self-reported leisure-time physical activity, and plasma hs-CRP and GlycA levels. Conditional process analyses with a sequential mediation approach were employed to compute path coefficients and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) around the indirect effects of physical activity and biomarkers on the job stress-headache relationship. Separate models were adjusted for sex, age, and depression and anxiety. Further adjustments added BMI smoking status, and socioeconomic factors. ResultsIn total, 7,644 people were included in the study. The 1-year prevalence of migraine and tension-type headache were 13.1 % and 49.4 %, respectively. In models adjusted for sex, age, anxiety, and depression, the association between job stress (lower job control) and migraine was mediated by physical activity [effect = −0.039 (95 %CI: −0.074, −0.010)] but not hs-CRP or GlycA. TTH was associated with higher job control and lower job demand, which was mediated by the inverse associations between physical activity and GlycA [Job Control: effect = 0.0005 (95 %CI: 0.0001, 0.0010); Job Demand: effect = 0.0003 (95 %CI: 0.0001, 0.0007]. Only the mediating effect of physical activity in the job stress-migraine link remained after further adjustments including socioeconomic factors, BMI, smoking, and the exclusion of major chronic diseases. ConclusionIn the ELSA-Brasil study, physical activity reversed the link between job stress and migraine independently of systemic inflammation, while the LTPA-mediated downregulation of GlycA was associated with lower job stress-related TTH.

How Does Physical Exercise Improve the Subjective Well-Being of the Chinese Adult Population? A Moderated Mediation Model.

Based on the 2017 data from the China General Social Survey (CGSS), the conditional process analysis method was used to explore the relationship between physical exercise and subjective well-being, as well as the mediating effect of social capital and the moderating effect of Internet use. This study found that the effect of physical exercise on subjective well-being includes both direct effects and indirect effects. Physical exercise directly and positively affects SWB and partially affects SWB through social networks as a mediating variable. Additionally, Internet use can moderate the direct effect of physical exercise on SWB and the mediating effect of social networks on the relationship between the two. As the frequency of Internet use increases, the link between physical exercise and social capital weakens, resulting in a decreased promotion effect on SWB. The results of this study further reveal the internal mechanism linking physical exercise and the improvement of SWB, which is of great significance for enhancing the accessibility of physical exercise facilities and promoting a healthy online lifestyle, ultimately leading to improved well-being among residents.