Surplus Conditions Research Articles

Untapped Potential of Groundwater Resources of Bihar

"Bihar is endowed with rich water resources due to the high precipitation, extensive river basin network, and alluvial aquifer with significant storage space for groundwater. Majority of its population is dependent on agriculture and related activities for their sustenance. However, there is uneven distribution of groundwater potentials due to variability of rainfall. Although evidence at the aggregate level indicates the under-utilization of groundwater resources in Bihar, there are few areas with depleting groundwater levels as well. This is indicated by the increase in the over-exploited and critical blocks from zero per cent to 1.5 and 2.2 per cent respectively. Irrigation being the predominant consumer of groundwater bears the prime responsibility of using this resource sustainably. Presently, groundwater irrigates 63% of the net irrigated area and its share has been rising. Various studies on water quality and quantity indicate that Bihar may experience severe scarcity of water in the nearby future. Water shortages will become chronic in this water surplus condition, necessitating quick remedial measures to conserve and protect this vital water supply. As groundwater is largely underutilized, there exists a huge scope to accelerate sustainable use of groundwater for harnessing a positive groundwater-agricultural development linkage. The untapped groundwater resource should be utilized by private and government agencies for irrigation."

Impaired Remodeling of White Adipose Tissue in Obesity and Aging: From Defective Adipogenesis to Adipose Organ Dysfunction.

The adipose organ adapts and responds to internal and environmental stimuli by remodeling both its cellular and extracellular components. Under conditions of energy surplus, the subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) is capable of expanding through the enlargement of existing adipocytes (hypertrophy), followed by de novo adipogenesis (hyperplasia), which is impaired in hypertrophic obesity. However, an impaired hyperplastic response may result from various defects in adipogenesis, leading to different WAT features and metabolic consequences, as discussed here by reviewing the results of the studies in animal models with either overexpression or knockdown of the main molecular regulators of the two steps of the adipogenesis process. Moreover, impaired WAT remodeling with aging has been associated with various age-related conditions and reduced lifespan expectancy. Here, we delve into the latest advancements in comprehending the molecular and cellular processes underlying age-related changes in WAT function, their involvement in common aging pathologies, and their potential as therapeutic targets to influence both the health of elderly people and longevity. Overall, this review aims to encourage research on the mechanisms of WAT maladaptation common to conditions of both excessive and insufficient fat tissue. The goal is to devise adipocyte-targeted therapies that are effective against both obesity- and age-related disorders.

Analysis of grain and rice prices in the rice milling supply chain in pengadang village central lombok regency

The threat of rice price inflation is increasingly having an impact on Indonesian society, especially the poor, both rural and especially urban. Several expert reviews state that the problem of rice prices continuing to rise is due to increasing rice consumption due to population growth which is not in line with the increase in rice production capacity which continues to decline, one of which is due to the conversion of agricultural land. Rice production in Central Lombok in 2020 reached 314 327.90 GKG or the equivalent of 21.6% of NTB province's rice production. Consumption: Rice consumption for the population of Central Lombok district with a population of 947,488 people multiplied by the rice requirement of 140 kg/person/year is 132,548 tons of rice per year from rice production of 178 103 tons or a surplus of 45,555 tons. However, the rice surplus condition was unable to withstand rice price inflation in early 2024, until it reached IDR 18,000 per kg. Pengadang Village, Central Praya District, Central Lombok Regency is one of the villages with the largest number of rice mills on the island of Lombok, with 10 units and has been a supplier of Bulog rice and some of it is traded to the islands of Bali and Java. This research aims to determine the difference in prices of grain and rice in the rice milling supply chain in Pengadang Village, Praya Tengah District, Central Lombok Regency. The research method uses percentage analysis of price differences and the factors that influence it. The research results show that the lowest supply chain profit is at the price of GKP grain in Merchant at 0.26% or Rp. 20/Kg GKP, and the highest profit in the GKG grain supply chain at the mill is IDR 495/Kg or the equivalent of 6.27%. The rice price profit in the rice milling supply chain is IDR. 30/Kg or equivalent to 0.30%, but there are other benefits from by-products in the form of fine bran and coarse bran amounting to Rp. 1,219/Kg GKG or the equivalent of 12.19%. The yield of GKP grain into GKG is at an average of 84.0% and the yield of GKG to rice is at an average of 64.02%, so that a rice price of IDR can be achieved. 16,000/Kg in the milling unit.

ANALISIS PENGARUH ALIH FUNGSI LAHAN PERTANIAN TERHADAP KETAHANAN PANGAN DI KECAMATAN BAYAN KABUPATEN PURWOREJO TAHUN 2013 DAN TAHUN 2023

The objectives of this study are (1) To analyze agricultural land conversion the Bayan District in 2013 and 2023. (2) To analyze food security the Bayan District in 2013 and 2022. (3) To analyzing the impact of agricultural land conversion on food security the Bayan District. This research employs a quantitative descriptive method with a spatial approach. Data collection methods involved observation, documentation, and image interpretation. Data analysis techniques used map overlay analysis, calculation of food availability ratio, and paried sample t-test statistical test. The results of this study show that: (1) The conversion of agricultural land (paddy field and moor) the Bayan District in the period 2013 - 2023 is 78.37 hectares (3.11%). (2) Food security the Bayan District in the period 2013 – 2022 averall shows a food surplus condition, this can be seen from the value of food availability ratio that exceeds 1 in each village/sub-district. However, there are 2 villages in 2022 that experience food deficit, these areas are Grantung Village and Pekutan Village. (3) The effect of agricultural land conversion on food security the Bayan District is known from the results of the paired sample t-test statistical test with a Sig value of 0.317, the value is greater than the alpha value of 0.05, therefore, H0 is accepted and H1 is rejected. So it can be concluded that there is no significant effect of agricultural land conversion on food security the Bayan District.

FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY IN INDONESIA: A FISCAL REACTION FUNCTION APPRACH

This paper investigate to the fiscal sustainability condition in Indonesia by analyzing the influence of government debt to GDP ratio on the primary balance ratio for the period of 1990 – 2022. Therefore, this study analyzed the data using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) method. The result show that the government debt during the period of 1990 – 2022 is in a safe position in the long run. In this case, the government is able to achieve a primary surplus condition, reducing the government’s financial risks. The primary surplus can reduce dependence on new debt. In other words, the government is able to control the growth of its debt proportionally to the country’s economy even amidst the Covid – 19 pandemic.

Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi Rhizophagus irregularis regulate iron and zinc homeostasis in tobacco by mediating the expression of Yellow Stripe-Like 7

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) participate in fungi-plant symbiotic relationships and mediate the acquisition of soil-borne nutrients by host plants. However, little is known about how AM colonization affects the homeostasis of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in the host plant. Here, we assessed the performance of mycorrhizal growth, oxidative defense, nutrient accumulation, and key gene responses in AM-colonized tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) under different nutrient stress. The total mycorrhizal frequency of AM fungi on tobacco roots reached 86 % and 75 % under low and high phosphorus (P) treatments, respectively. Under Fe/Zn stress, AM alleviated the inhibition of tobacco biomass accumulation, decreased the content of lipid peroxides, and upregulated enzymatic antioxidant capability. In AM-colonized tobacco, Fe/Zn accumulation was increased under deficient conditions and decreased under surplus conditions. Tobacco uptake of P, Fe, and Zn was impaired by excess nutrient concentrations and improved at low concentrations, and this phenomenon was supported by AM colonization. Fe/Zn deficiency upregulated genes related to Fe/Zn uptake, and Fe/Zn excess upregulated genes related to heavy metal efflux, with AM colonization further promoting these upregulations. Notely, we found a possible crosstalk node, Yellow Stripe-Like 7 (NtYSL7), in the AM and Fe/Zn homeostasis regulatory network. NtYSL7 has a plasma membrane-localized oligopeptide transporter domain. NtYSL7 is strongly induced by AM colonization, deficiency of Fe, and surplus Zn, and interacts with many Fe/Zn transporters. AM assists host plants in maintaining Fe/Zn homeostasis by improving nutrient accumulation, redox homeostasis, and transport mechanisms, and NtYSL7 is likely important within the crosstalk network of AM, Fe, and Zn nutrient homeostasis.

Long-term evidence of differential resistance and resilience of grassland ecosystems to extreme climate events

Grassland ecosystems are affected by the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme climate events (e.g., droughts). Understanding how grassland ecosystems maintain their functioning, resistance, and resilience under climatic perturbations is a topic of current concern. Resistance is the capacity of an ecosystem to withstand change against extreme climate, while resilience is the ability of an ecosystem to return to its original state after a perturbation. Using the growing season Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVIgs, an index of vegetation growth) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (a drought index), we evaluated the response, resistance, and resilience of vegetation to climatic conditions for alpine grassland, grass-dominated steppe, hay meadow, arid steppe, and semi-arid steppe in northern China for the period 1982-2012. The results show that NDVIgs varied significantly across these grasslands, with the highest (lowest) NDVIgs values in alpine grassland (semi-arid steppe). We found increasing trends of greenness in alpine grassland, grass-dominated steppe, and hay meadow, while there were no detectable changes of NDVIgs in arid and semi-arid steppes. NDVIgs decreased with increasing dryness from extreme wet to extreme dry. Alpine and steppe grasslands exhibited higher resistance to and lower resilience after extreme wet, while lower resistance to and higher resilience after extreme dry conditions. No significant differences in resistance and resilience of hay meadow under climatic conditions suggest the stability of this grassland under climatic perturbations. This study concludes that highly resistant grasslands under conditions of water surplus are low resilient, but low resistant ecosystems under conditions of water shortage are highly resilient.

Agrp-negative arcuate NPY neurons drive feeding under positive energy balance via altering leptin responsiveness in POMC neurons

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) is known as one of the most critical regulators of feeding. However, how NPY promotes feeding under obese conditions is unclear. Here, we show that positive energy balance, induced by high-fat diet (HFD) or in genetically obese leptin-receptor-deficient mice, leads to elevated Npy2r expression especially on proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, which also alters leptin responsiveness. Circuit mapping identified a subset of ARC agouti-related peptide (Agrp)-negative NPY neurons that control these Npy2r expressing POMC neurons. Chemogenetic activation of this newly discovered circuitry strongly drives feeding, while optogenetic inhibition reduces feeding. Consistent with that, lack of Npy2r on POMC neurons leads to reduced food intake and fat mass. This suggests that under energy surplus conditions, when ARC NPY levels generally drop, high-affinity NPY2R on POMC neurons is still able to drive food intake and enhance obesity development via NPY released predominantly from Agrp-negative NPY neurons.

Wind SRG-Based Bipolar DC Microgrid with Grid-Connected and Plug-In Energy Supporting Functions

Although a switched reluctance generator (SRG) is not the mainstream wind generator, it possesses the application potential and is worth developing for its many structural merits and high developed power ability. This paper presents a wind SRG-based bipolar DC microgrid having grid-connected and plug-in energy supporting functions. First, a surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM)-driven wind turbine emulator (WTE) is established. Next, the wind SRG with an asymmetric bridge converter is developed. Good generating characteristics are obtained through proper designs of power circuit, commutation mechanism, external excitation source, voltage and current controllers. Third, a DC/DC boost interface converter and a bipolar voltage balancer are constructed to establish the 500 V microgrid bipolar DC-bus. To preserve the microgrid power supplying quality, a battery energy storage system (BESS) with bidirectional DC/DC interface converter is equipped. A dump load leg is added across the bus to limit the DC-bus voltage under energy surplus condition. In load side, a three-phase bidirectional load inverter is developed, which can be operated as a single-phase three-wire (1P3W) inverter or a three-phase three-wire (3P3W) inverter. Good sinusoidal voltage waveform and regulation characteristics are obtained using the proportional-resonant (PR) control. The microgrid to load and microgrid to grid operations are conductible. Finally, to further improve the powering reliability of microgrid, a three-phase T-type Vienna switch-mode rectifier (SMR) based plug-in energy supporting scheme is developed. When the microgrid energy shortage occurs, the possible harvested energy can be used to supply the microgrid.

CRYPTOCURRENCY AND BLOCKCHAIN WITHIN DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY

In the conditions of a steady surplus of up-to-date information, institutional and value-based tools for reducing the uncertainty of economic activity fade into the background, the paternity that progresses as a result of a combination of the short-term temporal paradigm, historically and institutionally inherent in the Western business traditions and becomes an important structural element, with the fundamental innovation of the information-network economy, the actual manifestation of which is the production of excess information and the creation of conditions for reproduction of uncertainty at the higher level. Cryptocurrencies emphasize the crisis of the banking institutions of financial intermediation as a result of the trust destruction as a natural result of the dominance of the financial component in the system of complementary interaction between financial intermediaries and subjects of the real economy sector, which in turn led to the crisis of financial intermediation and led to the desire of financial services consumers for operating activity without any mediation. Nowadays, the first cases of blockchain technology influence on the processes of reformatting the basic principles of human society development - information asymmetry and trust, which can testify to the depth of the modern transformation transition, are observed. An indirect development effect regarding information-network economy is the intensification of households` credit activity and the development of financial-oriented patterns of behavior, which indicate a prevailing focus on short-term prospects in economic and social activity, an increase in the value of self-interest over the interests of family and immediate surroundings, and a reduction in the impact of long-term hierarchical responsibility (in the generations context) on financial decision-making processes. A striking result of these patterns is an increase in household debt, which leads to a narrowing of economic freedom. Financial culture is gradually losing its role as a basic factor in the development of financial patterns of behavior, that in turn influences financial decision-making process, meanwhile the factors of economic and social conditions, banking marketing tools using client databases are updated.

PHM6 and PHM7 genes are essential for phosphate surplus in the cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are capable for phosphate surplus: the increased uptake of phosphate (Pi) and accumulation of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) occur when the cells after Pi limitation were cultivated in a medium supplemented with Pi. We demonstrated that single knockout mutations in the PHO84, PHO87, and PHO89 genes encoding plasma membrane phosphate transporters suppressed the Pi uptake and polyP accumulation under phosphate surplus at nitrogen starvation. The knockout strains in the PHM6 and PHM7 genes encoding unannotated PHO-proteins showed decreased polyP accumulation under Pi surplus both at nitrogen starvation and in complete YPD medium. This is due to the suppression of Pi uptake in the cells of these mutant strains. We speculate that Pi transporters of plasma membrane, and Phm6 and Phm7 proteins function in concert providing increased Pi uptake at phosphate surplus conditions.

Changes in phosphorus turnover when soils under long-term P management are amended with bio-based fertiliser

Understanding available phosphorus (P) turnover could improve sustainable P management. An isotope tracing 33P was used to measure daily P turnover rates and exchangeable P (E) in P deficient, balanced, and excess P soils from a long-term P site. Turnover under P deficient conditions was characterised by the lowest P flux predominantly from the available into the exchangeable P pools (P efflux). The P efflux in the P deficient soil was 3.7 ± 0.6 mg P/L day−1 and the inverse flux (P influx) was 1.6 ± 0.4 mg P/L day−1. Turnover rates were more than twofold higher under P balanced and surplus conditions, exhibiting an equilibrium between influx and efflux rates. The contribution of abiotic processes to P turnover was predominant in the excess P soil, whereas biotic processes dominated turnover rates under P deficient conditions.Changes in P turnover were measured following application of single superphosphate (SSP) and dairy processing sludge (DPS). Both fertiliser types increased P turnover rates and availability across all soils. After SSP application, E values plateaued between 238 and 297 mg P/L regardless of initial P status. Slower P release from DPS was evidenced by a wider range of E values (97–160 mg P/L) with slower turnover.

Study of environmental carrying capacity in Pemalang Regency

To achieve sustainable development goals, the environment is one of the aspects that is taken into account. Environmental problems such as population growth, changes in land use, climate change lead to a decrease in the carrying capacity of the environment for the community. Pemalang Regency is included in the administrative area of Central Java Province, Indonesia. This writing aims to determine the extent of the Environmental Carrying Capacity in Pemalang Regency in the sector of water resources and land availability, as well as the resilience of the Environmental Carrying Capacity to the projected population growth in Pemalang Regency. This study found that the water resources sector has deficit since the first year of projected population growth in 2020. While in the land availability sector, it was found that the surplus condition occurred in the first year of projected population growth from 2020 to 2022

Water Balance and Potency of the Duriangkang-Muka Kuning Reservoirs for Supporting the Raw Water Supply in Batam City, Indonesia

The Duriangkang and Muka Kuning reservoirs play an important role in supplying clean water to Batam City. The Duriangkang reservoir was built from 1992 until 1995 as the first estuary dam in Indonesia and the largest reservoir in Batam city. These two reservoirs are the cascade reservoirs. The dam with an effective storage capacity of 107 million m3 works to fulfill the water needs with a capacity of 2,500 l/s. However, the Muka Kuning reservoir was finished in 1990, but it was newly turned in 1992. At the beginning, the Muka Kuning WTP had a water production capacity of 310 l/s, but the capacity was increased to 600 l/s in 2015 along with the increasing water need in Batam. This research intends to analyze the water balance in the Duriangkang-Muka Kuning cascade reservoirs and to investigate the potency of the Duriangkang reservoir that can support the water availability in the Muka Kuning. The methodology uses water balance simulation in the Duriangkang-Muka Kuning reservoir to analyze the potency of the Duriangkang reservoir that can be used to support the water availability in the Muka Kuning reservoir. The catchment area of the Duriangkang reservoir now consists of residences, society plantations, forestry areas, empty land, and industry, which can decrease the amount of water availability to be stored every year. The results of the water balance analysis indicate that the water availability of the Duriangkang reservoir is in surplus conditions throughout the year in the wet, normal, and dry year conditions. Therefore, the Duriangkang reservoir has the potency to support the water availability in the Muka Kuning reservoir.

A novel subspace pursuit of residual correlation step algorithm for distributed compressed sensing

Multi-signal joint reconstruction is critical in distributed compressed sensing (DCS). We propose a joint reconstruction algorithm for subspace pursuit of residual correlation steps to balance reconstruction efficiency and data quality. The algorithm improves on two aspects. Firstly, the residuals are used as the step feedback condition to achieve dynamic step adjustment, reducing the iteration’s overall number. Secondly, based on the mixed-support set model (MSM), the residual non-decreasing surplus condition is set to reconstruct the common and the innovation components of the target signal in groups, which reduces the mixing error in joint reconstruction. This paper compares the performance of six algorithms of the same type under the conditions of Gaussian sparse signal and measured shock wave field sensor network data. The results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the number of measurements required for reconstruction and improve efficiency while maintaining accuracy.

Src homology 3 domain binding kinase 1 protects against hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance through the Nur77-FGF21 pathway.

Metabolism in the liver is dysregulated in obesity, contributing to various health problems including steatosis and insulin resistance. While the pathogenesis of lipid accumulation has been extensively studied, the protective mechanism against lipid challenge in the liver remains unclear. Here, we report that Src homology 3 domain binding kinase 1 (SBK1) is a regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism and systemic insulin sensitivity in response to obesity. Enhanced Sbk1 expression was found in the liver of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice and fatty acid (FA)-challenged hepatocytes. SBK1 knockdown in mouse liver cells augmented FA uptake and lipid accumulation. Similarly, liver-specific SBK1 knockout ( Lsko ) mice displayed more severe hepatosteatosis and higher expression of genes in FA uptake and lipogenesis than the Flox/Flox ( Fl/Fl ) control mice when fed the HFD. The HFD-fed Lsko mice also showed symptoms of hyperglycemia, poor systemic glucose tolerance, and lower insulin sensitivity than the Fl/Fl mice. On the other hand, hepatic Sbk1 overexpression alleviated the high-fructose diet-induced hepatosteatosis, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia in mice. White adipose tissue browning was also observed in hepatic SBK1 -overexpressed mice. Moreover, we found that SBK1 was a positive regulator of FGF21 in the liver during energy surplus conditions. Mechanistically, SBK1 phosphorylates the orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (Nur77) on serine 344 to promote hepatic FGF21 expression and inhibit the transcription of genes involved in lipid anabolism. Collectively, our data suggest that SBK1 is a regulator of the metabolic adaption against obesity through the Nur77-FGF21 pathway.

FJ.Mock Method for Hydrological model in Water Reliability Study at Jatiluhur Estate, Purwakarta

Jatiluhur Estate is an area located in Purwakarta Regency and was developed for residential, industrial, and commercial areas. Therefore, it is important to determine the availability of water that will meet water needs, and to evaluate the water reliability in future. This study aimed to model the river discharge in determination of water availability of Jatiluhur Estate. The methods used in this study include observational discharge data, evapotranspiration, rainfall, and area of flow. To analyze the availability of water, F.J. Mock method was used, where the F.J. Mock method can show water balance analysis for monthly discharge. The results showed that the availability of water with mainstay discharge Q80% and Q90% met the water needs of the Jatiluhur Estate or showed a surplus condition for 30 years (2020-2050).

Leveraging Machine Learning (Artificial Neural Networks) for Enhancing Performance and Reliability of Thermal Energy Storage Platforms Utilizing Phase Change Materials

Abstract Phase change materials (PCMs) have garnered significant attention over recent years due to their efficacy for thermal energy storage (TES) applications. High latent heats exhibited by PCMs enable enhanced storage densities which translate into compact form factors of a TES platform. PCMs particularly address the shift between energy demand and supply; i.e., they absorb heat during surplus conditions and release it during a deficit. PCMs are used in a wide range of applications—solar power plants, building energy management, HVAC, waste heat recovery systems, domestic water heating, and thermal management of electronics to list a few. Inorganic PCMs have a high latent heat value (compared to organic PCMs) but suffer from several reliability issues. A major reliability issue with inorganic PCMs is the high degree of supercooling needed to initiate nucleation (which compromises the reliability, net energy storage capacity, and power rating of the TES platform). “Cold Finger Technique (CFT)” can obviate these issues wherein a small fraction of the total mass of PCM is left in a solid phase to aid spontaneous nucleation (thus, reliability is enhanced at a marginal expense to the net storage capacity while power rating of the TES remains unaffected). In this study, machine learning (ML) techniques, more specifically artificial neural networks (ANN), are implemented to enhance the efficacy of CFT. Temperature transients from PCM melting experiments are used to explore the efficacy of this deep learning technique (i.e., multi-layer perceptron model or “MLP”) in order to predict the time required to attain a predefined melt percentage. The results show that an artificial neural network is capable of providing apriori predictions regarding the time to attain a chosen melt fraction (e.g., 90% melt fraction). The mean error of the predictions was observed to be less than ∼5 min at instants that were within 30 min of the TES platform reaching 90% melt fraction. However, this approach is more sensitive to the type of training data set.

Physiological and proteomic analysis reveals the impact of boron deficiency and surplus on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) reproductive organs

Boron (B), an essential element for increasing seed yield and germinability in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), plays a vital role in its reproductive processes. However, effects of B stress on physiological and proteomic changes in reproductive organs related to alfalfa seed yield and germinability are poorly understood. In order to gain a better insight into B response or tolerance mechanisms, field trials were designed for B deficiency (0 mg B L−1), B sufficiency (800 mg B L−1), and B surplus (1600 mg B L−1) application during alfalfa flowering to analyze the proteomics and physiological responses of alfalfa ‘Aohan’ reproductive organs. Results showed that B deficiency weakened the stress-responsive ability in these organs, while B surplus reduced the sugar utilization of ‘Aohan’ flowers and caused lipid membrane peroxidation in ‘Aohan’ seeds. In addition, four upregulated stress responsive proteins (ADF-like protein, IMFP, NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold protein and NAD-dependent ALDHs) might play pivotal roles in the response of ‘Aohan’ reproductive organs to conditions of B deficiency and B surplus. All of the above results would be helpful to understand the tolerance mechanisms of alfalfa reproductive organs to both B deficiency and B surplus conditions, and also to give insight into the regulatory role of B in improving seed yield and germinability in alfalfa seed production. In summary, B likely plays a structural and regulatory role in relation to lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and signal transduction, thus regulates alfalfa reproductive processes eventually affecting the seed yield and germinability of alfalfa seeds.

Improved Control Strategy for Three-Phase Microgrid Management with Electric Vehicles Using Multi Objective Optimization Algorithm

The usage of electric vehicles (EV) have been spreading worldwide, not only as an alternative to achieve a low-carbon future but also to provide ancillary services to improve the power system reliability. A common problem encountered in the existing alternating current (AC) grids is low power factor, which cause several power quality problems and has worsened with the growing application of distributed generation (DG). Therefore, considering the spread of EVs usage for ancillary services and the low power factor issue in current electrical grids, this paper proposes an improved control strategy for power factor correction of a three-phase microgrid management composed of a photovoltaic (PV) array, dynamic loads, and an EV parking lot. This control strategy aims to support power factor issues using the EV charging stations, allowing the full PV generation. Different operation modes are proposed to fulfill the microgrid and the EV users’ requirements, characterizing a Multi Objective Optimization (MOO) approach. In order to achieve these optimization requests, a dynamic programming method is used to charge the vehicle while adjusting the microgrid power factor. The proposed control algorithm is verified in different scenarios, and its results indicate a suitable performance for the microgrid even during conditions of overload and high peak power surplus in generation unit. The microgrid power factor remains above the desired reference during the entire analyzed period, in which the error is approximately 4.5 less than the system without vehicles, as well as obtains an energy price reduction.